Boleyn, George, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206
Boleyn, Lady, 198
Boleyn, Mary, 162, 392
Boleyn, Sir Thomas, 162, 176
Bond of Association, 365
Bosworth, Battle of (1485), 68–73
Bothwell, Earl of, 341, 350–1
Boulogne, 94, 231
Brackenbury, Richard, 52
Brandon, Lady Eleanor, 184, 230–1, 260, 419
Brandon, Lady Frances, Marchioness of Dorset: birth, 154; Anne Boleyn accuses father of sleeping with, 181; mother’s death, 184; at Jane Seymour’s funeral, 217; marriage and family, 217; absence from succession, 230–1; lady-in-waiting to Katherine Parr, 231; passed over in Henry VIII’s will, 237; visits Mary I, 251; at reception for Mary of Guise, 255; Edward VI gives heirs place in succession, 259–60, 263; accompanies daughter to take possession of Tower, 270–1; reaction to Mary’s determination to win throne, 273; marriage to commoner, 288–9; and child abuse, 417–18; death, 418
Brandon, Sir William, 70
Brecon Castle, 57
Brereton, William, 204, 205, 206
Brittany, Duke of see Francis II, Duke of Brittany
Bruyn, Barthel, 221
Buchanan, George, 366
Buck, Sir George, 129
Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of, 21, 23
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of: marriage to Katherine Woodville, 32; helps Richard III seize control of Edward V, 44–5; urges Richard III to take throne, 47; Margaret Beaufort unsuccessfully petitions him re Henry VII, 48–9; and princes in the Tower, 52, 55; turns against Richard, 52–3; failure of plot and death, 57–8
Buckingham, Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of, 78, 104, 110, 156–8
Bullinger, Heinrich, 415
Burghley, Lord see Cecil, William, Lord Burghley
Burgundy, Duchess of see Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy
Burgundy, Duke of see Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy; Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy
Byrd, William, 356
Cadwaladr, King, 64, 72, 78, 115
Calais, 13, 18, 296–7, 299, 329
Cambridge University, 128
Camden, William, 264
Campeggio, Lorenzo, 172, 174–5
Carey, Sir Robert, 393–4, 395
Carey, William, 162
Carmarthen, 115
Carthusians, 191–2, 215
Carver, Robert, 137
Castillon, Battle of (1453), 18
Catherine of Valois, 7–10, 65, 409
Cavendish, Elizabeth, 349–50, 351, 363–4
Cavendish, George, 163, 173
Cavendish, Sir William, 348–9
Caxton, William, 65, 81
Cecil, Elizabeth, 333
Cecil, Mildred, 261, 340
Cecil, Robert, 379–80, 385–6, 389–90, 392, 396
Cecil, William, Lord Burghley: background, 262, 299; on Grey–Dudley marriage, 260; plans for Elizabeth I’s succession, 299–300; and her coronation, 305; and her religious settlement, 309; backs Scots rebelling against Mary of Guise, 311–12; opposition to Elizabeth marrying Leicester, 313, 314, 315–16; spies on Margaret Douglas, 317; persecution of Catholics, 317, 327, 361; and Katherine Grey’s marriage, 321; case against Lennoxes, 326, 328; reconciliation with Margaret Douglas, 333; reaction to Darnley’s marriage, 336; dissuades Elizabeth from sending army against Scots rebels, 341; attitude to Katherine Grey, 342, 418; opposition to Mary, Queen of Scots as heir, 344; allows Lennox to become James VI’s regent, 347; and Ridolfi plot, 347; declines to become Charles Stuart’s guardian, 348; Margaret Douglas’ legacy to, 352; use of Dee, 361; and Mary, Queen of Scots, 364, 365, 371; security of position on Privy Council, 379; son groomed to replace, 379–80; and succession issue, 380; at de Maisse’s meeting with Elizabeth, 382; lack of common popularity, 383; death, 384
Cecily of York, 62, 85
Chapuys, Eustace, 198–9, 200, 204, 207, 211
Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, 408
Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, 122–3
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor: betrothal to Mary Tudor, 117; betrothal cancelled, 139; conquers French at Pavia, 159; possible betrothal to Mary I, 159; signs treaty with France, 159–60; sacks Rome, 168–9; promises help to Katherine of Aragon, 170; rapprochement with Clement VII, 175; Wolsey seeks support from, 175; attitude to Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn, 194; Paul III wishes him to invade England, 219; leaves Henry VIII to fight alone in France, 231; support for Mary I, 265; advised to accept Lady Jane Grey, 272; wants Philip II to marry Mary I, 290; retirement, 295; death, 300
