37. Lings, Muhammad, 207–8.
38. Qur’an 24:53, 32:29, 47:35,46. Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 231–4.
39. Qur’an 4:102; Lings, Muhammad, 208–10; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 163–7.
40. Lings, Muhammad, 21–212; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 153–4, 172.
41. Qur’an 49:2, 4–5.
42. Muhammad ibn Sa‘d, Tabaqat al-kubra (Beirut, n.d.), 8:174; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 172.
43. Lings, Muhammad, 107–8; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 174.
44. Tabari, Tafsir (Cairo, n.d.), 22:10; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 115–31. In some versions, all Muhammad’s wives, not simply Umm Salamah, take the initiative.
45. Qur’an 33:35.
46. Qur’an 4:37.
47. Qur’an 4:23.
48. Qur’an 2:225–240, 65:1–70.
49. Tabari, Tafsir, 9:235; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 131–32; Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam, 53.
50. Qur’an 4:19.
51. Tabari, Tafsir, 8:261; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 132.
52. Mernissi, Women and Islam, 154–59.
53. Ibn Sa’d, Tabaqat, 8:205.
54. Ibid.
55. Qur’an 4:34.
56. Ibn Sa’d, Tabaqat, 8:204.
57. Lings, Muhammad, 215–30; Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 36–58; Mernissi, Women and Islam, 168–70.
58. Ibn Ishaq, 677, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
59. Qur’an 33:12.
60. Qur’an 33:10–11.
61. Ibn Ishaq, 683, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
62. Ibid., 689.
63. Aslan, No god but God, 91–98; Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands (Philadelphia, 1979).
64. Qur’an 29:46, Asad translation.
5. Salam
1. Muhammad ibn ‘Umar al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi, 488–490, in Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (London, 1983), 227.
2. Fatima Mernissi, Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry, trans. Mary Jo Lakeland (Oxford, 1991), 17–172.
3. Qur’an 33:51, 63.
4. Qur’an 33:59–60.
5. Lings, Muhammad, 212–214; Tor Andrae, Muhammad: The Man and His Faith, trans. Theophil Menzil (London, 1936), 215–16.
6. Qur’an 33:36–40.
7. Qur’an 33:53, in Muhammad Asad, trans., The Message of the Qur’an (Gibraltar, 1980).
8. Qur’an 33:53, 59.
9. Mernissi, Women and Islam, 88–191; Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam (New Haven and London, 1992), 53–57.
10. Mernissi, Women and Islam, 177–78; Lings, Muhammad, 235–45; W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford, 1956), 185–86; Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam, 51.
11. Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 726, in A. Guillaume, trans. and ed., The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah (London, 1955).
12. Qur’an 12:18, Asad translation.
13. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 735, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
14. Qur’an 24:11.
15. Lings, Muhammad, 247–55; Andrae, Muhammad, 219–27; Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 46–59, 234–35; Mohammad A. Bamyeh, The Social Origins of Islam, Mind, Economy, Discourse (Minneapolis, 1999), 222–27.
16. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 748, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
17. Ibid., 741.
18. Ibid., 743.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 745.
21. Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 50.
22. Qur’an 2:193.
23. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 748, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
24. Ibid., 747.
25. Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, 226–27.
26. Mernissi, Women in Islam, 184–86.
27. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 747, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
28. Ibid., 748.
29. Lings, Muhammad, 254.
30. Ibid., 255.
31. Qur’an 48:26, translation by Toshihiko Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an (Montreal and Kingston, ON, 2002), 31.
32. Qur’an 48:29, in Arthur J. Arberry, The Koran Interpreted (Oxford, 1964).
33. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 751, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
34. Qur’an 110, in Michael Sells, ed. and trans., Approaching the Qur’an, The Early Revelations (Ashland, OR, 1999).
35. Ibn Sa‘d, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, 7:147, in Lings, Muhammad, 271.
36. Lings, Muhammad, 282.
37. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 717, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
38. Qur’an 17:82, Arberry translation.
39. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 821, in Asad, Message of the Qur’an, 794.
40. Qur’an 49:13, Asad translation.
41. Abu Ja’far at-Tabari, Tariq ar-Rasul wa’-Muluk, 1642, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad, 553.
42. Lings, Muhammad, 311.
43. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 886, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
44. Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, 227–29.
45. Waqidi, 837–38, in Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, 228.
46. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 969, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
47. Ibid., 1006.
48. Ibid., 1006.
49. Ibid., 1012.
50. Qur’an 3:144, Arberry translation.
51. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 1013, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad.
52. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (Princeton and London, 1957), 305.
About the Author
Karen Armstrong is the author of nearly twenty books, including The Great Transformation, A History of God, and The Spiral Staircase, a spiritual memoir, among other bestsellers. An internationally renowned expert on religion, Armstrong is a powerful voice for interfaith understanding. She lives in England.
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Armstrong, Karen.
Muhammad : a prophet for our time / Karen Armstrong. — 1st ed.
p. cm.—(Eminent lives)
ISBN-10: 0-06-059897-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-06-059897-6
BP75.A764 2006
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*In Arabic, the word Allah simply means “God.”
*The terms “clan” and “tribe” are not easy to distinguish from one another, but here “clan” refers to a family group within the tribe.
*After the birth of their first son, Arabs customarily take an honorary title known as the kunya. Abu Bakr means “the father of Bakr.” His wife would have been known as Umm Bakr, “the mother of Bakr.” Muhammad was often known as Abu al-Qasim.
*The Sabians are thought to be a monotheistic sect in southern Arabia (modern Yemen), though some commentators believe that the Qur’an refers here to the Zoroastrians of the Persian empire.