6. W. James Van Vliet, “Murder Conviction Here Is Set Aside,” Plain Dealer, April 21, 1977.
7. State of Ohio v. Wiley Bridgeman, Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, 1977.
8. “Verdict Confirmed, Man to Get Chair,” Plain Dealer, February 17, 1978.
9. “Bridgeman Claims Innocence, Says He Doesn’t Want to Die,” Call and Post, February 29, 1978.
10. Richard G. Zimmerman, “Ohio’s Death Law Tested by 2 Cases Before High Court,” Plain Dealer, January 18, 1978.
11. Victor L. Streib, The Fairer Death: Executing Women in Ohio (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 60–65.
12. Richard G. Zimmerman, “Ohio Killers Win Reprieves in High Court,” Plain Dealer, July 4, 1978.
6. MENS REA
1. Anthony Singleton and Ed Vernon, interview by author, April 28, 2016; Anthony Singleton and Ed Vernon, interview by author, November 17, 2016.
2. Bob Becker and Madeline Drexler, “Popular Poison: Cocaine Deadlier, Demand Up,” Plain Dealer, July 3, 1086.
3. Tom Andrzejewski, “Sleeping Giant Is Shaken by Drug Scene in America,” Plain Dealer, September 1, 1986.
4. Jim Parker, “Feds Join Probe Here of Violent Jamaican Drug Gangs,” Plain Dealer, September 13, 1987; Eric Stringfellow, “Detroit Trio Ran Ohio Drug Ring,” Plain Dealer, April 5, 1990.
5. Eric Harrison, “Cleveland Scandal: Did Cocaine Sting Fuel Drug Sales?” Los Angeles Times, June 14, 1989, http://articles.latimes.com/1989-06-14/news/mn-2039_1_police-cars-drug-dealer-biggest-cocaine-bust.
7. ALHAMDULILLAH
1. Kwame Ajamu, interview by author, February 6, 2016.
2. Terry Gilbert, interview by author, August 22, 2016.
3. Karen Farkas, “Case resulting from slaying is built on DNA tests,” Plain Dealer, January 27, 1991.
4. Robert J. Norris, Exonerated: A History of the Innocence Movement (New York: New York University Press, 2017), 44–47.
8. THE MALES ARE FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD
1. Kyle Swenson, “Shots in the Dark,” Cleveland Scene, June 29, 2011, https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/shots-in-the-dark/Content?oid=2655374.
2. Douglass S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 77.
9. WHAT THE BOY SAW
1. Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390 (1993).
2. Kansas v. Marsh, 278 Kan. 520 (2006).
3. Samuel R. Gross and Michael Shaffer, “Exonerations in the United States, 1989–2012,” National Registry of Exonerations, University of Michigan Law School, June 2012.
4. Allison D. Redlich, James R. Acker, Robert J. Norris, and Catherine L. Bonventre, editors, Examining Wrongful Convictions: Stepping Back, Moving Forward (Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2014), 22.
5. Eric Heisig, “Cleveland Ordered to Pay $13.2 Million Judgment for Police Officer in Wrongful Conviction Suit,” Cleveland.com, October 13, 2016, http://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/index.ssf/2016/10/cleveland_ordered_to_pay_132_m_1.html.
6. Martin Kuz, “The Unluckiest Man on Death Row,” Cleveland Scene, November 22, 2001, https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/unluckiest-man-on-death-row/Content?oid=1478288.
7. Vince Grzegorek, “Call It Even,” Cleveland Scene, July 6, 2011, https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/call-it-even/Content?oid=2668451.
8. C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias, editors, Wrongful Convictions & Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems (New York: Routledge, 2013), 46–50.
9. Ivan Tanksley, interview by author, spring 2011.
10. Valerie Abernathy, interview by author, spring 2011.
11. Lynn Garrett, interview by author, spring 2011.
12. William J. Stuntz, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2011), 224–230.
13. Stuntz, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice, 256.
14. Stuntz, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice, 193.
15. James Q. Whiteman, The Origins of Reasonable Doubt: Theological Roots of the Criminal Trial (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 56.
10. SUPER FLOP
1. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2012), 60.
2. Brandon L. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), 195–200.
3. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent, 200–202.
