2.Leyton, Dying Hard, pp. 114–15. From Elliott Leyton’s interview with Priscilla Turpin.
3.Leyton, Dying Hard, p. 116.
4.Rennie, The Dirt.
5.Ellen Turpin, interview with the author, December 8, 2017. Ellen is the daughter of Roche and Priscilla Turpin.
6.Ellen Turpin, correspondence with author, August 3, 2017.
7.Leyton, Dying Hard, pp. 115–16.
8.Royal Commission Respecting Radiation (final report), p. 33.
9.Royal Commission Respecting Radiation (final report), p.214. “The variable degree of bronchial obstruction often leads to the development of emphysema . . . CO2 retention, anoxia, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure.”
10.Rennie Slaney, written submission to review committee.
11.DeVilliers and Windish, “Lung Cancer,” p. 103.
12.Royal Commission Respecting Radiation (final report), p. 261.
13.Martin, Fluorspar Mines, p. 82.
14.Judy Turpin, interview with author, May 16, 2017. Judy Turpin is Robert Kelly’s daughter.
15.Royal Commission Respecting Radiation, evidence transcripts, GN139-125, GN139-136, The Rooms. The testimony from Boyd Stone and Edward Stapleton came under expanded terms of reference to include fatalities on September 15, 1967.
16.Royal Commission Respecting Radiation, evidence transcripts.
17.Leyton, Dying Hard, pp. 17–18.
18.Dying Hard, p. 117.
19.Royal Commission Respecting Radiation (final report), p. 35.
20.Rupert Wiseman, testimony before the Royal Commission Respecting Radiation, GN 139, file 139.132, box 3, The Rooms.
21.Loder, interview.
22.Loder, interview.
TEN: MEMORY
* * *
1.J.R. Smallwood, letter to Martin Rennie, Coll.-075, J.R. Smallwood, 3.24.019, Newfoundland Department of Provincial Affairs, Archives and Special Collections, MUN.
2.Neary, White Tie and Decorations, pp. 196–97.
3.Neary, White Tie and Decorations, p. 193.
4.Neary, White Tie and Decorations, p. 261.
5.Neary, White Tie and Decorations, p. 261.
6.Neary, White Tie and Decorations, p. 113.
7.Neary, North Atlantic World, pp. 55–56.
8.Joseph R. Smallwood, Newfoundland Miscellany (St. John’s: Newfoundland Book Publishers, 1978).
9.Martin, Fluorspar Mines, pp. 105–6. Dr. Martin cites, with references, studies and updates from 1988 onwards.
10.Rick Edwards, interview with author, September 24, 2018. His mother was Ena Farrell Edwards, a local writer and historian who photographed the aftermath of the US Navy shipwrecks in February 1942.
11.Quirke, interview.
12.Rennie, The Dirt, p. 119.
13.Monica Kelly, interview with author, September 2, 2017.
14.Martin, Fluorspar Mines, pp. 101–2.
15.Martin, Fluorspar Mines, p. 103.
CLOSING EPIGRAPH
* * *
Hannah Arendt, New York Review of Books, November 18, 1971.
Index
The pagination of this digital edition does not match the print edition from which the index was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your ebook reader’s search tools.
