5 Edwards, A. B. (1877, revised 1888), A Thousand Miles up the Nile, London: 69.
6 Ibid.: 85.
7 Chubb, M. (1954), Nefertiti Lived Here, London: 75.
8 Pendlebury, Tell el-Amarna: x.
9 Davies, N. de G. (1903), The Rock Tombs of el-Amarna, vol. 1, London: 3.
10 Peet, T. E. (1921), Excavations at Tell el-Amarna: a preliminary report, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7: 169.
11 Letter written by Breasted from Cairo, dated 24 January 1895. Quoted in Larson, J. A. (1992), Other Amarna Letters, Amarna Letters 2: 116–25: 124.
12 Published by the Egypt Exploration Society, London.
13 Sayce, A. H. (1990), [Letter from Egypt] Luxor: Feb. 26, 1890, The Academy 933: 195. This letter and its subsequent postscript is quoted in full in Martin, G. T. (1989), The Royal Tomb at El-Amarna 2: the reliefs, inscriptions and architecture, London: 1.
14 Martin, The Royal Tomb at El-Amarna 2.
15 For a full description of this workshop and its contents consult Arnold, D. (ed.) (1996), The Royal Women of Amarna: images of beauty from ancient Egypt, New York: 41–83. See also Phillips, J. (1991), Sculpture Ateliers of Akhetaten, Amarna Letters 1: 31–40. A second sculptor’s workshop, specializing in inlay work and tentatively attributed to ‘Ipu’ was also excavated by Borchardt.
16 Roeder, G. (1941), Lebensgrosse Tonmodelle aus einer altägyptischen Bildhauerwerkstatt, Jahrbuch der preussischen Kunstsammlungen 62:4: 145-70: 154–60.
17 The history of the discovery of the bust is briefly discussed by Wiedemann, H. G. and Bayer, G. (1982), The Bust of Nefertiti, Analytical Chemistry 54:4: 619–28. It was also the subject of a television programme presented by Nicholas Ward Jackson for Channel 4, produced by Brian Lapping Associates.
18 For a review of the influence of the Tutankhamen discovery on contemporary society see Frayling, C. F. (1992), The Face of Tutankhamun, London.
19 Vandenberg, P. (1978), Nefertiti: an archaeological biography, translated by R. Hein, London.
20 Baikie, J. (1926), The Amarna Age: a study of the crisis of the ancient world, London: 242–3.
21 Samson, J. (1985, revised 1990), Nefertiti and Cleopatra: queen-monarchs of ancient Egypt, London: 7.
22 Discussed in Krauss, R. (1991), Nefertiti – a drawing-board beauty, Amarna Letters 1, 47–9.
23 Borchardt, L. (1923), Porträts der Königin Nofret-ete, Leipzig: 33.
24 Paglia, C. (1990), Sexual Personae; art and decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson, Yale and London: 68.
Further Reading
Literally hundreds of books and articles of varying degrees of specialization and complexity have been published on the Amarna period. The references listed below include the more basic and accessible publications with preference given to those written in English. All the works listed include bibliographies that will be of interest to those seeking more detailed references on specific subjects. Those seeking further references should also consult the notes on each chapter, and Martin, G. T. (1991), A Bibliography of the Amarna Period and its Aftermath, London.
Aldred, C. (1973), Akhenaten and Nefertiti, Brooklyn.
Aldred, C. (1988), Akhenaten, King of Egypt, London.
Arnold, D. (1996), The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt, New York.
Desroches-Noblecourt, C. (1963), Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh, London.
El Mahdy, C. (1999), Tutankhamen: the Life and Death of a Boy King, London.
Filer, J. M. (2004), Health in Ancient Egypt and Nubia: Sources and Issues, London.
Freed, R. E. et al. (1999), Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen, London and Boston.
Kemp. B.J. (1989), Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, London.
Kemp, B.J. and Garfi, S. (1993), A Survey of the Ancient City of El-Amarna, London.
Monserrat, D. (2000), Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt, London and New York.
Pendlebury, J. D. S. (1935), Tell el-Amarna, London.
Redford, D. B. (1984), Akhenaten: the Heretic King, Princeton.
Reeves, C. N. (2001), Akhenaten, Egypt’s False Prophet, London.
Reeves, C. N. (1990), The Complete Tutankhamun: the King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure, London.
Romer, J. (1981), Valley of the Kings: Exploring the Tombs of the Pharaohs, New York.
Samson, J. (1978), Amarna, city of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Nefertiti as Pharaoh, Warminster.
Samson, J. (1985 revised 1990), Nefertiti and Cleopatra, queen-monarchs of ancient Egypt, London.
Smith, W. S., revised by W. K. Simpson (1981), The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, London.