4. In re Davis, 130 S. Ct. 1, 3 (2009).
5. Rickey Jackson, interview by author, April 26, 2016.
6. Robert J. Norris, Exonerated: A History of the Innocence Movement (New York: New York University Press, 2017), 15–17.
7. Quoted in Norris, Exonerated, 27.
8. Quoted in Norris, Exonerated, 54.
9. Quoted in Norris, Exonerated, 2–3.
10. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent, 204.
11. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent, 217.
12. Norris, Exonerated, 103.
13. Jacob Baynham, “The Correction,” Cincinnati, November 2010.
14. Carrie Wood, interview by author, December 11, 2016.
15. Scott Crowley, interview by author, March 4, 2017.
11. HYPERTENSION
1. Anthony Singleton, interview by author, April 21, 2016.
2. Sierra Merida, interview by author, January 5, 2017.
12. WE CAN FIX THIS
1. “52 places to go in 2015,” The New York Times, December 21, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/01/11/travel/52-places-to-go-in-2015.html.
2. “Justice Department, Federal and State Partners Secure Record $7 Billion Global Settlement with Citigroup for Misleading Investors About Securities Containing Toxic Mortgages,” U.S. Department of Justice, July 14, 2014, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-federal-and-state-partners-secure-record-7-billion-global-settlement.
3. Rich Exner, “Cleveland population loss slows; find latest census estimates for every U.S. city, county and state,” Cleveland.com, May 19, 2016, https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2016/05/cleveland_population_slows_fin.html; Patrick O’Donnell, “Cleveland school district planning to cut $21 million from school budgets next year as enrollment slide continues,” Plain Dealer, February 26, 2014, https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2014/02/cleveland_school_district_plan_1.html; Rich Exner, “Decade after being declared nation’s poorest big city, 1-in-3 Clevelanders remain in poverty,” Cleveland.com, September 18, 2014, https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2014/09/decade_after_being_declared_na.html.
4. Ron Rutti, “Cleveland fire truck freed from unsteady street,” Plain Dealer, March 29, 2014, https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2014/03/cleveland_fire_truck_freed_fro.html.
5. “Prosecutor’s Summary,” Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, February 3, 2013, http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Files/Briefing-Room/News-Releases/Cleveland-Officer-Involved-Shooting-Investigation/General-Reports/Prosecutor-s-Summary-2-4-2013.aspx.
6. “Exonerations in 2014,” The National Registry of Exonerations, January 27, 2015.
7. Ibid.
8. Denise Grollmus, “Trial and Error,” Cleveland Scene, May 24, 2006.
9. Ibid.
10. Kim Schneider, “Most Interesting People 2013: Tim McGinty,” Cleveland Magazine, December 17, 2012, https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/people/articles
/most-interesting-people-2013-tim-mcginty.
11. Brandon L. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), 48–49.
12. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias, editors, Wrongful Convictions & Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems (New York: Routledge, 2013), 97.
13. 39 YEARS, 3 MONTHS, 6 DAYS
1. Paskvan v. City of Cleveland, 70 F. 1272 (6th Cir. 1995).
2. John S. Long, “Restricted officer wins case,” Plain Dealer, December 3, 1988.
EPILOGUE: COMEBACK
1. Rickey Jackson, interview by author, 2016.
2. Tanvi Misra, “America Has Half as Many Hypersegregated Metros as It Did in 1970,” City Lab, May 21, 2015, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/05/america-has-half-as-many-hypersegregated-metros-as-it-did-in-1970/393743.
3. State of Ohio v. Michael Brelo (Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, May 23, 2015).
4. Lawrence Weschler, Vermeer in Bosnia (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 23–24.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abernathy, Valerie
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The (Twain)
Black Lives Matter
Black Panther Party
Black Power
civil rights movement
in Cleveland
hypersegregation and
Ajamu, Kwame (Ronnie Bridgeman)
arrest of
Board of Elections job of
car and
civil rights lawsuit filed by
conviction of
death penalty and
financial compensation for
Franks murder and
Gilbert and
Glenville riots and
Islamic faith of
marriage of
name change of
in prison
release of
reopening of case
Rickey’s mother and
Rickey’s release and
sentencing of
Social Security number of
trial of
Vernon’s retraction of testimony against
Vernon’s testimony against
Wiley’s release and
Ajamu, LaShawn
American Apartheid (Massey and Denton)
Angelotta, John
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
Armstrong, Richard
Attica Correctional Facility
Awadallah, Saleh
Ayers, David
Bacon, John C.