Charles VI, King of France, 7, 18, 19
Charles VIII, King of France, 61, 94
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 34, 36, 139
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 208
Cheke, John, 244
Chertsey Abbey, 42
Cheyne, Sir John, 71
chivalry, 30; see also Bath, Knights of the; Garter, Order of the
Christina of Denmark, 297, 298
Churchyard, Thomas, 358–9
churching, 151
Clarence, George, Duke of, 34–5, 42–3
Claude, Madame, 143
Clement VII, Pope, 166, 168–9, 172, 174–5, 190
Clifford, Margaret, Countess of Derby, 260, 261, 360–1, 419–21
cloth of gold, 99
Cobham, Lady Anne, 205
Cockfield Hall, 342
Collyweston, 113–14, 118
Commynes, Philippe de, 52
Company of Merchant Adventurers, 262–3
A Conference About the Next Succession to the Crowne of Ingland, 381–2
Cornish rebellion (1497), 98
Courtenay, Edward, 279, 280, 283, 296
Counter-Reformation, 232
Coverdale, Miles, 219
Cromwell, Thomas: appearance, background and character, 182–3; and England’s break with Rome, 183, 191; Anne Boleyn’s opposition to, 198–200; his part in her fall, 202, 204, 205; advises Margaret Douglas, 212; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 213–14; arranges Cleves marriage, 220, 221; death, 222
Cuellar (Spanish captain), 375, 378
Culpepper, Thomas, 224, 225–6
Cumberland, Henry Clifford, Earl of, 231, 261, 419
Dacre, Lord, 150, 151, 152
Darnley, Henry, Lord: appearance and character, 316, 333; birth, 231; woos Mary, Queen of Scots, 316–17; brought to Elizabeth I’s court to be watched over, 325; imprisoned at Sheen, 326; prophecy re, 327; invited back to court, 332–3; marriage to Mary, 333–4, 336–7; marriage breakdown and murder of Riccio, 338–9; death, 340–1, 350–1; image on Lennox Jewel, 346
Davey, Richard, 270
David, King, 166, 222
Davies, Cliff, 424
Dee, John, 294, 304, 361
Delft, François van der, 241
Derby, Countess of see Clifford, Margaret, Countess of Derby
Derby, Earl of, 419, 420
Dereham, Francis, 224, 226
Devonshire Manuscript, 193
divorce, 164–5
Doleman, R., 381–2
Dorset, Frances Brandon, Marchioness of see Brandon, Lady Frances
Dorset, Harry Grey, Marquess of: background, marriage and family, 217; character, 252; appointed to Privy Council, 252; at court, 253; made Duke of Suffolk, 255; agrees to daughter’s marriage to Dudley, 261; deserts her, 276; pardoned, 281; leads parliamentary opposition to Mary I’s religious reforms, 282; plots again, 283–4; Jane’s last
letter to, 286; death, 288
Dorset, Thomas Grey, Marquess of, 59, 62
Douglas, Lady Margaret: birth, 151; visits England, 152–5; godfather, 154; comes to English court, 177–8; becomes lady-in-waiting to Mary I, 182, 184; ordered to join Anne Boleyn’s household, 189, 196; affair with Thomas Howard, 193, 198, 200–1; at Jane Seymour’s wedding, 209; place in succession, 209; imprisoned for her betrothal, 210–12; Cromwell rumoured to covet, 214; lover’s death, 217; lady-in-waiting to Katherine Howard, 223; new love, 223; warned off, 225; at Katherine Parr’s wedding, 228; at Katherine Parr’s court, 229; marriage to Lennox, 229–30; absence from succession, 230–1; returns to court after Darnley’s birth, 231; did she quarrel with Henry VIII?, 236, 326, 411–14; ignored in Henry’s will, 236–7, relations with Edward VI, 255; leaves court to avoid illness, 256; ignored in Edward’s will, 259; at Mary I’s court, 279, 280; Mary wants to name as heir, 280; at Mary’s funeral, 302–3; Elizabeth I’s and Cecil’s suspicions of, 315, 317–18; encourages Darnley to woo Mary, Queen of Scots, 316, 317, 324; brought to court to be watched over, 325; imprisoned at Sheen, 326–8, 329; invited back to court, 332–3, 335; imprisoned because of Darnley’s marriage, 336–8, 339–40; reaction to James VI’s birth, 339; reaction to Darnley’s death, 340; released from Tower, 340; marital happiness celebrated in Lennox Jewel, 346; husband’s death, 347; arranges other son’s marriage, 348–50; rapprochement with Mary, Queen of Scots, 350–1; Arbella Stuart comes to live with, 351; last days and death, 352–3; assessment, 403–4, 424–5
Dudley, Ambrose, 420
