2Technical World, April 1907, 113.
3Congressional Serial Set 5227, 907–08.
4Congressional Serial Set 5228, 1141.
5Congressional Serial Set 5227, 190.
6New York Sun, June 2, 1904, 4.
7Cable, 213–14.
8Washington Times, June 11, 1904, 5.
9Congressional Serial Set 5227, 956.
CHAPTER 24: A WARSHIP IN SEARCH OF A WAR
1Dive Magazine, August 1964, 137.
2Edwyn Gray, British Submarines at War: 1914–1918 (New York: Scribner, 1972), 137.
3Burgoyne, volume 1, 307.
4Sueter, 77.
5Ibid.
6Richard Compton-Hall, The Submarine Pioneers: The Beginnings of Underwater Warfare (Cornwall, UK: Periscope Publishing, 1983), 88.
7Burgoyne, volume 2, 286.
8Ibid., 287.
9Lake, Autobiography, 172.
10Ibid.
11Ibid., 192.
12St. Paul Globe, April 8, 1904, 4.
13Cable, 216.
CHAPTER 25: HOLLAND WITHOUT HOLLAND
1Morris, 123–24.
2Cable, 239-240.
3Ibid., 247.
4Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 114.
5New York Times, September 4, 1905, 1.
6Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 114-115.
7New York Tribune, December 5, 1906, 4.
CHAPTER 26: EXCESSIVE BALLAST
1Congressional Serial Set 5227, 959. All correspondence in this chapter is from this set.
2Lake, Autobiography, 208–09.
3The St. Louis Republic, January 20, 1905, 9.
4New York Tribune, April 1, 1905, 6.
CHAPTER 27: THE NEW CLASS
1New York Tribune, August 14, 1905, 6.
2Ibid., August 26, 1905, 1.
3Ibid., August 27, 1905, 5.
4Charles W. Domville-Fife, Submarines, Mines and Torpedoes in the War (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914), 59.
5Marine Review, August 29, 1907, 22.
6Scientific American, December 7, 1907, p. 420.
7Domville-Fife, 52.
8Technical World, March 1908, pp. 329–30.
9Domville-Fife, 56.
10Congressional Serial Set 5227, 33.
11Lake, Autobiography, 207, 211.
12As he described it, the state of Lake’s finances underwent some rather drastic swings, bouncing from near bankruptcy to prosperity and back again.
13See, for example, Deseret Evening News, July 21, 1906, 10.
14Washington Times, December 30, 1906, Woman’s Magazine section, 5.
15Congressional Serial Set 5228, 1800.
16New York Times, April 28, 1907, 42.
17Ibid., May 11, 1907, 4.
18Scientific American. September 17, 1907, 167.
19Congressional Serial Set 5228, 1224.
20Ibid., 20.
21New York Times, September 24, 1907, 5.
CHAPTER 28: SUICIDE SQUEEZE
1Ibid., May 6, 1900, 18.
2Congressional Serial Set 5227, p. 22. Unless otherwise noted, the chronology and committee’s conclusions are all taken from this document, pages 18–79.
3Ibid., 7.
4Congressional Serial Set 5228, 1783.
5New York Tribune, February 21, 1908, 4.
6Congressional Serial Set 5227, 10.
7Ibid., 12
8Scientific American Supplement, March 21, 1908, p. 180. Italics in the original.
9Washington Times, May 20, 1908, 1.
10Congressional Serial Set 5228, 86.
11New York Times, May 20, 1908, 3.
CHAPTER 29: GOING DEEP
1Gary Weir, Building American Submarines, 1914–40 (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1991), 12.
2Lake, Autobiography, 228.
3http://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/Archives/issue_16/simonlake.html.
4https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/g/g-1.html.
5Weir, 53.
6Lake, Autobiography, 277–78.
7American Magazine, January 1916, 48.
8Ibid., 49.
9New York Times, December 20, 1909, 2.
10Ibid., October 25, 1925, 28.
11Franklin, 36.
