Santian neijie jing, 40
Rig Veda, 231
Sanxingdui, 24
righteousness, 131
Sanyuan gong, 192
rites: distinctions in, 256; of merit, 18,
sarcasm, 106
185, 199, 256–273; in Ming Daoism,
Sarvatathagatatattvasamgraha, 221
134; of passage, 70; preliminary, 283;
Saso, Michael, 219, 253, 258
travel, 71–72
Schipper, Kristofer, 32, 207, 257–258
ritual: Buddhist versus Daoist, 213–234;
scholars: projects of, 34; views of, 9
in Daoism, 10; documents in, 256–
schools: in Han, 83; in Warring States,
273; of flaming mouths, 213–234;
87
and hand signs, 235–255; and heal-
scripts, ancient, 25
ing, 39, 46; history of, 270–271;
scriptures, at ordination, 179
homa, 216, 222–223; and identity, 5,
seals, 269
8–9; identity of, 219–220; mortuary,
séance: by children, 196–197; descrip-
13, 58–77, 185; offerings in, 274–
tion of, 167, 176–177, 192–193, 204;
294; for protection, 246–247; stan-
and sickness, 202
dardization of, 257; structure of,
seclusion, 108, 115, 191
70; study of, 256–257; today, 17–18;
“Secret of the Golden Flower,” 165–184
translation of, 213–214; of universal
seed people, 35
salvation, 213–234; Vedic, 221–222,
seed syllable, 222–224
231
Seidel, Anna, 26, 59, 60, 61, 69, 72, 75,
Robertson, Maureen, 125
94, 165
Rong people, 30
self: affirmation of, 43; blame of, 46–
Ronghui sanjiao, 138
47, 48–49, 54; consciousness of, 152,
Roth, Harold, 99–100
161; cultivation of, 82, 136, 140, 180,
Ru, 81, 83, 86, 88; masters of, 98
186; definition of, 149–150, 256; ex-
Ruan Zhao, 108–109, 111
pression of, 14, 122; identification
Rui Lin, 193
of, 138–139; images of, 109–110,
Rulers of Darkness, 18
112; punishment of, 47; reflection
rushe, 157
on, 141; understanding of, 291
“Sending Someone My Innermost
sacralization, 3, 6
Feelings,” 122
sacrifice: attitude of, 288; for dead, 61–
senses, six, 265
62; travel, 71; for Wangye, 293
“Sent to Wen Feiqing,” 119
Sacrificial Hall, 153–154, 159
“Sent to Zi’an,” 113
“Sad Thoughts,” 109, 118
separation, pain of, 113
sages, 82
Seven Treasures, 261
saints, 9
sexual rites, 7
Sakyamuni, 130–131. See also buddhas
sexuality: and music, 116–123; in poetry,
saliva, swallowing of, 246
107, 109, 119–120, 121–122; in ritual,
salvation, talismans for, 264
220
San Lüshi, 112
Shaanxi, 29
Sandong zhunang, 30, 245, 247, 287
shamanism, 27, 62–63, 74, 238, 244
Sangren, Stephen, 231
shame, 47, 54, 120, 123
Sanguo zhi, 39, 40
Shan Tao, 119
Sanhuang, texts of, 75
Shang dynasty, 23, 24
Sanhuang zhai, 292
Shangdi, 169
Sanni yishi shuoshu, 180
Shangqing, 7, 66, 107; lineage, 169;
Sanqing, 192
and poetry, 122, 124; and revelation,
Sanshan, 154
93
328
Index
Shangqing lingbao dafa, 247–248, 262–-
Shuzhu shan, 192
267, 292–293
Sichuan, 11, 24–25, 29, 31–32, 33
Shangqing liujia qidao bifa, 292
sickness, 39–57; and modern cults,
Shangshu, 134
201–203
Shangzhi tongzi, 268
silk, 111, 278, 289
Shanlue fu, 180
Sima Qian, 81, 88–89, 90, 91–92, 95, 98
shanshu. See morality books
Sima Tan, 89, 98
Shanxing, 275
Sima Xiangru, 25, 116–117, 119
Shanyu rentong lu, 199–200
