Darling, Donald, 1
Day, Patrick, 1
D-Day, 1, 2 ARABEL. messages, 1
deception measures and, 1, 2
first Allied loss, 1
FUSAG forces, 1
Harris’s plan, 1
planning of, 1
See also FORTITUDE
Demorest, Lieutenant, 1, 2
DICK (Agent 7(4)), 1, 2, 3, 4 FORTITUDE, 1, 2, 3
resignation of, 1
Dictatorships common elements, 1-2
Juan’s feelings about, 1, 2-3
Dollman, Colonel General Friedrich, 1
DONNY (Agent 7(2)), 1, 2
FORTITUDE, 1, 2, 3, 4 promotion by GARBO, 1, 2
DORA (Operation), 1
DORICK (Agent 1(2)), 3, 4 FORTITUDE, 1, 2
promotion by GARBO, 1, 2
resignation of, 1
Double agents, See MI5, double agents
DRAKE (Agent 7(5)), 1 arrest of, 1
DREADNOUGHT (Ivo Papov), 1
Drew, John, 1
Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 1, 2, 3
Enrique (Duke of La Torre), 1, 2
Falangistas, 1
Fascist movement, Italy, 1
Federico (Gustav Knittel), 1 first contact with, 1, 2, 3
post-war years, 1
First United States Army Group (FUSAG), 1 See also FUSAG
Fleming, Peter, 1
FORFAR, 1, 2
FORTITUDE (Operation), 1 ARTIST crisis, 1, 2
elements to success, 1
FUSAG deception, 1
GARBO’s role, 1 contact with Madrid, 1, 2, 3
initial actions, 1
most important message, 1, 2
phase one, 1
phase two, 1
types of messages transmitted, 1
goal of, 1
NORTH, 1, 2, 3
SHAEF planning, 1
SOUTH, 1, 2, 3, 4
Franco, Francisco, 1, 2
Franco, Nicolás, 1
Franzbach, Max, 1
FUSAG, 1, 2 deception plan, 1
end of, 1, 2
McNair leadership, 1
real units of, 1
GARBO, 1, 2, 3 Abwehr assessment of GARBO’s
network, 1
arrest plan, 1
COCKADE, role in, 1
final transmission, 1, 2
Iron Cross II decoration, 1
MBE award, 1
naming of, 1
payment by Abwehr, 1
reorganisation of network, 1
subagents of, 1
United States, visit to, 1
V-1s incidents and, 1
Welsh hideout, 1
See also ARABEL; FORTITUDE; Pujol García, Juan; Subagents
Garby-Czerniawski, Roman(BRUTUS), 1
García, Mercedes (JPG’s mother), 1, 2, 3
Gerbers, Mrs William (Agent 2(1)), 1 FORTITUDE, 1, 2, 3
Gerbers, William (Agent TWO), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Germany Hitler’s influence, 1, 2
Nationalist-Socialist Workers’ Party, 1
Nazism, 1
See also Abwehr
Gibraltar, Pujol’s arrival at, 1, 2
Godfrey, Admiral, 1
Guttman, Fritz, 1
G.W. (Gwilym Williams), 1
Gwyer, John, 1
Haeupel, Fraulein, 1
Haines, Charles, 1 FORTITUDE, 1, 2
Hamilton-Stokes, Captain, 1
Harris, Hilda, 1, 2
Harris, Lionel, 1
Harris, Tommy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ARTIST crisis and, 1
death of, 1
FORTITUDE, 1, 2, 3
GARBO arrest plan, 1
profile of, 1, 2
Hart, Herbert, 1, 2
Harvison, Cliff, 1
Hayler, Major Ronald, 1
Heinsohn, Fraulein, 1
Heskett, Roger, 1
Hitler, Adolf, 1 influence in Germany, 1, 2
Hoare, Sir Samuel, 1, 2
Horsfall, Jock, 1, 2, 3
Hotel Majestic, 1
Howard, Leslie, 1
Hoyningen-Huene, Baron von, 1
Ibis, destruction of, 1
Iron Cross II, awarded to ARABEL, 1
Italy, Fascist movement, 1
Ivens, Jack, 1
Jarvis, Ralph, 1, 2, 3, 4
Jebsen, Johann (ARTIST), 1 See also ARTIST
JEFF, 1
Jodl, Field Marshal, 1
Johns, Commander Philip, 1
Keitel, Field Marshal, 1
Kieckebusche, Lieutenant Colonel Eberhardt, 1 Juan’s post-war meetings with, 1
KLM, 1 Ibis, destruction of, 1
Knappe, Private, 1
Knittel, Gustav (Federico), 1, 2 See also Federico
Krafft, Mathilde, 1
Krummacher, Colonel Friedrich-Adolf, 1
Kühlenthal, Karl-Erich, 1
Legião, 1
Leisner, Commander Gustav, 1, 2
Liddell, David, 1
Liddell, Guy, 1
Lloyd, Martin, 1
London Controlling Section (LCS), 1
Long, Leo, as Soviet agent, 1
Lourenço, Captain Agostinho, 1
‘Ludovico von Karsthof’, 1
Luftwaffe, 1, 2
Luke, Bill, 1
Maclean, Donald, as Soviet agent, 1
Maclean, Melinda, 1
Maingot, Graham, 1, 2 profile of, 1
Malta, air bombardment of, 1
Mann, Fraulein, 1
Marriot, John, 1, 2
Martínez, General Campos, 1
Marxism, 1
Masterman, J. C., 1 background of, 1
Twenty Committee, 1
Matthews, Paul, 1, 2
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 1, 2
Membership of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), awarded to GARBO, 1
Menzies, Chief Colonel Stewart, 1
