poisoned flowers story 154
bargains with Antony 154–5
twins by Antony 157–8, 162
day-to-day work 160–61
negotiations with Antony (37/6) 162
the wealthiest monarch in the world 162
meets Antony at Leuce Come, then retires to Alexandria 164
and Herod 166–7
Octavian declares war on her 175
battle of Actium 176–80
killing spree in Alexandria 181
amasses a huge war chest 181
experiments with poisons 183
negotations with Octavian 183–4
barricades herself in her mausoleum with her treasure 186
Antony dies in her arms 186–7
stabs herself when captured 187–8
meeting with Octavian 188–9
visits Antony’s tomb 190, 195
requests to be buried beside Antony 191
suicide 190–93, 197–8, 213
historical significance of her death 202
interpretations of her since her death 205–17
death iii, 28, 30, 74, 122, 237, 256n16
Cleopatra Berenice III Thea Philopator (Father-Loving Goddess), Queen of Egypt (81–80) 32, 44
married to Ptolemy X 24, 234
inherits her father’s throne 10, 234
married to Ptolemy XI 10
popularity 234
murdered by Ptolemy XI 11, 234
her reign is effectively erased from the record 12
Cleopatra Selene (Cleopatra VII’s twin daughter) 11, 33, 157, 159, 162–3, 168, 169, 199–202, 238
Cleopatra Thea, Queen of Syria 62, 139, 164, 232
Cleopatra’s Needles (London and New York) 91–2
Clino (Ptolemy II’s mistress) 85
Clodius, Publius 148
Coele-Syria (‘Hollow Syria’) 162, 168, 222
Colbert, Claudette 216, 258n15
Coogan, J. 205, 257n1
Corfu (Corecyna) 161, 176
Cornelia (Caesar’s first wife) 49, 50, 51, 56, 103
cornucopia 66–7, 136
cow horns 68, 111, 122, 124, 134
Crassus (Candidus), Publius 160, 177, 180
Crassus, Marcus Licinius 34, 47, 49, 56, 145
creation myth 67
Crete 169
Creticus, Antonius 145
Crinagoras 201–2
Ctesibius 83
Ctesicles 22–3, 161
cult temples 126–7, 131, 252n14
Curtius, Ludwig 60
Cydnus River 149
Cynthia (Propertius’s mistress) 208
Cyprus 222, 233, 234
and contraction of the Egyptian empire 228
Ptolemy VI flees to 229
Ptolemy VIII and 230, 232
Ptolemies IX and X 233, 234
annexed by Romans 35, 235
Pompey in 49
Arsinoë IV and Ptolemy XIV rule 58
Cleopatra VII rules 162, 168, 250n21
Cyrenaica 168, 169, 225, 228, 230, 231
Cytheris, Volumnia 148
D
Damascus 73, 166
Dante Alighieri: Inferno 51
Darius III
defeated at Issus (333) 221
Alexander marches to confront him (331) 219
assassination of 221
Dead Sea 162
Deianeira 12
Deinocrates of Rhodes 73
Deir el-Bahri mortuary temple of Hatshepsut 92
Deir el-Medina 86
Hathor temple 244n21
Dellius, Quintus 149
Delos island 114
Delphi 115
Demeter (Greek earth goddess) 85, 114
Demetrios I Poliorcetes, King of Macedon 209
Demetrios the Fair 226
Demetrios (philosopher) 13
demotic script 14, 20
Den, King 65
Dendera (Tentyra) temple of Hathor 6, 33, 39, 65, 121–4, 126, 127, 224, 244n21
Dido, Queen of Carthage 207
Didyma (Ptolemy II’s mistress) 84
Dio Cocceianus, Cassius 49, 63–4, 74–5, 97–8, 101, 105, 150, 165, 168, 172, 174, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187–8, 191–2, 199, 204, 209, 210–11
Roman History 7, 210
Diomedes (Cleopatra’s secretary) 186
Dion of Alexandria 37
Dionochares 88
Dionysos (comic actor) 22, 23
Dionysos (Greek deity) 5, 12, 13, 84, 85, 87, 89, 133, 145, 167, 172, 173, 194, 251n6
cult of 131, 146