* * *
Abbott, Benjamin, 62
Adams, Ian, 294
Agricola, Georgius, 229
agriculture, 17, 108, 139
Alcan. See also Newfluor
finances of, 326
insurance coverage by, 284
labour relations of, 268
mine closures by, 325–26
Newfluor purchase, 154
Quebec smelter, 324, 326
St. Lawrence Corp. purchase, 274–75
and tariffs, 264
and working conditions, 259, 260, 266, 274
Allan’s Island, 51
Allen, Billy, 62
Allen, Louisa, 62
aluminum, 71, 135, 156
Aluminum Company of Canada. See Alcan
American Newfoundland Fluorspar (ANF), 153–54, 281
American War of Independence, 28
appetite, loss of, 155
Argentia, Nfld., 171, 196, 200
asthma, 287
Atlantic Charter, 171
atomic bomb, 171–74, 263
Australia, finances of, 56
autopsies, 291, 296, 316
Aylward, Fabian, 294
Aylward, Fintan J., 294, 299
Aylward, Patrick, 160, 294
* * *
Bank of Montreal, 96
banks, 106
and the Dominion of Newfoundland, 90–91, 94, 96, 97–98, 99
paycheques held by, 147, 148
and St. Lawrence Corp., 236
and St. Lawrence merchants, 130
Bartlett, George, 36
Bartlett’s Island, 61
Bates, George, 209–10
Bay Roberts, Nfld., 27
Bay St. Lawrence, NS, 21–23, 29–30
Beaumont-Hamel, France, 28
Beck, Amos, 3
Beck, Tom, 190
Bell Island, Nfld., 27, 146
Bennett, Mary Ann, 63
Bennett, Raymond E., 240
Bennett, R.B., 96
Bergeron, Edward, 188–89, 190, 191, 192, 194
beriberi, 109, 244
biopsies, 242
Black Duck mine, 146, 287, 327
accidents and deaths in, 140, 149, 299, 315
conditions in, 123–27, 231
fluorspar vein at, 81–82
Hope Simpson visit to, 134, 320
illness in miners. See lung cancer; silicosis
Poynter’s role at, 122
road to, 122, 125
in St. Patrick’s Day dispute, 162, 165
Black Duck Pond, 124
Blue Beach mine, 127, 274, 327
collapse of, 253
in St. Patrick’s Day dispute, 162, 165
vein reopened, 327, 328
bonds, 93–94
bone cancer, 312, 313
Bonnell, Amelia Alice, 48, 49–50, 59
Bonnell, Bertram, 47, 48, 49, 50
Bonnell, Bessie, 47, 48, 50
Bonnell, Bridget, 48–49
Bonnell, Clayton, 47, 48, 49
Bonnell, Cyrus (husband of Mary Ellen), 47
Bonnell, Cyrus (son of Robert and Bridget), 48, 49, 50
Bonnell, Dinah, 47, 48, 49
Bonnell, Elizabeth, 47, 48, 49, 50
Bonnell, Gilbert, 48
Bonnell, Jacob, 49
Bonnell, John (son of Bertram and Elizabeth), 47, 48, 49
Bonnell, John (son of Cyrus and Mary Ellen), 47, 48
Bonnell, Mary Ellen, 47, 48, 49
Bonnell, Mary Gertrude, 49
Bonnell, Rachael, 37
Bonnell, Robert, 48
bootlegging, 219
Boston, immigration to, 70
Brake, Sarah, 44
breathing problems, in miners, 130, 155, 225–26
Brent, Frank, 259, 260, 266
Bristol, Arthur Leroy, Jr., 200, 203–4, 208, 211
British Columbia, 282, 287
bronchitis, 287, 296, 322
Brown, Cassie, 201
Brushett, Carrie, 39, 61
Brushett, Lillian, 39, 61
Brushett, Pearl, 39, 61
Buchans, Nfld., 146
Burin, Nfld., 55, 134–35, 135–36
tsunami in, 55–56, 60, 64
Burin Cottage Hospital, 181, 223
Burin Peninsula
earthquake in, 34–35
emigration from, 69–70
isolation of, 15, 35, 203
map of, xii
roads in, 35, 55, 203, 260
Butterworth, William, 193
* * *
Canada
cultural connections to, 16
health and safety regulations in, 286
Canada, government of
and Canada Fluorspar, 328
and the Dominion of Newfoundland, 57
industrial health profile by, 244–45
royal commission response of, 296
in the Second World War, 170
and St. Lawrence mine conditions, 256, 260
tariff board, 262
Canada Fluorspar Inc., 328
cancer, 327. See also lung cancer
bone cancer, 312, 313
