20. Ruddiman (2016), p. 71.
21. McNeill (2004), p. 33.
22. Ruddiman (2016), p. 70.
23. McNeill (2004), p. 32.
24. Londo (2006); Ruddiman (2016), p. 70.
25. Kimber (2000).
26. Larson (2014).
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid. For general references on the locations and timings of domestication of crops see Diamond (2003); Fuller (2014); Larson (2014).
29. Janzen (1982); Guimaraes (2008); Yong (2015).
30. Larson (2014).
31. Thompson (2010), p. 27; McNeill (2012).
32. Lieberman (2014), p.188; Marr (2013), Kindle location 563.
33. Marr (2013), Kindle location 563.
34. Lenton (2013), p. 368.
35. Brooks (2006); Morris (2011), Kindle location 2867.
36. Reader (2005), p. 27.
37. McNeill (2004), p. 43.
38. Reader (2005), p. 25.
39. Stager (2012), Kindle location 3153.
40. Brooks (2005).
41. Brooks (2006); de Blij (2011), p. 142; Nicoll (2013).
42. Allen (1997); Morris (2011), Kindle location 2945; White (2012); Nicoll (2013).
43. Brooks (2006); White (2012).
44. Marr (2013), p. 64.
45. Wright (2006), p. 102; Marshall (2016), p. 108.
46. Marshall (2016), p. 108.
47. McNeill (2004), p.53.
48. Ibid., p. 43.
49. Ermini (2015).
50. McNeill (2004), p. 29.
51. Larson (2014).
52. Ibid.
53. Anthony (2010), p.102.
54. McNeill (2004), p. 31.
55. Curry (2013).
56. McNeill (2004), p. 31.
57. Ibid.
58. Anthony (2010), Kindle location 2568.
59. Watson (2012), p. 139.
60. International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/topics/coal.
61. Thompson (2010), p. 70; Hanson (2016), p. 67.
62. Novacek (2008), p. 153.
63. Stow (2010), p. 146.
64. Kourmpetli (2014).
65. Kellogg (2001); Novacek (2008), p. 226.
66. Hanson (2016), p. 75.
67. Lenton (2013), p.340.
68. Bryan (2015), p. 136.
69. Quran 2:173. Sahih International translation, quran.com.
70. Gingerich (2006).
71. Wing (2005); McInerney (2011).
72. Nield (2014), p. 211.
73. Weijers (2007).
74. McInerney (2011).
75. Woodburne (2009).
76. Gingerich (2006).
77. Gingerich (2006); McInerney (2011); Gehler (2016).
78. McInerney (2011).
79. Bowen (2002); Gingerich (2006); McInerney (2011).
80. Diamond (1998), p. 140; Morris (2011), Kindle location 1979.
81. Diamond (1998), Ch. 10; see also McNeill (2001); Ramachandran (2011); Laitin (2012).
82. Bernstein (2009), p. 70.
83. Diamond (1998), pp. 159–62.
84. Stahl (2008).
85. Bernstein (2009), p. 19.
86. Diamond (1998).
87. Twinning (2009); Marshall (2016), p. 38.
88. https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/the-earth-has-a-third-pole-and-millions-of-people-use-its-water; Sinha (2010); Qiu (2014).
89. Stow (2010), p. 188; Qiu (2014).
90. https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/the-earth-has-a-third-pole-and-millions-of-people-use-its-water; Sinha (2010).