Dionysos Omestes 1273
Dionysos-Osiris 149, 163, 170, 186
Diophanes 161
Djoser, King 102, 130
Dolabella, Publius Cornelius 143, 148
Domitian 185
Donations of Alexandria 168
double uraeus 68, 111, 134
dowager queens (‘king’s mothers’) 26
Drusilla (daughter of Ptolemy of Mauretania) 202
Durrell, Lawrence 6
dynastic Egypt: defined xiv
E
Edfu (Apollinopolis Magna) 126, 127
temple of Horus 65, 122, 225, 226, 244n21, 246n18
Edwards, Amelia B. 122–4
Egypt
Persian invasion (343) 132
Lagid (Ptolemaic) empire 222
Ptolemy I takes control of 221
expansion of territories 223
contraction during Ptolemy V’s reign 228
immigration 18–21, 77, 228
Ptolemy VI regains many lost territories 230
decaying power of 2
population 13–14
Upper/Lower Egypt 14
wealth 15, 143, 149
fertile and ill-defended 33
willed by Ptolemy X to Rome 11, 33, 233–4
Ptolemy XII buys a few years independence 34
grain crisis 46–7
Pompey flees to 49–50
Pompey is assassinated 51, 237
becomes a Roman protectorate in all but name 98
Octavian annexes (30) 2, 198, 237
falls to Islamic forces (AD 640) 211
becomes isolated from the Christian world 211–12
Egyptian army
Greek mercenaries in 18
surrenders to Caesar (47) 97
Antony’s cavalry deserts (30) 186
infantry heavily defeated by Octavian 186
Egyptian art 64–7, 111
Egyptian fleet
Greek mercenaries in 18
Caesar torches the fleet in Alexandria’s harbour 95
seriously damaged en route to Greece (42) 144
surrenders to Octavian 186
Egyptology 2, 101
Eiras (Cleopatra’s hairdresser) 186, 191
Eirene (Ptolemy VIII’s mistress) 231
Elephantine island 76
Elizabeth I, Queen 214
Emesa 166
Empereur, Jean-Yves 91
Epaphroditus 187, 191
Ephesus
temple of Artemis 37, 104, 144, 145
Arsinoë IV buried at 155
Cleopatra and Antony assemble a fleet (33/2) 173
epic, the 82
Erasistratus 82
Eratosthenes 82
Eros 118, 242n4
Eros (Antony’s slave) 186
eternal life 31
Etruria 175
Euclid: Elements 82
Eulaeus 229
Eunoe 56
eunuchs 85
Euphrates River 166, 169, 225
Eurocentrism 29
Eurydice of Macedon 222, 223
Eusebius: Chronicle 35–6
Eve 213
exedra 130–31
Eye 67
F
Fadia (Mark Antony’s first wife) 147–8
Faiyum 15, 26, 37, 44, 135, 161
Faiyum Oasis 20, 224
; fasces 52
‘Feast of the Divine Twelve, The’ (cena dodekatheos) 173
Festival of the Beautiful Union 122
Field of Mars, Rome 103, 204
Flavia 7–8
Forum, Rome 103, 172
Franzero, Carlo Maria: The Life and Times of Cleopatra (revised as Cleopatra Queen of Egypt) 216, 242n5, 259n16
Fulvia (Mark Antony’s third wife) 148, 156, 158, 159, 161, 166
G
Gabinians 47, 49, 50, 53, 57, 95
Gabinius, Aulus 37, 38, 47, 56, 149
Gallus, Cornelius 184, 187, 203
Gallus, Quintus Fadius 147–8
Ganymede 32, 96, 104
Gardens of Sallust, Rome 134
Gaul 103, 144, 159
Gautier, Théophile: Une Nuit de Cléopâtre 197
Geb (earth god) 24, 43, 134, 183
Giza desert cemetery 70
Glaphyra 148–9
Glaucus (sea god) 156
Gonzales, Gianna Terribili 258n15
Goza 69
Gracchus, Tiberius 103
Graeco-Roman Museum, Alexandria 124
Grant, Michael: Cleopatra 140
Graves, Robert 125, 169
Greece
recruitment to live in Alexandria 76
Antigonid empire of 222
Greek immigration 18, 19–22
Egypt–Greece trade in Naukratis 18
encouraged by Ptolemy I 18
Ptolemais Hormou serves as a Greek regional capital 18–19