stomach cancer, 257
Cape Breton, 21, 218
earthquake and tidal surge in, 21–23, 25, 29–30
Cape Chapeau Rouge, 181
Cape North, 23
Cashin, Michael, 92
Cashin, Peter, 86, 92–93, 94, 96, 97, 98–99, 106
Catholicism, 93, 113, 320
Cave, A.E., 286
ceramics, fluorspar used for, 135
Chamber Cove, 189, 190, 191–92, 329
Chamberlain, Neville, 99, 106
charity, as alternative to welfare, 100
Cheeseman, Ernest (Ern), 34, 63–64
Cheeseman, John T. (Jack), 34, 63, 64
Chemical Bank and Trust Company, 236
chemicals, fluorspar used for, 71, 135
Cherry, Dorothy, 65–67
Christmas Seal (ship), 228
Churchill, Sir Winston, 170, 171
CJCB (radio), 16
Clarke, David Joseph, 290
Clarke, Harry, 288
Clarke, Lucy, 83
Clarke, Richard, 226
clinic, floating, 228
clothing, gifts of, 204
Clutterbuck, P.A., 241–42, 353n18
Coaker, William, 235, 348n21
Cold War, 237
Collins Cove, Nfld., 27, 68
Commonwealth, 106
compensation. See workers’ compensation
Confederation, 210, 234, 235, 286
and identity, 180–81
cooperatives, 128–29, 141
copper, 71, 171
Corlett, A.V., 230–32
Corner Brook, Nfld., 16
cor pulmonale, 288, 355n9
corruption, 57, 58, 86, 91, 99, 101
cottage hospitals, 211–12
Counsel, Mary Anne, 34
court martial, 200–201
crisis response, 87–88
Cusick, James, 236
Cusick, John, 69
Cusick, Nora, 69
Customs, 131
Cuthbertson, D.P., 244
* * *
Daisy (ship), 55
Dalhousie University, 25
Darby, Helen, 35–36
Darby, Mr. (of Great Burin), 38
daughters of radon, 260, 265, 266
death
miners’ age at, 318–19, 334
cause of, 207, 240–41, 243, 316
count of, for miners, 321–22, 327
count of, in tsunami of 1929, 59, 69
from lung cancer, 321, 354n7
in mining accidents, 3, 140, 149, 206–8, 214, 298–300, 315, 317
preparation for, 302–3
rates of, 108, 174–75, 244, 269–70, 291, 298, 316
from silicosis, 223–27
time from dust exposure to, 318
from tuberculosis, 108, 174–75, 244
Defense Materials Procurement Agency, 237
Delaware, refinery in, 236, 237
Dennis (friend of the author), 2
depression, 63, 68
Derosa, William, 196
deVilliers, Arnold J., 258–59, 266, 267, 269–70, 291–92
Dibbon, Henry, 63
diphtheria, 175
Director mine, 281
closure of, 325, 326
conditions in, 153–54, 259, 300
deaths in, 299
illness in miners. See lung cancer
inspection of, 230
radiation in, 268–69, 300
in rescue of US sailors, 189
rockbursts in, 298–300, 313
in St. Patrick’s Day dispute, 162, 164, 165
strikes and walkouts at, 170
uranium in, 265–66
disease and illness, in miners, 176. See also lung cancer; silicosis; tuberculosis
fainting, 231
long-term, 300–301, 302–3
negotiations on, 155
poverty and, 244, 250
working conditions and, 163, 244–45
disease and illness, in Newfoundland, 202
diversification, economic, 108, 138–39
dole, the. See government assistance
Dominions Office, 56, 107, 171
Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation (Dosco), 118, 170
Donohue, Alice, 21–22, 29–30
Donohue, Jack, 22, 23, 29
drinking water, 126, 155, 156, 163
dust
and disease, 244
in Iron Springs mine, 176–77
monitoring of, 243, 245
radioactivity of, 261
and silicosis, 229, 231, 255–56
in St. Lawrence, 260
in St. Lawrence mines, 125–26, 127, 163, 176, 177, 256, 289
statutory limits on, 243, 256
suppression of, 231, 256
time to death from exposure to, 318
ventilation and, 256
Dying Hard (Leyton), 302–3
dysentery, 175
* * *
earthquake of 1929, xi, 15–30
communications, impact on, 10–11, 27–28, 35