simiao, 160
Shao Zhilin, 15–16, 165, 167–170, 178,
simplicity, 109, 115
181
sincerity, 50
Shaoyuan (king), 71
sins, 39–57, 288; and death, 265–266
Shen Dao, 98
Sioux, 2
Shen Quanqi, 118
Siu, Helen, 162
Shen Yue, 56
Six Dynasties: Buddhism in, 214;
Shenggong cantang, 196, 202, 204
hand signs in, 238; image in, 105;
Shenggong caotang dashi jiyao, 202
mortuary rites in, 74; ritual, 271;
Shenggong lu, 202
talismans in, 263
Shengtian lu, 264
six schools, 88
Shenhu, 261
snake, charming of, 245
Shennong, 91–93
social work, 186
Shennü fu, 123
societies: charitable, 193–194, 200, 206;
Shenxian zhuan, 40, 55
local, 157
Shenxiao zishu dafa, 251
sociology: in Han, 95; of modern cults,
Shi Qiu, 98
203–204; and priesthood, 149–150;
Shi Zhaolin, 182
in Song-Ming, 149–164
Shi zhuanhui lingpin, 268
soma, 222
Shicheng, 112
Song Bing, 98
Shiga Ichiko, 13, 16, 167
Song dynasty: Daoism since, 7, 37; fes-
shihui zhai, 268
tivals in, 162; hand signs in, 237–238,
Shiji, 13, 81, 88, 92–94, 95, 97, 99
241–244, 252; lineages in, 152; local
Shijing, 124
elites in, 159; Lüzu in, 194; national-
Shilei guhun wen, 230
ism in, 11, 32; offerings in, 288; reve-
Shiliu pinjing, 182
lation in, 180; ritual in, 65, 257, 261,
Shimamori Tetsuo, 100
267, 270–272; Taiping jing in, 42
Shinto, 24
Song Yu, 107, 114, 117
Shiquan hui, 187
souls: invocation of, 246; journey of, 65–
Shisan jing zhushu, 97, 99
66, 68–69; obstructed, 230; offerings
Shiyi, 145
for, 280; orphaned, 221, 225–228,
shoujue. See hand signs
265, 276, 282; salvation of, 275;
shouyin, 235
sprites of, 246; sublimation of, 259;
Shu, 25
summoning of, 63; transfer of, 272;
shu. See methods
understanding of, 75; and under-
Shujing, 29
world, 59–60
Shun, 30, 87, 116–117, 130
soup, as offering, 275, 283
Shunde County, 204
Soushen ji, 288
Shunqu, 128
Southern Song dynasty, 152
Shunqu xiansheng wenlu, 129–131, 135–
Southern Tang dynasty, 151–152, 161
137, 145–146
spells: and hand signs, 239, 245–248;
Shuowen jiezi, 74
and healing, 39; phonetic, 240–241;
Shuoyu
an, 74
in pudu, 219, 220, 225
Shuye, 117–118
spirit: departure of, 67–68; root of, 44
Shuyi, 145
spirit mediums, 155–156
Index
329
spirit money, 278
talisman lads, 261, 268–269
spirits, feeding of, 227, 230
talisman orders, 260, 263–264, 267–269,
spirit-writing: and access to gods, 181; in
271
modern Daoism, 185–209; in Qing,
talisman water, 40–41, 206; as offering,
165–184
275–276
Spring and Autumn period, 84, 86, 88,
talismans: and blood, 284; and dead, 67;
95
and hand signs, 238, 245–247; and
Staal, Frits, 221
healing, 39–40, 74; matching of,
stars: as hand sign, 239, 242–243,
269; and mortuary rites, 65, 74; pres-
249–250; in poetry, 117
entation of, 262; in pudu, 225–227;
statutes, 179
in ritual, 257, 260–262; for under-
Stewart, Tony K., 17, 215–217, 230
world, 226, 264
Strickmann, Michel, 58, 61, 93, 96–97,
Tan Changzhen, 167
99, 229–230
Tang (Shang ruler), 48–49, 50
Su Lang, 172
Tang caixi zhuan, 125
Su Shi, 145
Tang dynasty: Buddhism in, 213, 215,
