New York Times, 23.1
Byrd’s South Pole expedition and, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
New Zealand, 15.1, 20.1, 20.2, 23.1, atw.1
Nilsen, Thorvald, 15.1, 16.1
Nobile, Umberto
Amundsen’s polar flights and
rescue of, 19.1, 19.2
Noor, Queen of Jordan
Nordenskjöld, Baron Nils Adolf
De Long’s search for, 2.1, 3.1
Northeast Passage expedition of, 2.1, 2.2
Norge, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
Northeast Passage
Amundsen’s search for, 16.1, 17.1, 19.1
Nordenskjöld’s search for, 2.1, 2.2
North Pole, North Magnetic Pole, 6.1, 12.1, 16.1, 16.2
Amundsen’s planned expedition to, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1
Amundsen’s polar flights and, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
Amundsen’s studies on, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2
Byrd’s flights and expeditions to, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 23.1
De Long’s expedition to, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
measuring and determining location of, 13.1, 13.2
Nansen’s expedition to, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 23.1
navigation near, 7.1, 9.1, 12.1
Peary’s expeditions to, 6.1, 6.2, 14.1, 15.1
transpolar drift and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Northwest Passage
Amundsen’s search for, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 16.1, 21.1, atw.1
Franklin’s search for, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1, 12.1
Hudson’s search for, 8.1, 12.1
Norway, prf.1, 3.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 15.1, 19.1, 19.2, 23.1, atw.1
Amundsen’s Northeast Passage expedition and
Amundsen’s Northwest Passage expedition and, 7.1, 14.1
Amundsen’s polar flights and, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
Amundsen’s South Pole expedition and, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4
Amundsen’s training and, 5.1, 7.1
Byrd and, 19.1, 19.2
Nansen’s Greenland exploration and, 3.1, 3.2
Nansen’s North Pole expedition and, 4.1, 4.2
Nunavut, Nunavut Day, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7
Nutarak, Karen,
O’Brien, Royce, 14.1, 14.2
Olena, Mark
AGAP mission and, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3
109th Air Wing, 20.1, 22.1, atw.1
Antarctica operations of, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1, 23.2, 24.1, 24.2, atw.1, atw.2
Cox’s planned Antarctica trip and, 20.1, 23.1, 23.2
Cox’s visit to N.Y. base of, 21.1, 24.1
Greenland operations of, 24.1, 24.2, atw.1, atw.2, atw.3
Owen, Russell, 19.1, 19.2
Pacific Ocean, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 14.1, 20.1
De Long’s North Pole expedition and, 2.1, 2.2
and search for Northeast Passage
Peary, Robert, 6.1, 6.2, 14.1, 15.1, 23.1
Pelosi, Nancy, 10.1, 10.2, 23.1
penguins, 11.1, 20.1
Belgica expedition and, 6.1, 6.2
Pestrud, Kristian
Pfiffer, Craig
Piasecki, Jeremy
Pickering, Tom, 10.1, 10.2
Point Barrow, see Barrow, Alaska
polar bears, 2.1, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 17.1, 18.1
of Baffin Island
Cox’s Barrow swim and
Nansen’s North Pole expedition and, 4.1, 4.2
Pond Inlet
Cox’s swim off, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6
Cox’s training in
Cox’s trip to, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5
food in, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
iron-ore mining and
Nunavut Day in, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
physical appearance of, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1
throat singing in
Powell, James
Preece, Glen, 21.1, 24.1
AGAP mission and, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4
Greenland missions of
Prince, Charles
Prince William Island Sound
Prudhoe Bay, 14.1, 14.2, 21.1
put-in missions,
Qirqqut, Jimmy, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Que Sera Sera, 24.1, 24.2
radar intercept officers (RIOs)
Rae, John
Ralston, Margee and Ted
Rasmussen, Knud, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2
Raven, atw.1, atw.2
Ravtech, Adam
Cox’s Baffin Island swim and, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
on sharks, 8.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2
Reagan, Ronald