consequences of, 304
epicentre of, xi, 25–26
extent of, 25, 27, 28–29, 30
geology of, 10
news spread, 57
reactions to, 33–34
earthquakes
geology of, 9–10, 36
in mines, 24
Eastern Cove Pond, 42
education, standard of, 139, 321
Edwards, Bob, 299
Edwards, Celestine, 190, 192
Edwards, Ena Farrell, 356n10
Edwards, Rick, 322
Edwards, Sylvester, 290
Emberley, Louise, 35, 38
emigration, 69–70, 127, 317, 347n50
emphysema, 287, 355n9
Etchegary, Florence (Poynter), 167, 205, 273, 275
Etchegary, Gus (of St. Lawrence), 18–19, 20, 65, 70, 174, 193
Etchegary, Gus (of St. Phillips, Nlfd.), 348n1
Etchegary, Louis, 16, 18, 131, 167, 187, 189, 193
Etchegary, Theo, 193
Europe, competition from, 252, 281
Evening Telegram (St. John’s), 59, 94
Ewbank, Robert, 146, 150, 349n2
* * *
false teeth, 314
farming, 17, 108, 139
Farrell, Aloysius, 129–30
Farrell, Aubrey, 80, 82, 119–20, 129–32, 132, 167
Farrell, Cynthia, 311–12
Farrell, Howard, 129, 167, 169, 189, 190, 253, 255
Farrell family, 120
Farrell’s general store, 82, 130, 131–32, 148
Fewer, Cecilia, 15, 65, 78
fibrosis, 296
First World War
financial difficulties following, 107
Newfoundland in, 28, 56, 108, 311
reparations for, 101
veterans of, 58, 101, 104
fishery
cooperative ventures in, 128–29
decline and collapse of, 82, 88–89, 116, 131, 281, 347n7
dependence on, 26, 56, 90
miners returning to, 289
offshore, 16
in St. Lawrence, 16, 17, 26
fish exports, 29, 56
fish prices, 15, 16, 29, 33
Fitzpatrick, Herb, 345n14
Fitzpatrick, Jack, 290, 294
Fitzpatrick, John Joe, 345n14
flooding, in mines, 124, 176, 253, 256, 259
fluorspar
appearance of, 80, 115
demand for, 80
non-radioactivity of, 257, 259, 261
pricing of, 262–63
in St. Lawrence, 146, 260
stockpiles of, 260, 262–63
tariffs requested on, 252–53, 261–62, 263–64
in uranium refining, 172–73, 263
uses of, 71, 135, 156, 171–74
in wartime, 156, 159, 170, 171–74, 218, 252, 263
Fogo, Nfld., 27
food vouchers, 86
forestry, 108, 234
Fortune, Nfld., 136
Fudge, Anna, 62
Fudge, Gertie, 62
Fudge, Harriett, 62
Fudge, Jessie, 62
Fudge, Job, 63
Fudge, Sylvia, 78
Fudge, Thomas, 62–63
* * *
Gaelic language, 216
Garnish, Nfld., 134
geology, 7–10, 71, 265
Giovannini, Adolph, 19, 20, 26–27, 65, 153
Giovannini, Dinah, 19, 20, 26–27, 65, 141
Giovannini, Ethel, 190
Giovannini family, 120, 167
boarding house, 113, 122, 152, 162, 188
fish shop, 18, 19, 65, 76
Glace Bay, 24
SS Glencoe, 17
Golden Gate Capital, 328
Gover, Fred, 238, 353n15
government assistance. See also workers’ compensation
access to, 149, 150
attitudes towards, 106, 241–42
to business, 318
cost of, to government, 100, 346n32
dependence on, 106, 109
to fishermen, 89
food vouchers and nutrition on, 86, 95, 353n18
inadequacy of, 86–87, 290, 324
malnutrition on, 95, 244
protests concerning, 86–87, 91
rates paid by, 86–87, 96, 129, 227
usage rates of, 29
Grand Bank, Nfld., 133, 135, 136, 269–70
Grand Banks earthquake. See earthquake of 1929
granite, 259, 265, 354n15
graphite, 173–74
Great Burin Island, earthquake and tsunami on, 35–36, 38
Great Depression, 29, 107, 122, 131, 244
Greater Lamaline Development Association, 327
Grebe’s Nest vein, 328
Green Bowlers, 201
Grindley, William, 200–201
* * *
Halifax, NS, earthquake in, 23–24, 25, 30
Hare’s Ears mine, 80, 254, 270–71
Harnett, Clement (Clem), 39, 40, 43, 345n14
Harnett, Maurice, 39, 40, 43, 345n14
Haskell, Augustus (Gus), 3, 206–7, 208