12Cable, 290.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I’m not really a fan of acknowledgement sections that run to four and five pages and include everyone but the family dog. For this book, however, there are some people I simply must thank. The Pegasus team—Claiborne, Jessica, Sabrina, Maria, Katie, and Iris—has been wonderful, reminding me how much fun it can be to work with passionate people who are deeply invested in the books they publish. My agent, Michael Carlisle, was savvy enough to know that this was the right place for me.
I also must thank people in the submarine and engineering communities who were willing to take time and expend effort to help a stranger. There is no better feeling than when those expert in their fields show enthusiasm for your work, and, even more, say that they learned from it. So to Walter Gordon, David Paris, Bruce Elleman, Chris Rentfrow, Joel Holwitt, Leonard Zax, Justin L. C. Eldridge, Paul Varnadore, and Mark Obenhaus . . . thank you.
And since this is an acknowledgement section . . . my wife Nancy and daughter Lee are the best.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
A
Abdul Hamid, 86
Abdul Mecid, 86
Aboukir, 1–3, 3
Adder, 223, 226, 228, 244
Allison, William B., 114, 120, 121
American Diver, 43–44
American Engineer, 85
Argonaut, 125–128, 134–144, 136, 191, 213–218, 227, 234
Argonaut II, 158, 169, 216–217
Argonaut Junior, 125, 125–127, 135
Around the World in Eighty Days, 139
Arthur, Chester, 102
Atlantic, 103
Attack submarine, 145–156, 191, 214–218, 341, 348. See also Submarines
Aube, Laurent Théophile, 280
B
Bacon, Francis, 12, 15, 20
Baker, George, 106, 112–122
“Baker Boat,” 112–114, 113, 114
Ballast challenges, 38–39, 45, 63–70, 87–88
Barber, Francis, 61–62, 122
Barker, Robert, 30
Barlow, Joel, 26, 29–30
Barnett, Julia Hyneman, 172–173,
Barney, Charles T., 324–325
Barnum, P. T., 7, 46
Batteries, 111,148, 177–182, 282
Bauer, Wilhelm, 39–40
Beach, Thomas, 54
Bell, Alexander Graham, 75
Belmont, August, 186–187, 246–247, 295
Belmont, Perry, 246
Bergh, Charles, 227
Beveridge, Albert, 285, 287
Blaine, James G., 103
Blockades, 33, 41–43, 114, 209–211, 278, 283, 339
Bombastus von Hohenheim, Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus, 7–8
Bonaparte, Charles, 316, 321
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 29, 33–36
Boston, 103
Bourgeois, Siméon, 47–48
Bourne, William, 9–10, 38
Boyle, Robert, 13, 15, 17, 20–21
Bradford, William, 104
Brandegee, Frank, 340
Brayton, George, 59–60, 90
Brayton engine, 63–64, 69, 74, 108–109, 111, 135
Breslin, John J., 55–56, 59, 64, 66, 72–73
Bribery accusations, 247–264, 324, 327–335
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 161, 195, 198
Brown, John, 51
Browne, Edward, 74
Brun, Charles, 47–49, 51
Brush, Charles F., 177
Buoyancy theory, 21, 37–40, 63–65, 78–85. See also Submarines
Burke, James, 57
Busch, Arthur, 146, 149
Bushnell, David, 21–26, 29-31
Butler, Matthew, 203
C
Cable, Frank T.