Sukhavati, 177
284; codes of, 103–104; Daoist life
Sulao guan, 190–191
in, 102–126; hand signs in, 236, 240,
Sumen, 168
246, 252; texts in, 35
summons, to underworld, 266
Tangchao haofang nü, 103, 125
Sun Guangxian, 125
Tangshi jishi, 125
Sun Simiao, 245
tantra, 222–223, 240
Sun Xing, 53
Tao Hongjing, 285
Sunü, 92
Tao Jing’an, 178
sweet dew, 221–223, 228, 230
Tao Qian, 116–118
sword, and hand signs, 236, 238–239,
Tao Shi’an, 176–178
241–243
Tao Yan, 287
symbols, 11
Tao Yuanming, 162
syncretism, 17, 213–214
tapas, 222
tathagatas. See buddhas
tablets, funerary, 156, 185, 207
taxonomies, 81–101; stages of, 84
taboo, of meat, 280
tea, as offering, 275, 283, 291
Taihe dong, 200
teeth, clapping of, 246
Taiji zhenren feixian baojian shangjing
temple cults: benefactors of, 157; and
xu, 37
Daoism, 149–164
Tainan, 258, 273
temples: gods in, 192; household, 161;
Taiping. See Great Peace
and Quanzhen lineage, 190; today,
Taiping dongji jing, 42
33, 185–186
Taiping guangji, 40
ten directions, 259, 263, 290
Taiping jing, 12, 13, 39–57, 94; history
Tenfold Return, Rite of, 268
of, 42–43
texts: categories of, 89; chanting of, 193;
Taiping yulan, 63
classification of, 81–101; compilation
Taishang chishe shengtian baolu, 264
of, 178; Daoist, 13; editing process
Taiwan: Daoism in, 17–18, 185–209, 253;
of, 168; imaginary transmission of,
ritual in, 219, 256–273, 274–294
178; revealed, 90–94; revisions of,
Taiyi dijun dongzhen xuanjing, 245
173; sets of, 83; of three traditions,
Taiyi jinhua zongzhi, 15–16, 165–184;
199; transmission of, 86–87, 94–97,
editions of, 165–166; in Jingming,
166, 176, 177–178; versions of, 173
167–172; in Quanzhen, 175–180;
Thailand, 32–33
in Tianxian, 172–175
theology, and identity, 2
Taiyi jiuku Tianzun, 225
things, investigation of, 136
Taiyi lineage, 170, 182
Three Bureaus, 28
Taiyin, 66
Three Caverns, 65–66, 68
330
Index
Three Dukes, 25
treasury, 259, 261; loan from, 269–270
Three Heavens, 263
trees, fruits of, 286–287
Three Kingdoms, 116
tribes, 23
Three Pure Ones, 192, 225, 261–262,
trigrams, 145, 170
275, 283
Tsuchiya Masaaki, 12
Three Sisters, 120
Tu Yu’an, 168–169, 170, 172–173
three teachings, 131, 137–138
Tudi gong, 261
Three Treasures: offerings for, 286; seal
Tuo Xiao, 98
of, 269
Turner, Bryan S., 82
Three Worlds, 283, 290; talisman of, 264
Turquoise Pond, 121
throats, opening of, 224, 227
tutan zhai, 42
thunder: and hand signs, 236, 249–251,
252; rulers of, 269
underworld, 65–66, 262; kings of, 267–
thunder rites, 237
269; road to, 259
Tian Pian, 98
unity, of action and knowledge, 141
Tian Shu, 95
Universal Salvation, rite of. See pudu
Tian Wangsun, 94
urbanization, of modern cults, 102–103
Tian Yannian, 53
utopia, 29
Tiandi, 59–60, 66, 73–75, 201
Tiandi shizhe jie, 59–60, 73–75
vajra, 219–220, 226; in Daoism, 231;
Tianhuang zhidao taiqing yuce, 237–238,
in fang yankou, 224
252, 253
van Gulik, Robert, 103
Tianlao, 65
Vedas, 221
Tianshi dao. See Celestial Masters
vegetables: as offerings, 286–287;
Tianshui, 29