91. Kaplan (2017), p. 225.
92. Sinha (2010).
93. Ibid.
94. Lim (2004); Wong (2010).
4 THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEAS
1. Stewart (1994); Hoffecker (2005); Hu (2009).
2. Rick (2008), p. 230; Barrett (2011); Sahrhage (2012), Ch. 2.
3. Fagan (2001), Kindle location 879; Pye (2015), p. 177.
4. Fagan (2001), Kindle location 215–60, 820, 910; Hoffman (2017), p. 115.
5. Pye (2015), p. 259.
6. Bernstein (2009), p. 272.
7. Marr (2013), p. 356.
8. Bernstein (2009), p. 273.
9. Allen (2009), p. 138.
10. Henrich (2004).
11. Leidwanger (2014).
12. Force (2015), p. 143.
13. Fernandez-Armesto (2002), p. 361.
14. Véron (2006).
15. Brotton (2013), p. 17.
16. Maslin (2007); Garcia-Castellanos (2009); Stow (2010), Kindle location 470.
17. Woodward (2014), p. 121.
18. Stow (2010), Kindle location 472; Krijgsman (1999).
19. Maslin (2007).
20. Garcia-Castellanos (2009).
21. Paine (2013), p. 3; Bernstein (2009), p. 44.
22. Stavridis (2018), p. 23.
23. East (1967), p. 170.
24. Bernstein (2009), p. 18.
26. Bernstein (2009), p. 18.
27. Bernstein (2009), p. 94; Braudel (1995), p. 55.
28. Bernstein (2009), p. 145.
29. Oppenheimer (2011), Ch. 8.4; Gatti (2012).
30. Paine (2013), p. 168.
31. Crowley (2016), Kindle location 852.
32. Frankopan (2016), p. 329.
33. Paine (2013), p. 281.
34. Hanson (2016), p.131.
35. Bernstein (2009), p. 52.
36. Bernstein (2009), p. 142; Paine (2013), p. 280.
37. Bernstein (2009), p. 142; Paine (2013), p. 280.
38. Paine (2013), p. 281; Frankopan (2016), p. 271.
39. Bernstein (2009), p. 134.
40. Paine (2013), p. 169.
41. Bernstein (2009), p. 134; Crowley (2016), Kindle location 3865.
42. Crowley (2016), Kindle location 3865.
43. Bernstein (2009), p. 141.
44. McNeill (1963), p. 194; Marr (2013), p. 94.
45. McNeill (1963), p. 198; Marr (2013), p. 95; Kaplan (2017), Kindle location 865.
46. Reader (2005), p. 53.
47. Bernstein (2009), p. 57.
48. Fromkin (2000), p. 70.
49. Bernstein (2009), p. 454.
50. World Oil Transit Chokepoints, https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/regions-topics.cfm?RegionTopicID=WOTC.
51. Ibid.
52. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/29/newsid_3247000/3247805.stm; McDermott (1998), pp. 136, 142.
53. Corones (2015).
54. Friedman (2017).
55. World Oil Transit Chokepoints, https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/regions-topics.cfm?RegionTopicID=WOTC.
56. Stern (2010).
57. Marshall (2016), p. 143.
58. Friedman (2017).
59. This argument on the link between voting patterns and an ancient sea is from Dutch (2002).
60. US election 2016: Trump victory in maps, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016–37889032.
5 WHAT WE BUILD WITH
1. Morris (2011), Kindle location 997.
2. Details on the construction of the Great Pyramid in Verner (2001), Ch. 3; Sweeney (2007), p. 16.
3. Stow (2010), p. 166.
4. Ibid.
5. Fortey (2010), p. 284.
6. Bernstein (2009), p. 39.
7. Phillips (1988).
8. Ibid.
9. The Getty Centre: Architecture, http://www.getty.edu/visit/center/architecture.html.
10. Siddall (2015).
11. Nield (2014), p. 47.
12. Brison (2005); Sakellariou (2016), p. 168.
13. Stow (2010), p. 135.
14. Pollard (2017).
15. Sheridan (2002).
16. Stow (2010), p. 133; Stampfli (2013).
17. Rasmussen (2012), p. 45.
18. Chen (2012).
19. Wignall (2017), p. 64.
20. Ibid., p. 9.
21. Ibid., p. 161.
22. Ibid.
&n
bsp; 23. Ibid., p. 169.
24. Myers (1997); Fortey (2005), p. 304.
25. Fortey (2005), p. 297.
26. Koestler-Grack (2010), p. 39.
27. Nield (2014), p. 140.
28. Ibid.
29. Kneller (1987).
30. Zalasiewicz (2012), p. 42.
31. Fortey (2010), p. 171.
32. Fortey (2005), p. 309.
33. Gregory (2010), p. 22.
34. Fortey (2010), p. 248.
35. Ibid., p. 97.
36. Schuberth (1968), p. 81; Barr (2011).
37. Fortey (2005), p. 243; Barr (2011).
38. Winkless (2017).
6 OUR METALLIC WORLD
1. De Ryck (2005); Roberts (2009).
2. Bernstein (2009), p. 37.
3. Goody (2012), p. 9.
4. Bernstein (2009), p. 37.
5. Fokkens (2013), p. 420.
6. Fortey (2005), p. 294.
7. Bernstein (2009), p. 38.
8. Kassianidou (2013).
9. Candela (2005), p. 423.
10. Fortey (2005), p. 188.
11. Ibid.
12. Republic of Cyprus: Geological Survey Department, http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/gsd/gsd.nsf/dmltroodos_en/dmltroodos_en.