Thomas, A. P. (1988), Akhenaten’s Egypt, Aylesbury.
Troy, L. (1986), Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, Uppsala.
Index
(Figures in italics refer to illustrations.)
Abdi-Ashirta (prince of Amurru), 34
Abu Ghurab, 70
Abydos, 183
Acencheres (unknown princess), 96
Achilles, 18
Ahhotep (queen), 79, 142
Ahmose (king), 67, 142
Ahmose Nefertari (queen), 79, 142, 146–7
Ahmose (queen), 72
Akhenaten (king), 3, 8, 9, 58, 65, 119, 120, 127, 131, 132, 135, 137, 148, 157, 160, 161, 174, 179, 186 as Amenhotep IV, 3, 9, 20, 24, 29, 35, 36, 37, 42, 44, 45, 47, 55, 65, 66, 71, 96, 185
appearance, 38, 79, 92–102, 104–6, 109, 136; pl.9, pl.10, pl.11
building works, 7, 56–8, 110–30, 150–51
childhood, 37–9, 42, 109
children, 52, 54, 81, 83, 97–8, 119, 137, 142, 150–52, 162–3, 165, 166–8, 168; pl.13, pl.16
co-regencies, 43–4, 91, 140–41, 142, 145–6, 154, 155, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170
crowns, 64, 143–5
death and burial, 158–9, 160–61, 170
death of Tiy, 174
dress, 52
foreign policy, 45, 80, 153
hebsed, 56, 65–6, 91, 101
husband of Kiya, 128–30
husband of Meritaten, 153, 166
husband of Nefertiti, 1, 40–43, 47, 50, 58, 63, 82, 108, 153, 154
images, 49, 62–4, 82, 127, 134, 135, 139, 140, 145, 151, 170
mummy, 97
as Napkhururiya, 44–5
as Neferkheperure Waenre, 37, 87, 128, 153, 157, 159
persecution of memory, 7, 56–7, 172, 179, 180, 181
religious reforms, 3–4, 42, 73–91, 104–5, 112, 126, 127, 142, 146, 147–8, 171, 172–3
sarcophagus, 147
sexuality, 4–5, 98–102
son of Aten, 78, 82–3
Akhenaten Temple Project, 57–8
Akhetaten. See Amarna
Akhmim, 19, 20, 47 as Ekhmim, 185
Alabastronopolis. See Amarna
Aldred, Cyril, 20, 95
Alexander the Great, 97
Allen, James P, 164
Amarna, 1, 6, 7, 9, 32, 44, 45, 48, 50, 52, 65, 66, 71, 79, 82, 85, 92, 94, 105, 107, 109, 111, 124, 135, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 161, 162, 165, 168, 171, 172, 173, 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 188 as Akhetaten, 7, 9, 66, 110, 112, 180
as Alabastronopolis, 181
court, 48, 49, 75, 131–3, 173
defences, 119
desertion and destruction of, 7, 57, 173–4, 181–2
founding of, 110–28
Gempaaten, 125, 126
Great Palace, 121–2, 124–5, 182
Great Temple of the Aten, 117, 125–6
Hwt-Aten (palace), 153
Hwt-Benben, 123, 126
King’s House, 52, 124, 127
Maru-Aten, 120, 128, 130, 152, 153, 154
North Palace, 120–21
North Riverside Palace, 120
Per-hai, 125
Royal Road, 119–20, 121, 124, 125, 128
Royal Tomb, 116, 130, 147, 150–51, 152, 162–3, 166–8, 171, 173, 184
sanitiation, 118–19
Small Temple of the Aten, 125
superstition, 84
tombs, 46, 55, 80–82, 130, 131–5, 146
Workmen’s Village, 83, 84, 130–31, 173, 186
Amarna boundary stelae. See boundary stelae
Amarna letters, 8, 27–8, 80, 124, 132, 151, 164, 182
Amen (god), 11, 12, 13, 20, 40, 45, 56, 58, 64, 66, 68, 76, 85, 88, 116, 153, 171, 178, 179 development of cult, 20, 67–9
father of king, 72–3
persecution, 66, 74
priesthood, 15
temples, 16, 17, 18, 31, 76, 171, 172–3 (See also Karnak Temple, Luxor Temple)
Amenhotep I (king), 141, 142
Amenhotep II (king), 12, 19, 69, 85, 157 mummy cache, 35, 174–6 (See also KV 35)
Amenhotep III (king), 5, 7, 12, 24, 43, 45, 65, 74, 84, 95, 132, 133, 135, 142, 144, 157, 174–6, 178, 180; pl.1, pl.4. See also Malkata Palace affection for Tiy, 25
bravery, 13
building works, 17–18, 30–31, 55–6
canopic chest, 147
chief priest, 15
children, 29, 38, 138, 161