as captain, 202–203, 208, 225–229, 228, 241, 273-274
as crew member, 160–162, 168, 189
describing John Holland, 347–348
describing submarine development, 5
early years of, 156, 160–162, 168
as engineer, 5, 156, 192–195, 311
training crews, 288–289, 292–293
Cactus, 205
Caldwell, Harry, 210–212, 240
Cannon, Joe, 231
Cartier, Baron de, 346
Catalpa, 55–56, 58, 66
Cervera, Pascual, 165
Champion, Bart, 126
Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, 15, 17
Chicago, 103
Chicago Tribune, 103
“Chloride accumulators,” 111, 148, 177. See also Batteries
Civil War, 41–43, 54, 70, 92, 101–104, 114, 210
Clark, Cyrus, 184
Clermont, 36
Cleveland, Grover, 103, 104, 108, 109
Collins, James, 55
Constitution, 102
Creecy, Charles, 205, 242, 291, 333
Cressy, 1–3
Cuba, 67
“Cuba Five,” 67
Cussler, Clive, 46
Cuttlefish, 311–312, 314
D
David, 41–44, 42
Dayton, Alston, 238, 240, 242, 247, 253, 261
De Lafajole, Gontran De Faramond, 208
del Pozzo, Piatti, 215–216
Detroit Free Press, 327–328, 330, 334
Deutschland, 339–340
Devotion, John, 21
Devoy, John, 55–56, 59, 66–69, 73
Dewey, George, 102, 209–211, 318
Diable-Marin (Devil Diver), 39–40
Displacement, 21, 32, 105, 125, 135, 221–223, 266, 348
Diving bell, 16, 16–17, 115, 148
Diving suit, 76–77, 126
Dixon, George, 46
Doblin, Philip, 248–251, 254–260, 263-264, 269, 306
Dolphin, 103
Drebbel, Cornelis, 7–17, 21
Dunkerly, William, 64
Dupuy de Lôme, Stanislas, 280
“Dynamite cruiser,” 98–99
“Dynamite gun,” 92–95, 98–99, 158–162, 168
E
Eagle, 24–25
Economist, 175
Edinborough, Frank, 328
Edison, Thomas, 177, 344
Edson, Cyrus, 96
“Egg,” 78, 78–80
Electric power, 177–185
Electric vehicles, 179–184, 183, 190
Electrical World and Engineer, 202
Electrobat, 179–180
Electrobat II, 179–180
Elphin, 82
Emory, Captain, 209
Engineer, 87
Ericsson, John, 70, 132
Evans, George H., 284
Evans, Helen, 346
F
Fafardet, 307
Farragut, David, 43, 210
Fenian Ram, 68, 69, 70–74, 90, 92, 94, 120
Fessenden, Samuel, 235
Fireless steam engines, 79–80
Fisher, J. A., 277
Flint, Charles R., 285
Flying machines, 109, 154–155, 317, 345
Folger, William, 212
Ford, Henry, 60, 75
Fortuna, 286
Forum, 173
Foss, George, 238, 244-245, 253, 258–259, 261, 294
Foster, Judge, 235
Foucault, Léon, 200–201
Francq, Léon, 80
Franklin, Benjamin, 28
“Fremantle Six,” 56-57
Frost, Elihu B.
bribery case and, 251, 255, 262
death of, 345–346
early years of, 110–112
Isaac Rice and, 188–197, 204–206
John Holland and, 110–115, 120–124, 128–131, 189–196, 294–296
Lawrence Spear and, 224–226, 229–230
legacy of, 345–346
marriage of, 346
posts assigned by, 224–225
proposals by, 154, 160
submarine competition and, 111–112, 121–124, 128, 131
Frost, Marie, 345–346
Fulton, 223, 223–229, 239–243, 266–274, 283–284, 287–289, 301–303
Fulton, Robert, 27–36, 51
G
Garfield, James A., 100, 101
Garrett, George William Littler, 75–89
Gentleman’s Magazine, The, 19, 22
George III, King, 28
Georgette, 56
Gibbs, William Warren, 177–179, 184
Gladstone, William, 66
Glassell, William T., 42
Gleam, 196-197
Goodbody, Robert, 186
Goubet, Claude, 278–280
Goubet I, 278–279, 279
Goubet II, 279
Grampus, 223
Grant, Ulysses S., 101
Great Famine, 53–54
Griscom, Clement A., 181, 186
Griscom, William, 178–179, 181
Gunboats, 41–43, 42, 60–62, 102–103
Gunpowder, 17, 20–22, 25, 40–43, 92–93, 97
Gustave Zédé, 280–282
Gutenberg, Johann, 75, 162
Gymnote, 280, 281
H
Hall, Blakely, 68
Halley, Edmond, 15, 16
Halligan, John, 270
Hardy, Thomas, 173
Harper’s Round Table, 132