13. Cann (2004).
14. Stow (2010), p. 200.
15. Kassianidou (2013).
16. Ibid.
17. Constantinou (1982); Socratous (2011); Kassianidou (2013).
18. Wagner (2009), p. 98.
19. Hughey (2013).
20. Marr (2013), p. 70.
21. Ibid.
22. Angelakis (2006); Oppenheimer (2011), p. 279.
23. Oppenheimer (2011), p. 279.
24. Ibid., p. 233.
25. Oppenheimer (2011), p. 278.
26. Ibid., pp. 278, 293.
27. Ibid., p. 292.
28. Winchester (2011), pp. 62–8.
29. Stow (2010), p. 203.
30. Roebroeks (2012).
31. Osborne (2013), Needham (1965), p. 370.
32. Mokyr (1992), p. 210.
33. Oleson (2009), p. 170.
34. McNeill (2004), pp. 101–102.
35. Andersen (2016).
36. Hillstrom (2005), p. 11.
37. Kasen (2017).
38. Sagan (1973), p. 190; Shubin (2014), p. 33; Schrijver (2015), p. 129; Kukula (2016), Kindle location 236.
39. Kleine (2011).
40. Walker (2006).
41. Ridley (2013), p. 297.
42. Klein (2005); Shubin (2014), p. 81.
43. Lenton (2013), p. 243.
44. Hamilton (2016).
45. Lenton (2013), p. 183.
46. Lyons (2014).
47. Lenton (2013), pp. 29–33; Lyons (2014); Falkowski (2015), p. 88.
48. Lenton (2013), p. 30.
49. Scott (2006).
50. Hagelüken (2014).
51. Rohrig (2015).
52. Graedel (2014).
53. Schwarz-Schampera (2014).
54. Graedel (2014).
55. Belli (2007).
56. Gunn (2014).
57. Ibid.
58. Sadykov (2000).
59. Stewart (2005); Erisman (2008).
60. Krivolutskaya (2016).
61. Gunn (2014).
62. Ibid.
63. Humphreys (2014).
64. Gunn (2014).
65. Kinnaird (2005); Ridley (2013), p. 61.
66. American Chemical Society: Endangered Elements, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry/research-innovation/research-topics/endangered-elements.html.