Reid, David
Cox’s Baffin Island swim and, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
Cox’s Baffin Island trip and, 12.1, 12.2
on polar bears
Riiser-Larsen, Hjalmar, 18.1, 19.1
Roberts, Pat
Ross, Sir James Clark, 7.1, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1
Ross Glacier
Ross Ice Shelf, 20.1, 21.1
Amundsen’s South Pole expedition and, 15.1, 19.1
Ross Island, 15.1, 20.1, 20.2
Russia, Russians, 1.1, 4.1, 10.1, 17.1, 19.1, 24.1
and rescue of crew of Jeannette, 2.1
St. Michael
Salmon River, 12.1, 12.2
Sandefjord, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Schaffer, James
Schoene, Brownie
Scott, Robert Falcon
Amundsen’s South Pole expedition and, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
South Pole expeditions of, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1, 21.1, 24.1, atw.1
Scott Base, 20.1, 23.1
sea ice, 2.1, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1, 20.1
Amundsen’s Northwest Passage expedition and, 7.1, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2
Amundsen’s South Pole expedition and
Baffin Island and, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
Belgica expedition and, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1
De Long’s North Pole expedition and, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
Nansen’s Greenland exploration and
Nansen’s North Pole expedition and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
and search for Nordenskjöld
and sinking of Jeannette, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
transpolar drift and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
see also icebergs
seals, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 16.1, 19.1
Belgica expedition and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Selbon, Konrad, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
Shackleton, Ernest
Amundsen’s South Pole expedition and, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2
South Pole expeditions of, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.1, 24.1
sharks
Cox’s Baffin Island swim and, 12.1, 12.2
Greenland, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2
hunting and navigation of
Shinn, Gus, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3
Siberia
Cox’s Lake Baikal swim and
De Long’s North
Pole expedition and, 2.1, 4.1
Jeannette and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
Nansen’s North Pole expedition and
and search for Northeast Passage, 2.1, 2.2
Sims, William Sowden
Siumut Party
skis, skiing, 15.1, 17.1, 24.1
in Amundsen’s Arctic training
Belgica expedition and, 6.1, 6.2
of LC-130s, 22.1, 24.1, 24.2, atw.1, atw.2
in Nansen’s Greenland exploration, 3.1, 3.2
skydiving, 23.1, 23.2
sleds, sledges, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1, 13.1, 18.1, 24.1
Amundsen’s South Pole expedition and
Byrd’s South Pole expedition and
Nansen’s Greenland exploration and, 3.1, 3.2, atw.1
Nansen’s North Pole expedition and
Scott’s South Pole expeditions and, 16.1, 16.2
Shackleton’s South Pole expeditions and, 15.1, 16.1
Smith, Dean
Smith, Ron, 20.1, 20.2, 21.1, 24.1, atw.1
Cox briefed on Antarctica by, 20.1, 21.1
Cox’s planned Antarctica trip and
on navigation, 21.1, 21.2
snow blindness, 3.1, 19.1
South Pole, South Magnetic Pole
AGAP and, 24.1, 24.2
Air Force and, 20.1, 20.2, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3
Amundsen’s expedition to, prf.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1, 21.1, 23.1, 24.1, atw.1, atw.2, atw.3, atw.4
Belgica expedition and, 6.1, 6.2
Byrd’s flights and expeditions to, 9.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 21.1, 23.1, atw.1
navigation near, 9.1, 16.1, 16.2, 19.1, 19.2, 21.1, 21.2, 24.1
pressure altitude at
radio communication near, 19.1, 19.2
Scott’s expeditions to, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1, 21.1, 24.1, atw.1
Shackleton’s expeditions to, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.1, 24.1
Shinn’s flight to, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3
Souza, Cliff
AGAP mission and, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3
Spirit of St. Louis, 19.1
Steffensen, Jørgen Peder “J. P.”