institutional racism 19–20
self-imposed segregation 20
Egyptian influences 20
countryside settlement 20–21
Greek-Egyptian marriage 21–2
Greek language 14, 20
Greek law 14, 22, 242n5
Guardian, The 242n7
Gulf of Ambracia 176, 178
Gulf of Suez 181, 224
H
Hades (Greek god of the underworld) 89
Hadrian, Emperor 90
Hamer, Mary 215
harem wives 26
Harpocrates 89, 118
Harpre-pekhrat (Horus the Sun, the Child) 118, 119, 121
Harpsenesis 248n18
Harris Stela 141
Harsiesis 121
Harwennefer, Theban counter-pharaoh (206–200) 227
Hathor (mother goddess) 67, 68, 111, 113, 114, 118, 121–4, 128, 129, 134, 222
cult of 113
Hatshepsut (queen regent, 1473–1458) 45, 92, 121, 241n2
Heliogabalus 197
Heliopolis 113, 132
cult centre of Re 43, 67, 91, 92
Helios (Greek sun god) 89, 163
Hellenes 30
Hellenistic Age (336–30) 30
Heptastadion, Alexandria 81, 212
Hera 25, 114, 133, 195
Heracleopolis 37, 164
Heracles 12, 31, 133, 146, 195
Hermitage, St Petersburg 66
Hermonthis 42, 43
Hermopolis Magna 221
temple of Thoth 129
Herod of Judaea 158, 162, 166–7, 170, 177
Herodotus of Halicarnassus 2, 16–18, 114
Herophilus 82
Hesiod 131
Hiera Nesos, Faiyum 47
Hierakonpolis 251n4
hieroglyphic script 20, 64, 126, 228
Homer 2, 72, 131, 226
The Iliad 206
Odyssey 72, 206
homosexuality 56
Hor of Sebennytos 136
Horace 153, 197–8, 208, 214, 217
Horus 5, 43, 67, 115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 132, 241–2n4
I
Ibn Battuta 81
Ibn-al-As, Amr 211
Ihy/Harsomtus 121, 122
illegitimacy 27–8
Imhotep 142
incest 24–6, 39
India 181, 198, 221
inflation 38, 40, 46, 140
‘Inimitable Livers, The’ (drinking society) 155, 182
Iol (modern Cherchell) 200
Iotape 199
Iphigenia 189
Iran 143
see also Persia
Iraq 143
Iris 25
irrigation 15
Isis Medica 115
Isis (mother goddess) 5, 24, 43, 44, 58, 61, 67, 68, 88–91, 113–18, 121, 123, 124, 130, 133, 134, 172, 174, 183, 248n18, 251n6
cult of 103, 110, 114–15
Hor of Sebennytos’s dream 136–7
Cleopatra III becomes her living embodiment 138
as Queen of Heaven 163
Isis Pelagia (Isis of the Sea) 115
Isis Thermoutharion 194
Israel 222
Issus, battle of (333) 221
Itj-Tawi 71
J
James, Sid 258n15
Jerusalem 77, 166
Jewish uprising (AD 116) 90
Jewish-Roman war (AD 66–73) 211
Jews 14, 76–7, 88, 97, 141, 162, 176, 232, 233
John of Nikiou, Coptic Bishop 212–13
Jordan 222
Josephus 77, 79, 110, 141, 166–7, 211
Against Apion 211
Juba I of Numidia 200
Juba II 35, 104, 199–202, 238
Judaea 162
Julia (Caesar’s daughter; wife of Pompey) 47, 56, 103
Julia (Octavian’s daughter) 161, 199
Julian calendar xiv
Julius Antonius 148, 199
Julius Caesar see Caesar
Jupiter 186
Jupiter Optimus Maximus, temple of, Rome 104
K
ka (spirit) 122
Karnak temple complex 129, 134, 141, 198, 259n16
Red Chapel 45, 92
improvements 221, 223–4
temple of the goddess Mut 223
Opet temple 223–4
gateway to the Ptah temple 244n21
Kelly, R.T.: Egypt 70
Kerkeosiris 248n18
Khaemwaset 129
Khentkawes (queen consort) 241n2
Khnum, Elephantine temple of 221
Khnum (ram-headed creator god) 76
King List 45
kingship, semi-divine 16, 38
Kom el-Ahmar, temple to Osiris 222
Kom el-Dik, Alexandria 5
Kom Ombo 244n21
Koptos 183, 198
gateway to the Geb temple 43, 244n21
Isis temple 68
temple of Geb 68, 127
Serapeum 90
L