Meyer-Quittlingen, Fraulein, 1
MI5 beginning of deception
campaign, 1
Camp 1, 2, 3
double agents BRUTUS, 1
enemy spies as, 1, 2
GARBO, 1
MUTT, 1
SCRUFFY, 1
SNOW, 1, 2
SUMMER, 1, 2
TATE, 1, 2
TRICYCLE, 1, 2
ISOS (Intelligence Service Oliver Strachey), 1, 2
Radio Security Service, 1
Section V, 1
Soviet agent suspects, 1
special research section, 1
Twenty Committee, 1
Wireless Board, 1, 2, 3
See also Section V; Subagents
Mills, Cyril, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Milne, Tim, 1
Montague, Ewen, 1
MOONBEAM (Agent FIVE), 1, 2, 3
Muller, Carl, 1, 2
MUTT, 1, 2
Nationalist-Socialist Workers’ Party, 1
Nazis, 1 concentration camps, 1
Pujol’s first contact with, 1, 2
Normandy, See FORTITUDE
Oberbeil, Lieutenant Wilhelm, 1
Obermuller, Frau, 1
Ocen, Caledonio, Reverend Father, 1
OVERLORD (Operation), scale of, statistical information, 1
Owens, Arthur, See SNOW
Patton, General George, 1, 2
Pearson, Norman Holmes, 1, 2
Petrie, Sir David, 1
Petrov, Vladimir, 1
Philby, Kim, 1, 2, 3 as Soviet agent, 1, 2, 3, 4
Pitt, Alicia, 1
Popov, Dusko (TRICYCLE), 1 See also TRICYCLE
Popov, IVO (DREADNOUGHT), 1
Portugal Allies/Axis favoritism and, 1
British intelligence in, 1, 2, 3
Corporativismo, 1
Juan’s trips to, 1, 2, 3, 4
Legião, 1
neutrality of, 1
PVDE, 1
Pujol García, Buenaventura (JPG’s sister), 1, 2, 3
Pujol García, Elena (JPG’s sister), 1
, 2, 3, 4
Pujol García, Joaquin (JPG’s brother), 1, 2, 3
Pujol García, Juan Allied cause, attempted entry into, 1
as German spy, 1
beliefs about dictatorships, 1, 2
British Intelligence, initial rejection by, 1, 2, 3
childhood of, 1
Gibraltar, arrival at, 1, 2
initial trip to England, 1, 2
life in Venezuela, 1
marriage of, 1
military training, 1
motivation in, 1
Nazis, first contact with, 1, 2
Portugal visit, 1
post-war years, 1
poultry farming, 1, 2, 3, 4
schooling of, 1, 2
during Spanish Civil War, 1 escape attempt, 1
imprisonment, 1, 2
in hiding, 1
in infantry, 1, 2
U.S. visit, 1
See also ARABEL; BOVRIL; GARBO
Pujol, Juan (JPG’s father), 1, 2 beliefs about politics, 1
death of, 1
influence on Juan, 1
PVDE, 1
Radio Security Service, Hendon/Madrid communications link, 1
Ramsbotham, Peter, 1
Read, Colonel Jervis, 1
Reichstag, burning of, 1
Risso-Gill, Gene, 1, 2, 3 recruitment into SIS, 1
search for ARABEL, 1
Robertson, Colonel T. A., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Rommel, George, Field Marshal, 1
Rothschild, Victor, 1 as Soviet agent, 1
Salazar, António Oliveira, 1, 2, 3
Schreiber, Dr Aloys, 1, 2
Schroder, Erich Emil, 1
SCRUFFY, 1 Abwehr deception and, 1
Secret Corps, The (Tuchy), 1
Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), 1
Section V, 1, 2, 3 ARABEL investigation, 1, 2, 3
Security Service (MI5), See MI5
Selby, Sir Walford, 1
SHAEF Ops B, 1, 2, 3 deception staff, 1
FORTITUDE, planning of, 1
special means plans, 1
See also FORTITUDE
Shervington, Tyrrel, 1
Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 1
Simpson, General, 1
SNOW, 1, 2 deception campaign of, 1
Soares de Oliveira, Guilhermina, 1
Socialism, 1 Communism offshoot, 1
Marxism, 1
Nazism offshoot, 1
Utopian socialists, 1
varieties of, 1
Souza, Jaime, 1
Soviet agents Cambridge and, 1, 2
MI5 suspects, 1
Spain Abwehr in, 1, 2
Bank of Spain bankruptcy, 1
British Intelligence in, 1, 2, 3
Civil War, 1
Juan’s role in, 1
falangistas, 1
Spiedel, General, 1
Stamp, Blanshard, 1
STARKEY, 1, 2, 3
Strachey, Oliver, 1
Straight, Michael, 1
Strangeways, Colonel David, 1
Subagents, 1 Agent FIVE (MOONBEAM), 1, 2, 3
Agent 4(3), 1, 2
Agent J(1), 1
Agent J(2), 1
Agent J(3), 1, 2
Agent J(5), 1, 2, 3
Agent ONE (KLM Steward), 1, 2, 3
Agent SEVEN (DAGOBERT), 1, 2, 3
Agent 7(2) (DONNY), 1
Agent 7(3), 1
Agent 7(4) (DICK), 1
Agent 7(5) (DRAKE), 1
Agent 7(6), 1
Agent 7(7) (DORICK), 1
Agent SIX (Field Security NCO), 1, 2
Agent THREE (BENEDICT), 1, 2, 3, 4
Agent 3(3), 1, 2, 3
Agent TWO (William Gerbers), 1, 2, 3, 4
Agent 2(1) (Mrs Gerbers), 1
See also individual agents.