Sulzberger, Arthur
Supan, Alexander Georg
Svalbard
Amundsen’s polar flights and, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
Byrd’s polar flights and, 19.1, 19.2
Sverdrup, Otto Neumann
Nansen’s Greenland exploration and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Nansen’s North Pole expedition and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Swadener, Dick
Sweden, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 18.1, 19.1
swimming, parallels between flying and
swimming harnesses, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Tenorio, Robert
Terra Nova, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1
Terror, 4.1, 12.1, 15.1
Thiverage, Bob, 21.1, 22.1
Thoits, Mary, 23.1, 23.2
throat singing
Thule Air Base, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
tides, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1
Titanic, RMS, 8.1
Toll, Baron Edward von
Trana, Kristian Kristiansen, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
transpolar drift, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Trontheim, Alexander Ivanovitch,
U-2s, 1.1, 23.1, 23.2
ulu, 12.1, 12.2
Uranienborg, Amundsen’s home in
Vaughan, Norman
Vega, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1
Voyager probes,
walruses, 4.1, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
water currents, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2
De Long’s North Pole expedition and
of Greenland, 3.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
transpolar drift and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
whales, whalers, 2.1, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 14.2
Williams, Alan
Wisting, Oscar, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs), 23.1, 23.2
World War I, 16.1, 17.1
Young, Sir Allen, 4.1, 4.2
Zion Church, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
Zodiacs
Cox’s Barrow swim and
Cox’s Greenland swim and, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
ILLUSTRATIONS
mp1.1 Map of the Arctic
2.1 USS Jeannette, ice pack, Siberia, January 24, 1880. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command NH 92115
2.2 Crewmen from the Jeannette and their dogs, 1881. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command NH 92120
2.3 The sinking of the USS Jeannette in the Arctic, June 1881. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command NH 52000
2.4 The Jeannette’s crewmen drag their boats over the Arctic ice, attempting to reach Siberia, June–August 1881. U.S. Naval History
3.1 Fridtjof Nansen, Bergen, Norway, 1887. Norwegian Library 29 Nansen and others after completing the forty-two-day crossing of the Greenland ice cap, 1888–89. Norwegian Library
4.1 Fridtjof Nansen, June 16, 1894. Norwegian Library
4.2 The Fram, March 1895. Norwegian Library
4.3 Scott Sigurd Hansen, Fridtjof Nansen, and Otto Neumann Sverdrup aboard the Fram, June 16, 1894. Norwegian Library
4.4 Fridtjof Nansen and Fredrik Hjalmar Johansen, 1896. Norwegian Library
6.1 Adrien de Gerlache (probably), Fridtjof Nansen, Frederick Cook(?) Henryk Arctowski(?), Roald Amundsen, and three unidentified men, June 26, 1897. Norwegian Library
6.2 Roald Amundsen, in Antarctica sometime during the Belgica expedition 1897–99. Photo taken by F. A. Cook. Norwegian Library
9.1 Samantha East, self-portrait, 2007–8 season, Beardmore Camp, Antarctica
11.1 Lynne Cox swimming across Church Bay, Ilulissat, Greenland, 2007. Photo by Gretchen Goodall
11.2 Lynne Cox wearing the rescue harness, 2007. Photo by Gretchen Goodall
11.3 Swimming backstroke, 2007. Photo by Gretchen Goodall
11.4 Lynne Cox, 2007. Photo by Gretchen Goodall
11.5 Bob Griffith, Bill Lee, Gretchen Goodall, and Lynne Cox. Photo by Gretchen Goodall
12.1 Flying above Baffin Island, 2007. Photo by Lynne Cox