Baird, Gabriel
Bedau, Hugo Adam
Bell, Willie Lee
Bennett, Angela
Bennett, Chris
Bias, Len
Bilal ibn Rabah
Birns, Alex “Shondor”
Black Lives Matter
Black Panther Party
Black Power
Black Unity House
Bonds, John Ray
Borchard, Edwin
Brelo, Michael
Bridgeman, Beatrice
Bridgeman, Bessie
Bridgeman, Hawiatha
Bridgeman, Hawiatha, Sr.
Bridgeman, Ronnie, see Ajamu, Kwame
Bridgeman, Wiley
arrest of
at City Mission
civil rights lawsuit filed by
conviction of
death penalty and
financial compensation for
Franks murder and
mental health issues of
police reports and
in prison
release of
reopening of case
retrial of
sentencing of
trial of
Vernon’s meeting of
Vernon’s retraction of testimony against
Vernon’s testimony against
Brown, Jim
Brown, John
Brown, Michael
Brzuski, Tim
Call and Post
Calvino, Italo
Cannon, James
capital punishment, see death penalty
Carmichael, Stokely
Carter, Jimmy
Carter, Ronald
Cassano, August
Castle Doctrine
Cattano, David
Chicago, Ill.
Chicago Seven
Citigroup
City Mission
“Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau)
civil rights movement
Clayton, George
Cleveland, Ohio
African Americans in
arson in
bombings in
comeback of
crack cocaine in
crime in
early history of
east-west divide in
economy of
European immigrants in
housing in
police in
politics in
public records in
riots in
schools in
Cleveland Magazine
Cleveland Pride, Inc.
Cleveland Scene
article on Franks murder in
Cleveland State University
cocaine
Collapse of American Criminal Justice, The (Stuntz)
Collins, Cleophus
Convicting the Innocent (Borchard)
conviction integrity units (CIUs)
Copeland, Essie Mae
Copeland, Milton
Corrigan, John T.
Corrigan, Michael J.
crack cocaine
crime
in Cleveland
war on
criminal justice system
conviction integrity units in
DNA evidence and
innocence claims and; see also wrongful convictions
police in, see police
prosecutors in
Crowley, Scott
Cut-Rate, see Fairmount Cut-Rate
Cuyahoga County
Cuyahoga County Anti-Slavery Society
Cuyahoga County Courthouse
Cuyahoga River
D’Ambrosio, Joe
Davis, Troy
DEA
death penalty
Ronnie, Wiley, and Rickey and
Del Balso, Dominic
Democratic National Convention
Denton, Nancy
Detroit, Mich.
Dickson, Kim
Dimora, Jimmy
DNA evidence
drugs
crack cocaine
war on
Emmanuel Christian Center
Evans, Fred Ahmed
Exonerated: A History of the Innocence Movement (Norris)
exonerations
Fairmount Cut-Rate
robbery-homicide outside of, see Franks, Harry J.
Farmer, James T.
FBI
Feckner, Arthur “White Art”
Federal Crime Bill
Forbes
Forbes, George
Forum Magazine
Founders
Fowler, Craig
Franks, Harry J.
murder of
“Frontier Thesis” (Turner)
Gardenhire, Doris
Gardenhire, Paul
Gardner, Erle Stanley
Garmback, Frank
Garner, Eric
Garrett, Brandon L.
Garrett, Edward
Garrett, Lynn
Garrity, Patrick
Garver, Joel
Ghetto Takes Shape, A: Black Clevelan
d, 1870–1930 (Kusmer)
Gilbert, Terry
Gillispie, Dean
Godsey, Mark
God Squad
Goldstone, Richard
Gomez, Henry J.
Great Recession of 2008
Great Society
Green, Anthony Michael
Greene, Danny
Greene, Jacqueline
Hague, The
Hall, Tommy
Harpers Ferry
Hartlaub, David
Hassel, Robert
Hayden, Tom
Hell’s Angels
Helsinki Accords
Hill, Baxter
Hinton, Elizabeth
Hixson, Ishmael
Hoffman, Abbie
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Department of
Howe, Brian
Hunt, Darryl
hypersegregation
innocence claims
Innocence Movement
Innocence Project
see also Ohio Innocence Project
Islam
Jackson, Ernest
Jackson, Frank
Jackson, Rickey
arrest of
civil rights lawsuit filed by
conviction of
death penalty and
dog of
financial compensation for
Franks murder and
Marine Corps and
mother of
motion and hearing for release of
OIP and
police reports and
in prison
release of
reopening of case