Harper’s Weekly, 163, 171, 332
Harrington, Rosalind, 346
Harris, Joseph Smith, 174–176
Harrison, Benjamin, 108–109
Hart, Marion Rice, 345
Hawkesbury, Lord, 35–36
Hayes, Rutherford B., 100–101
Heinze, Augustus, 324–325
Heinze, Otto, 324–325
Herbert, Hilary, 109, 121–123
Herts, Henry, 252, 254
Hichborn, Philip, 210
Hill, Ebenezer, 219, 231–235, 270–272, 275, 285, 317, 320
History of the Royal Society, 20
Hitler, Adolf, 40
Hogue, 1–3, 3
Holland, 146–149, 147, 150, 152–169, 188, 194–198, 202–212, 222–225, 237–241, 261, 291, 312
Holland, John Philip
birth of, 4
death of, 4–5, 348
education of, 4, 57
Elihu Frost and, 110–115, 120–124, 128–131, 189–196, 294–296
as “father of modern submarine,” 5
financing problems for, 90–94
first attack submarine by, 145–151
interview with, 166
Isaac Rice and, 188–197, 294–296
lawsuit against, 294–296, 307
legacy of, 347–349
photo of, 4
prototype by, 63–65
replacement of, 193, 224–226
resignation of, 290
selling submarines, 293
submarine competition and, 108–112, 117–124
submarine development by, 5–6, 58, 58–59, 62–63, 105–112, 128–132, 160, 210, 349
submarine improvements by, 68–71, 94–95, 291
submarine testing by, 63–65, 68–71, 96–97, 146–149, 152–169, 204–209
Holland, Michael, 58, 59
Holland 1, 62–65, 76, 79
Holland 2, 68
Hooke, Robert, 15, 17, 20
Housatonic, 46
Howe, Richard, 24
Howells, William Dean, 344
Hugo, Victor, 51
Hunley, 44, 44–47, 60, 233
Hunley, Horace, 43–46
Hunt, William H., 100, 102
Huygens, Christiaan, 17
Hydrocarbon power, 17, 59–60, 188
I
Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, 132
Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, 132
Internal combustion engine, 17, 59–60, 108–109, 135–137, 148, 199
Inventions or Devices, 9
Irish World, The, 67
Ironsides, 42–43
J
James I, King, 8, 11, 14
Jaques, William H., 204
Jefferson, Thomas, 22
John Bull, 59
Johnson, Robert W., 2
Jonson, Ben, 11–12
Josephine, 208, 209, 214, 253, 261
Jouett, James Edward, 210
Juniata, 102
K
Kearsarge, 211–212, 221
Kerr, W. R., 254
Kimball, William W., 90–91, 100, 105, 108, 130, 132, 145, 166, 209, 210
Krebs, Arthur, 280
L
Lake, 315–316, 316, 319
Lake, John C., 319–320, 333–334
Lake, Simon
bribery case and, 247–249, 253, 260–261, 264
claims by, 154–157, 213–216, 224, 231–232, 240–241, 297–306, 314–315, 333–336
complaints against, 235–237, 242–245
death of, 341
early years of, 6, 52, 85, 115–123
education of, 6
legacy of, 337–342
photo of, 116
proposals by, 232–235, 238–240
salvage vessel by, 116, 134–136, 140, 143–144, 216–217
selling submarines, 283–289
submarine competition and, 117–118, 124, 131
submarine development by, 5–6, 116–117, 125, 125–128, 132, 134–144, 265–270, 337–341, 341
submarine improvements by, 191
submarine testing by, 126, 271–274, 318–319
Lamm, Émile, 79–80, 83
Land, Emory S., 336
Lawsuits, 235–245, 294–296, 307
Le Caron, Henri, 54
Lee, Ezra, 24–25
Leslie’s Weekly, 163
Lessler, Montague, 246–262, 247, 269
Libel suits, 235–245
Lilley, George, 320–321, 328–335, 329, 337–338
Lilley Committee, 329–331, 331
Lincoln, Abraham, 51, 285
Locke, John, 8
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 173
Lohmann, Alfred, 339
London Globe, 287
London Times, 83–84
Long, John D., 163, 209
Loud, George, 328–330, 333–334
Lowe, John, 205–207, 227–228
Luppis, Giovanni, 60
M
MacArthur, Arthur, 227–228, 228, 240, 269
MacArthur, Douglas, 228
Madam, 289
Magenta, 282
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 132, 145
Maine, 140–141, 157, 202