12.2 Flying over Pond Inlet, 2007. Photo by Lynne Cox
12.3 David Reid, 2007. Photo by Lynne Cox
12.4 Lynne swimming, 2007. Photo by Bob Griffith
12.5 A grandmother and granddaughter, cutting caribou, Nunavut, Canada. Photo by Lynne Cox
12.6 An elder dividing caribou among Inuit families, Nunavut, Canada. Photo by Lynne Cox
12.7 Children celebrating on Nunavut Day. Photo by Lynne Cox
12.8 Brothers, Nunavut Day. Photo by Lynne Cox
13.1 Jimmy Qirqqut shows off his hunting stick beside a polar-bear skin, Nunavut, Canada. Photo by Lynne Cox
14.1 Bob Griffith and Tom Flynn, Prudhoe Bay. Photo by Royce O’Brien with Lynne’s camera
14.2 Lynne Cox, Prudhoe Bay. Photo by Royce O’Brien with Lynne’s camera
14.3 Roald Amundsen, 1906, after Gjøa expedition, probably in Nome, Alaska. Photo taken by F. H. Nowell. Norwegian Library
16.1 Oscar Wisting with his dogs, South Pole, December 14, 1911. Norwegian Library
16.2 Roald Amundsen, Olav Bjaaland, Sverre Hassel, and Oscar Wisting, South Pole, December 14, 1911. Norwegian Library
17.1 Fridtjof Nansen, his daughter Liv Nansen Hoyer, and Roald Amundsen, April 1918, Washington, D.C. Norwegian Archives
19.1 The Norge fly
ing over Svalbard, Norway, 1926. Norwegian Library
19.2 Roald Amundsen, 1924. Norwegian Library, by Lomen Brothers. Studio photo may have been taken in connection with N24-N25 expedition
19.3 Roald Amundsen being celebrated, Bergen, Norway, July 12, 1926, after his return from the Norge expedition. Norwegian Library
19.4 Roald Amundsen’s home, Uranienborg, Norway. Photo by Janikce Rod
19.5 Roald Amundsen and the French navy’s Latham 47. Norwegian Library
19.6 Fokker F-VIIA-3m Josephine Ford flying over Kings Bay, Svalbard, Norway, 1926. Smithsonian Institute, NSM Archives Division
19.7 Richard Byrd and Roald Amundsen, Svalbard Island, Norway. Ohio State University Polar Collection
19.8 Portrait of Russell Owen, 1928. New York Times
19.9 Story and map of the Byrd expedition’s October 16, 1929, achievement at the South Pole. New York Times
19.10 Admiral Richard Byrd, Antarctica. Ohio State University Polar Collection
20.1 Colonel Ron Smith, USAF, on skiway in Antarctica with Lieutenant General David Deptula, commander, Joint Task Force Operation Deep Freeze. Photo taken by a friend with Ron Smith’s camera
20.2 Emperor penguins with LC-130. Photo taken by 109th Airlift Wing, New York Air National Guard
22.1 Lieutenant Colonel “Sam” East, USAF, in LC-130 with navigational chart. Photo taken by 109th Airlift Wing, New York Air National Guard
23.1 Mary Thoits of the Women Air Service Pilots entering AT-6 cockpit at Avenger Field, Sweetwater, Texas, summer 1944. Photo taken by a friend of Mary Thoits
23.2 Mary Thoits and friend, 2009. Photo taken by a friend of Mary Thoits
24.1 Gus Shinn, National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida, 2009. Photo by Lynne Cox
24.2 Nansen sled carrying JATO bottles to a 109th Air Wing LC-130, Greenland. Photo by 109th Airlift Wing, New York Air National Guard
24.3 Colonel Anthony German, Lieutenant Colonel Rick McKeown, Major Cliff Souza, Major Joseph DeConno, Senior Master Sergeant Mark Olena, Master Sergeant Glen Preece, and Master Sergeant “Snow Dog” Czwakiel. Photos by 109th Airlift Wing, New York Air National Guard
atw.1 Colonel Anthony German, USAF, wing commander, 109th Airlift Wing. Photo by 109th Airlift Wing, New York Air National Guard
atw.1 Colonel Gary James, USAF. Photo by 109th Airlift Wing, New York Air National Guard
atw.2 Flying low over the Greenland glaciers, 2007. Photo by Lynne Cox
atw.3 Lieutenant Colonel Mark Armstrong flying over Greenland. Photo by Lynne Cox
atw.4 Colonel Gary James, commanding an LC-130 training mission, taking off from Greenland. Photo by Lynne Cox
mp2.1 Map of the Antarctic