67. Graedel (2014); Humphreys (2014).
68. Clapper (2013), p. 11.
69. Jacobs (2018).
70. Lewis (2008); Warren (2014); Wagland (2016).
71. Kolarik (2005).
7 SILK ROADS AND STEPPE PEOPLES
1. McNeill (2014), p. 65.
2. Kaplan (2017), p. 212.
3. Marshall (2016), p. 31.
4. Kaplan (2017), p. 212.
5. Pye (1995); Vasiljevic (2014).
6. Wright (2006), p. 104.
7. Haase (2007); Vasiljević (2014).
8. Fromkin (2000), p. 41.
9. Braudel (1995), p. 352; Wel (2014).
10. East (1967), p. 166; Marr (2013), p. 139.
11. Millward (2013), p. 78.
12. Ibid., p. 81.
13. East (1967), p. 168; Bernstein (2009), p. 9.
14. Bernstein (2009), p. 9.
15. Ibid.
16. Millward (2013), p. 80.
17. Watson (2012), p. 462.
18. East (1967), p. 175.
19. Ji (2009).
20. Orlando (2016); Marr (2013), p. 253.
21. Piantadosi (2003), p. 82.
22. Ibid., p. 81.
23. McNeill (2004), p. 95.
24. Bernstein (2009), p. 74.
25. McNeill (2004), p. 98.
26. McDougall (1983); McDougall (1990); Marr (2013), p. 254.
27. Frankopan (2016), p. 30.
28. Braudel (1995), p. 63.
29. East (1967), p. 175.
30. Bernstein (2009), p. 139.
31. Millward (2013), p. 22.
32. Barry (2014), p. 146.
33. Millward (2013), p. 23.
34. Marr (2013), p. 337.
35. Millward (2013), p. 24.
36. Marr (2013), p. 337.
37. Millward (2013), p. 60.
38. Anthony (2010), Kindle location 3521.
39. Millward (2013), p. 95.
40. Anthony (2010), p. 101.
41. Anthony (2010), Kindle location 6495; Millward (2013), p. 95.
42. Keegan (1993), p. 240.
43. Watson (2012), p.288.
44. Schmidt (2017).
45. Fortey (2005), p. 471.
46. Bernstein (2009), p. 113.
47. Millward (2013), Kindle location 350.
48. McNeill (2004), pp. 100–101.
49. Fernandez-Armesto (2002), p. 115.
50. Keegan (1993), p. 190; Kaplan (2017), Kindle location 1196.
51. Keegan (1993), pp. 180, 206.
52. Marshall (2016), p. 33.
53. East (1967), p. 66.
54. Ibid., p. 68.
55. Keegan (1993), p. 183.
56. Ibid., pp. 184, 186; McNeill (2004), p. 100.
57. Keegan (1993), p. 212.
58. Frankopan (2016), p. 289.
59. Millward (2013), p. 41; Marr (2013), p. 262.
60. Frankopan (2016), p. 75.
61. McCormick (2012), p. 190; Brooke (2014), p. 347.
62. McCormick (2012), p. 190.
63. Keegan (1993), pp. 184, 186; Fromkin (2000), p. 97.
64. Keegan (1993), p. 187.
65. Frankopan (2016), p. 76.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., p. 77.
68. Marr (2013), p. 264.
69. Millward (2013), p. 237.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid., p. 47; Frankopan (2016), p. 237.
72. Frankopan (2016), p. 237.
73. Millward (2013), p. 47.
74. Frankopan (2016), p. 242.
75. Ibid., p. 244.
76. Marr (2013), p. 264.
77. Frankopan (2016), p. 244.
78. East (1967), p. 177.
79. Frankopan (2016), p. 249.
80. Marr (2013), p. 264; Frankopan (2016), p. 249.
81. Keegan (1993), p. 201; Marr (2013), p. 264.
82. Millward (2013), p. 48; Frankopan (2016), p. 240.
83. Frankopan (2016), p. 241.
84. Ibid., p. 261.
85. Bernstein (2009), pp. 113, 146; Watson (2012), p. 461; Millward (2013), p. 48.
86. McNeill (2004), p. 124 Millward (2013), p. 48.
87. Watson (2012), p. 462.
88. Fernandez-Armesto (2002), p. 131.
89. Frankopan (2016), p. 274.
90. Fagan (2001), Kindle location 598, 949; McNeill (2004), p. 120.
91. Marr (2013), p. 278.
92. Frankopan (2016), p. 278.
93. Marr (2013), p. 279.
94. Morris (2011), p. 390; Marr (2013), p. 265.
95. Bernstein (2009), p. 160.
96. Roberts (1967); Parker (1976); Rogers (2018); Morris (2011), Kindle location 7186.
97. McNeill (2004), p. 194.
98. Ibid., p. 195.
99. Morris (2011), Kindle location 7186.
100. Millward (2013), Kindle location 1780.
101. Vasiljevic (2014).
102. Frankopan (2016), pp. 524, 718.
103. Price (2009); Smith (2009).
104. Watson (2012), p. 237.
105. Terazono (2016).
8 THE GLOBAL WIND MACHINE AND THE AGE OF DISCOVERY
1. Fromkin (2000), p. 114; Crowley (2016), Kindle location 91–112.
2. Ibid., Kindle location 190, 243; Paine (2013), p. 389.
3. Rosenbaum (2002); Alvarez (2008), p. 73.
4. Paine (2013), p. 377.
5. Tomczak (1994), p. 422.
6. Pim (2008); Ramalho (2010); The Geology of the Canary Islands, http://www.islandsinocean.com/view/The_Geology_of_Canary_Islands.
7. Cannat (1999).
8. Frankopan (2016), p. 300.
9. Ibid., p. 298.
10. Morris (2011), Kindle location 6535.
11. Paine (2013), p. 385; Frankopan (2016), p. 298.
12. Chamberlin (2013), p. 85; Paine (2013), p. 385.
13. Winchester (2011), pp. 108–109.
14. Paine (2013), p. 389.
15. Chamberlin (2013), p. 72.
16. Raudzens (2003), p. 216; Paine (2013), p. 386.
17. Fromkin (2000), p. 116.
18. Crowley (2016), Kindle location 411.
19. Ibid., Kindle location 454.
20. Ibid., Kindle location 248.
21. Ibid., Kindle location 473.
22. Paine (2013), p. 391.
23. Bernstein (2009), p. 201; Marr (2013), p. 306; Paine (2013), p. 392.
24. Paine (2013), pp. 64, 388; Bernstein (2009), p. 204.
25. Chamberlin (2013), p. 85; Crowley (2016), Kindle location 264.
26. Paine (2013), p. 396.
27. Rodger (2012).
28. Huang (2014).
29. Winchester (2011), p. 116.
30. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989), Oxford University Press.
31. Bernstein (2009), p. 209; Crowley (2016), Kindle location 732.
32. Bernstein (2009), p. 214; Frankopan (2016), p. 321.
33. Sauberlich (1997).
34. Crowley (2016), Kindle location 1296.
35. Clift (2008); Boos (2010); Raj (2013); Rajagopalan (2013).
36. Crowley (2016), Kindle location 844, 852.
37. Ibid., Kindle location 1374.
38. Crowley (2016), p. 336.
39. Brotton (2013), p. 189.
40. Paine (2013), p. 376.
41. Rodger (2012).
42. Brotton (2013), p. 191.
43. Ibid., p. 196.