smelling, 276, 280, 285, 287, 292
Tiantai shan, 271
vegetarianism, and ritual, 280
Tianxian lineage, 16, 172–174, 182
vidyaraja, 216–217
Tianxian xinzhuan, 182
Vietnam, 33
Tianxin zhengfa, 33, 236, 241–243
virtue, 130, 132–133
Tie’an ji, 153–154, 161
“Visit on Refined Master Zhao,” 108
tiger: as hand sign, 239–240; paper, 278,
visualization: in Buddhism, 221, 223;
284
in fang yankou, 224; and hand signs,
ti/yong, 152
249, 252; in pudu, 228; in ritual, 220,
tofu, as offering, 277–278
267
Tomb, Sire of, 59, 67–68
Wailu yi, 36
73–74
Wanfa fanzong, 253
Tong’an County, 162
Wanfa guizong, 197
tongji, 155
Wang Chang, 105–106
Tongshan she, 189, 205
Wang Changyue, 178–179
Tongwa Hospital, 201
Wang Chengzan, 160
Toulong bi yi, 292
Wang Chong, 49, 50
Toulong songjian, 292
Wang Chunfu, 128–129
traditions: and early Daoism, 84; oral,
Wang Dao, 14–15, 127–146; Laozi
238
adoption of, 130–135; life and work,
trance, 196
128–129; teachers of, 139–141
transcendence: through Dao, 135; in
Wang Ji, 56
Ming Daoism, 135, 140; in poetry,
Wang Kunyang, 178–179
110
Wang Mang, 25
translation: definition of, 230; and
Wang Ming, 43
religion, 236; and syncretism,
Wang Qiugui, 253
214–218
Wang Qizhen, 247, 262
transmission, across lineages, 181
Wang Shouren, 127
Index
331
Wang Tingxiang, 140
wuxin, 276
Wang Wei, 108
Wuxing pian, 81, 100
Wang Xianzhi, 45–46
Wuyi shan, 160
Wang Xuanhe, 245
Wuzhen pian chanyou, 171
Wang Yangming, 14, 127, 129–146
Wang Yingshan, 161
Xi Kang, 118–119
Wang Zhaojun, 112
Xi Shi, 120–121
Wangfu shi, 117
Xiang River goddess, 117
Wanggong shendao bei, 128
Xiangying miao, 159, 163
Wangwu shan, 121
Xiantian dao, 189, 205
Wangye jiao, 257
Xiantian xuwu taiyi jinhua zongzhi,
Warring States, 62, 70, 81–101;
165–166
taxonomies in, 86–88
Xianyi guan, 102
water, imagery of, 111
Xianyou zhenjun, 175–177
wealth, 288
Xiao River goddess, 117
Weaver Girl, 118
Xiao Shi, 122
Weber, Max, 82–83, 97
Xiao Yan, 115
Wei Mou, 98
Xiaolan, 162
Wei Ruyi, 200
Xiaoliang si, 115
Wei Xiao, 129
Xiaopeng xianguan, 200
Wei Zheng, 202
Xiaoyou dong, 120
Wei Zhuangqu, 146
Xici, 92, 137
Weishan zuile, 197, 207
Xie Daoyun, 120–121
Wen Feiqing, 119
Xiguan, 204
Wen Tingyun, 119
Xin Tangshu, 27
Wen Weng, 25
Xinghua, 153
Wenji, Lady, 120, 122
Xinshan tang, 167, 197, 203, 206, 207
wenjian, 257
Xinshu, 98
Wenlu. See Shunqu xiansheng wenlu
Xinyu, 99
Wenxuan, 107
Xiong Qufei, 159
Wilhelm, Richard, 165
Xiongnu, 121
wine, as offering, 275, 283, 285, 291
Xiqiao Baiyundong zhi, 198
women: in Daoism, 102–126; and Daoist
Xiqiao shan, 195, 198, 201
identity, 14; in modern cults, 205
Xiqiao yunquan xianguan shiji, 198, 203
Wong Tai Sin, 195, 201–202
Xiqiu shan, 195
worship, in ritual, 267
Xiuyuan jingshe, 192–193, 204
Writ of Pardon, 18
Xiwang mu, 121–122
writing utensils, as offerings, 278,
Xu Brothers, 15, 149–164
288–291
Xu Jingyang. See Xu Xun
Wu Peiyi, 43
Xu Shen’an, 170
Wu Yang, 62
Xu Xun, 169–170
Wu You, 53
Xu Zhi’e, 151
Wu[xing] dadi, 160
Xu Zhizheng, 151
Wuchang, 112, 114
Xuandi (Chen emperor), 42