Dudley, Anne, 420
Dudley, Sir Andrew, 419
Dudley, Edmund (under Henry VII), 116, 119, 271
Dudley, Lord Guildford: marriage sought with Margaret Clifford, 419; marriage to Lady Jane Grey, 260–1, 263; accompanies her to take possession of Tower, 269, 270; popular opposition to as king, 271; relationship with wife, 275, 281, 415–16; imprisoned in Tower, 276; and Jane’s trial, 282; death, 285–6, 405–6
Dudley, John see Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of
Dudley, Robert see Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of
Durham, 344
Easebourne Priory, 212–13, 215
East Stoke, Battle of (1487), 90
Edgecote Moor, Battle of (1469), 33
Edinburgh: Holyrood Palace, 366
Edmund, Prince (son of Henry VII), 86
education, aristocratic, 27–8, 29
Edward III, King of England, 18, 30
Edward IV, King of England: appearance, background and character, 24, 30; at Wakefield, 24–5; proclaims himself king, 26; at Towton, 26; orders Jasper Tudor’s estates seized, 28; atmosphere of his court, 30, 42–3; propaganda, 30–1, 34; marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, 31–2, 34, 164; entertained by Margaret Beaufort, 32; betrayal by Warwick leads to exile in Burgundy, 33–5; recaptures throne, 36–8; orders capture of Henry VII and Jasper Tudor, 38–9; death, 43; Henry VIII’s likeness to, 125
Edward VI, King of England: appearance, 44, 253; birth, 216; reasons for name, 218; health as baby, 220; proposed marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, 229–30; Holbein portrait, 232; closeness to Katherine Parr and Mary I, 232; Henry VIII appoints regents for, 235–6; proclaimed king, 239; his self-appointed Privy Council, 239–40; and religion, 243, 244–5, 249, 252, 253, 256, 257; formal entry into London, 243–4; reaction to Katherine Parr’s remarriage, 246; and coup against Somerset, 250; tries to make Mary I Protestant, 253, 254; majority, 254; ill health, 254; destroys Somerset while elevating his rival, 255; reception for Mary of Guise, 255–6; weapons training, 256; becomes involved in matters of state, 256; brief illness, 256–7; more ill health, 258–9; succession issue, 259–60, 263–4; last days and death, 261–6; assessment, 404–5
Edward, Prince of Lancaster (Henry VI’s son), 19, 27, 31, 35, 38, 215
Edward the Confessor, 115
Elizabeth (film), 408
Elizabeth I, Queen of England and Ireland: appearance, 280, 299, 332, 357–8, 382–3, 390; birth and christening, 187–8; Hatfield household, 189; parents lavish care on, 194, 195, 201; declared illegitimate after mother’s death but still loved by Henry VIII, 206–7; at Edward VI’s christening, 216; named as one of his heirs, 230, 235; and religion, 233; father’s death announced to, 239; pursued by Thomas Seymour, 245–8; relations with Edward, 255–6, 258; he excludes from succession, 259, 264; watches events surrounding his illness, 262; seemingly accepts Lady Jane Grey as Edward’s successor, 264; at Mary I’s court, 279; Courtenay’s suit, 279; Mary excludes from succession, 280; as focus for Protestant opposition, 280; Dorset plots to put on throne, 283; put in Tower, 287, 288–90; moved to house arrest at Woodstock, 290; superficial reconciliation with Mary, 294; looks likely to succeed Mary, 295; relationship with her, 296–8; more plots in her favour, 296–7; Philip II attempts to find husband for her, 297–8; makes plans for her accession, 299; Mary’s influence on her, 301–2, 375, 406–7; accedes to throne, 301–2; arranges Mary’s funeral, 302–3; coronation, 304–7; regal style, 307; marriage issue, 307–9, 310, 312, 322–3, 335–6, 407; relationship with Leicester, 307–8, 310–11, 312–16, 319, 329; religious settlement, 309, 311, 329, 355–7, 407; first summer progress, 310–11; backs Scots rebellion against Mary of Guise, 311–12; Amy Robsart’s death, 313–14; threats to her throne and succession issues, 314–28, 330–4, 407; smallpox attack, 328–30; reaction to Mary, Queen of Scots’ marriage to Darnley, 336–8; reaction to Riccio’s death, 339; reaction to Darnley’s death, 340–1; imprisonment of Mary, 343–5; northern rebellion in support of Mary, 344–5; refuses to execute her, 345; allows Lennox to become James VI’s regent, 347; Ridolfi plot against, 347; reaction to Charles Stuart’s