Lagid (Ptolemaic) empire 222
Lagos of Eordaea and Arsinoë 73–4, 75, 221
Lake Moeris (Lake Canopus) 72, 77, 78, 79
Late Period 91
Lavicum estate, Monte Compatri, Latium 107
Lebanon 222
Leigh, Vivien 258n15
Lenaeus 229
Leontopolis (modern Tell el Yahudeyeh) 77, 141
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius 143, 144, 164, 171
Lepsius, Karl Richard 121
Lesbos 49
Leuce Come (White Village) 164
Library, Alexandria 6, 8, 39, 82, 91, 95, 130, 222, 231
Libya 168
Lagid (Ptolemaic) empire 222
Libyan Desert 133
Libyans 31
literary theory and criticism 82
Livia Drusilla 7–8, 169, 171, 188, 189, 206
Livy 210
Lochias peninsula 80, 182
London: Cleopatra’s Needle 91–2
Louvre, Paris 44, 101
Lucan 94–5, 100
Lucian 13
Lucius Antonius 158, 159
Lupercalia 106–7
Luxor temple 132
Lysandra (daughter of Ptolemy I) 222, 224–5
Lysimachos of Thrace 224, 225
maat 111, 131
M
Maat (goddess) 111
Maccabaeus, Judas 77
Maccabaeus, Simon 245n11
Macedon/Macedonia
Antigonid empire of 222
polygamous kings of 27
kingdom of 29
people of 29
elite/non-elite 30
recruitment to live in Alexandria 76
two battles of Philippi (42) 144, 158
Macurdy, Grace: Hellenistic Queens 94
Magus, King of Cyrenaica 25, 223, 225
Malchus of Nabataea 177, 182
Manetho of Sebennytos (modern Sammanud) 88, 224, 241n3
Mankiewicz, Joseph L. 216, 242n5
Marcella (Octavian’s daughter) 199
Marcus Antonius Felix, procurator of Judaea 202
Mark, St 248n8
Mark Antony see Antony marriage
on Octavian iii
Greek-Egyptian 21–2
with a foreigner 170
Mars (god of war) 49
Mauretania (modern western Algeria and northern Morocco) 199, 200
Maut (Mut) 123
Medes, king of the 177
medicine 89–90
Mediterranean Sea 78, 196
Mehen (snake god) 193
Meleager 222
‘melon coiffure’ 60
Memphis 78, 99, 100, 113, 219
rival court of Ptolemy VI 229
Ptolemy XII crowned in 11
cult centre of Ptah 43, 70
first and most ancient Egyptian capital city 70
administrative centre of Egypt 70–71
Alexander first interred in 74
stripped of its antiquities to ornament Alexandria 91
Ptah temple 130, 132
Greek-style games at 132
Mendes Stela 135
Meretseger (‘She Who Loves Silence’) (a cobra-goddess) 193
Meritneith (queen consort) 241n2
Mesopotamia 222
Metella 153
Methone 174, 176
Middle Kingdom 15, 91
Min (fertility god) 43, 111, 183
Minerva 185–6, 208
Mithras 251n6
Mithridates VI of Pontus 36, 103, 154
Mithridates of Commagene 177
Mithridates of Pergamon 97
Mnesitheus 84
Mnevis bull, cult of the 43
modius (platform crown) 67, 89, 122, 124
Mond, Robert and Myers, Oliver: Geographical Journal 109
Montu (warrior god) 41, 111, 121
Morgan, J. 205, 257n1
Morocco 199
mortuary temples 252n14
mother goddesses 112, 113
Mount Casius (Ras Baron) 49
Mount Haemus 194
Mount Nysa 87
Mount Olympus 5
mummification
Greeks’ adoption of 20
of Bakhu 41
animals 129, 130
decline in standards of human mummification 130
kings made fully divine 131
a lengthy ritual 195
mummies found in Alexandria 196
Museion, Alexandria 32, 79, 80, 82–3, 222, 223, 231
Myers, Oliver see Mond, Robert
Myos Hormos 198
Myrtium (Ptolemy II’s mistress) 85
N
Nabataea 162
Nabateans 97, 162
Napoleon Bonaparte 121
Narmer 112, 113
Narmer Palette 112–13
nationalism 19
Naukratis (Kom Ge’if)
temple to Amen 222
Greek law 242n5