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), See SHAEF
TATE, 1
TATE, FUSAG and, 1
Timmerman, Alphons See SCRUFFY
TINDALL, 1, 2, 3
TORCH, 1
Treviranus, Gottfried, 1
TRICYCLE (Dusko Popov), 1, 2, 3, 4 FORTITUDE, 1
Triple agent concept, 1
Tuohy, Captain Ferdinand, 1
Twenty Committee, 1 212 Committee, 1
ARTIST crisis, 1
FORTITUDE, planning of, 1
United States, socialism in, 1
Utopian socialists, 1
V-2s, 1
Venezuela, socialism in, 1
Verrall, Pixie, 1
V-1s, 1 hits in London, 1
von Bohhlen, Major, 1
von Rundstedt, Field Marshal, 1
WADHAM, 1, 2
Walsh, Commander Austin, 1
WATCHDOG, 1
Watson, Alistair, as Soviet agent, 1
Wild, Colonel Noel, 1
Williams, Gwilym (G. W.), 1
Wilson, Peter, 1 as Soviet agent, 1
Wireless Board, 1, 2, 3 members activities, 1
Wood, Stuart, 1
Workers’ Party, 1
World War II, 1
Zierath, Private, 1
Zu Putlitz, Wolfgang, 1
About the Authors
Nigel West is a military historian and journalist specialising in intelligence matters. He has researched books for a number of authors and is an acknowledged expert on his subject. He has worked on several television programs, including the BBC’s ‘Spy!’ and ‘Escape!’ series. His previous books include MI5: 1909–1945, which led to the exposure of two previously unknown spies, The Circus: MI5 Operations 1945–1972 and MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909–1945. Most recently, Nigel West co-authored Snow: The Double Life of a World War II Spy.
Juan Pujol García was born in Barcelona in 1912. After the war Garbo faked his own death and moved to Venezuela where he later opened a book store. He died in Caracas in 1988.
Copyright
This edition published in 2010 by
Biteback Publishing Ltd
Westminster Tower
3 Albert Embankment
London SE1 7SP
Copyright © Michael Smith 2000
Appendices 2 and 3 copyright © Edward Simpson 2010
Michael Smith has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the publisher’s prior permission in writing.
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition, including this condition, being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
First published in Great Britain in 2000 by Bantam Press
ISBN 978–1–84954–625–6
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
SMERSH
STALIN’S SECRET WEAPON
SOVIET MILITARY COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN WWII
VADIM J. BIRSTEIN
In the early James Bond novels 007 is pitched against Smersh, a top secret Soviet agency. Bond’s creator Ian Fleming took his inspiration from true life, but the real Smersh was far more savage than Bond’s fictional nemesis.
Smersh is the acronym for the Russian words ‘Death to spies’ and was a key part of Stalin’s terror apparatus – a collection of torturers and killers unleashed with brutal affect in 1943 to cut a bloody swathe of death across Eastern Europe until being absorbed into the NKVD after the war.
Vadim Birstein makes comprehensive use of recently released Russian military archives in Moscow and speaks to survivors and victims of Smersh to tell, for the first time, one of the darkest stories
in Soviet Russia’s history.
512pp paperback, £9.99
Available from all good bookshops
www.bitebackpublishing.com
MI9
ESCAPE AND EVASION 1939–1945
M. R. D. FOOT & J. M. LANGLEY
Many famous escapes from Nazi-occupied Europe were made possible by a hitherto secret British service: MI9. This small, dedicated and endlessly inventive team constantly exchanged coded letters with prisoner-of-war camps.
Elaborately hidden, it sent in money, maps, clothes, compasses and hacksaws. Understaffed and under-resourced, MI9 nonetheless made a terrific contribution to the Allied war effort, using sheer inventiveness to help free British servicemen trapped overseas and to gather intelligence on the Nazis. First published in 1979, this book tells the full inside story of MI9.
416pp paperback, £9.99
Available from all good bookshops