marriage, 349–50; ongoing relationship with Leicester, 354–5; Anjou match, 355, 357–9, 361; Virgin Queen concept, 358; Leicester remarries, 359–60; and Margaret Clifford, 360–1, 420–1; Catholics consider murdering, 361–2; vanity, 264; Bess of Hardwick’s scandalous rumours re, 364; her sudden death to ensure that of Mary, Queen of Scots, 365; agreement with James VI, 367; incurs Philip II’s enmity, 367–8; Babington plot, 368–9; and Mary, Queen of Scots’ death, 369–73; Pope Sixtus on, 374; and the Armada, 375–7, 378; Leicester’s death, 379; and Essex, 379, 384–5, 386, 388; succession issues become serious, 380–2, 386–7; deteriorating health, 385–6; last days and succession squabbles, 388–94; on popularity of rising stars, 16; death, 394–5; tomb, 407; glorification of memory, 408; in Belvoir Castle codex, 422; assessment, 395–6, 406–8
Elizabeth, Princess (daughter of Henry VII), 86
Elizabeth, Queen (Edward IV’s wife) see Woodville, Elizabeth
Elizabeth, Queen (Henry VII’s wife) see Elizabeth of York
Elizabeth of York: appearance, 99; character, 80; in sanctuary at Westminster Abbey, 46; marriage to Henry VII negotiated by Margaret Beaufort, 53–4, 56; Henry VII vows to marry, 60; rumours that Richard III plans to marry, 62; Henry VII in no hurry to marry, 77; marriage to Henry VII, 79–81; significance of marriage, 3; moved during pregnancy to Winchester, 81–2; Arthur’s birth, 83–4; relationship with Margaret Beaufort, 85–6; birth of rest of family, 85–6; coronation, 90–1; relationship with Henry VII, 95, 100; at Henry VIII’s investiture as Duke of York, 95; at Arthur’s marriage, 107; developing relationship with Henry VII, 107; and Margaret’s marriage to James IV, 109; and Arthur’s death, 110–11; death, 111; tomb, 4, 115; in Holbein fresco, 218; and Elizabeth I’s coronation, 305
Empson, Richard, 119
Erasmus, Desiderius, 103–4, 134, 153, 171
Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of, 379–80, 383–5, 386, 388, 395
executions, ritual of, 208
Exeter, siege of (1497), 100
Exeter, Marchioness of, 196, 197
Exeter, Henry Courtenay, Marquess of, 187, 188, 196–7, 219
Exeter, Henry Holland, Duke of, 42
Eye, Suffolk, 55
families: Tudor-era attitude, 423
Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 99, 100, 101, 125
Feria, Count of, 300–1, 302, 307–9, 310, 364, 395
Ferrer, St Vincent, 60, 101, 116
Field of Cloth of Gold, 156–7
Fisher, John: promoted by Henry VII, 116; delivers his obituary sermon, 120; on Margaret Beaufort’s reaction to Henry VIII’s coronation, 127; at her death, 127–8; gives her obituary sermon, 128; Wolsey asks for opinion on Henry VIII’s annulment, 171; murder attempt against, 180; imprisoned, 190; made cardinal, 190–1; death, 192
Fitzroy, Henry, Duke of Richmond: birth, 155; made Duke of Richmond and Somerset, 160–1; relationship with Anne Boleyn, 184–5; at execution of Carthusians, 192; Henry claims Anne intended to poison, 204; terminal illness, 210, death, 211
Fitzroy, Mary, Duchess of Richmond, 193, 198, 235
Fitzwilliam, Sir William, 213
Flodden, Battle of (1513), 135–7
Florio, Michel Angelo, 418
Fontenay, Albert de, 365–7
Fotheringhay Castle, 370–1
Fowler, Thomas, 353
Foxe, John, 234; Book of Martyrs, 357, 418
Framlingham Castle, 262, 274
France: Henry VIII’s ambitions to win, 124–5; his first campaign, 133–4, 137; Henry VIII makes peace with Louis XII and marries sister to him, 139–44; Louis succeeded by Francis I, 145; Mary I betrothed to his heir, 155; Field of Cloth of Gold, 156–7; defeat at Pavia, 159; Henry VIII realises his ambitions will never be realised, 159–60; possible French marriage for Mary I negotiated, 161; Henry VIII’s second campaign, 231; Northumberland seeks backing in event of Charles V invading England, 265; Mary I’s war against, 298–9; Elizabeth I makes peace, 301–2, 308; likely to resist Leicester marriage, 308; Henri II’s death, 309–10; Francis II’s death, 316; Elizabeth’s attack on Le Havre, 329; pressurises Elizabeth to release Margaret Douglas, 337–8; possible Anjou match for Elizabeth, 355, 357–9, 361; St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 357; reaction to Mary, Queen of Scots’ death, 372, 373; supports Arbella Stuart as Elizabeth’s heir, 393