Colossi of Memnon, 18, 71, 95; pl.2
co-regency, 43–4
death and burial, 35–6, 174
divine birth, 11–12, 17, 72–3
foreign policy, 13, 34–5
harem, 26, 32
head of army, 15, 33, 62
head of civil service, 15
heb-sed, 29–30, 69, 71
images, 31–3, 142
Lord of Nubia, 24, 71
marriages, 19, 23, 26–8, 41, 42, 43, 129
mortuary temple, 17–18, 24, 31, 71
mummy, 35–6, 174
as Nimmuaria, 44
old age, 31–4
religion and divinity, 69, 70–71, 76, 135–7
scarabs, 19, 27–8, 30–31, 41, 98
sexuality, 33
Soleb temple, 24, 71
wealth, 13–14
Amenhotep IV (king). See Akhenaten
Amenhotep (name), 45
Amenhotep son of Hapu (administrator), 15–16, 29, 189
Amen-Re. See Amen
Amurru, 34–5
Anatolia, 34
Andrews, Emma B, 156
Anen (brother of Tiy), 20, 41, 47 titles, 20
Aneski (name), 46
Ankhesenamen (daughter of Nefertiti) as Ankhesenpaaten, 52, 82, 109, 128, 134, 140, 163, 166, 168, 170, 177
as Dahamunzu, 178
as queen, 170, 171, 172, 178
Ankhesenpaaten. See Ankhesenamen
Ankhesenpaaten-the-younger, 168
Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. See Neferititi
Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare. See Smenkhkare
Apis bulls, 39
archaeology bias, 6–7, 56–7, 121
conclusions, 171
evidence, 117, 155
interpretation, 101–2, 121
practice, 184
rescue, 12, 160
army, 13, 15, 33, 75, 116, 119
Arnold, Dorothea, 109, 165
Art Armana style, 87, 92–109, 114, 117
artistic conventions, 33, 38, 103, 105–6, 142–3
artists, 2, 186–7
children, 107–9, 138
domestic scenes, 82, 139–40, 172
evolution of style, 164–5
humour, 83
interpretation, 82–3
religious scenes, 80–82
Artatama I (king of Mitanni), 12, 27
Arzawa, 27
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 54, 124
Ashmunein. See Hermapolis
Aswan, 13, 95, 146 granite, 147
Asyut, 186
Aten (god), 1, 3, 49, 52, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 75, 77, 82, 99, 106, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 118, 121, 127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 137, 138, 143, 146, 153, 157, 171, 172–3, 174 appearance, 104, 107, 134
desecration of image, 60
development of cult, 56, 66, 69, 70–71, 73–91, 146, 148
garden chapels, 81–2
Great Hymn to the Aten, 85–8, 109
names and titles, 75, 90–91, 91, 99
nature, 78, 102, 107
priesthood, 116, 117
temples, 76, 125–7
worship, 123–4, 126
Athribis, 15
Atum (god), 78, 79, 104
Aurora (goddess). See Eos
Auta (sculptor). See Iuty
Avaris (capital), 112
Ay (brother of Tiy). See also WV 23 as king, 147, 177, 178, 180
titles and rewards, 20, 47, 119, 132, 134, 176–7;
pl.15 tomb, 46, 48, 49, 53, 85, 86, 122, 123, 131, 134, 143
Ayrton, Edward, 155, 159
Aziru (prince of Amurru), 34
Babylon, 8, 26, 27
Baikie, James, 32, 33, 154
Bak (artist), 92, 94, 95, 102, 186
bats, 133, 184
beer, 13, 14, 17
Beketaten (princess), 138, 155, 187
Benben-stone, 56, 58, 70, 81, 123, 126–7. See also Hwt-Benben
Beni Amran, 9
Berlin Museum, 1, 140, 143, 189, 190 Nefertiti bust, 1, 2, 8, 64, 107, 164, 185, 186, 188–92
Bes (demi-god), 31, 83–4, 85
Beset (demi-goddess), 83
Bible, 4, 85
Birket Habu, 30–31
Book of the Dead, 88
Borchadt, Ludwig, 125, 185, 189, 190, 192
boundary stelae, 55, 74, 113–14, 115, 184, 186
Bouriant, Urbain, 166
Breasted, James, 184
British Museum, London, 161
Brooklyn Museum, 152
Brugsch, Heinrich, 184
Budge, Wallis, 20
Buttles, Janet, 6
Cairo, 2, 112, 182, 183 Museum, 22, 23, 35, 93, 102, 125, 127, 156, 158, 160, 189, 190
calendar, 9
Cambridge University, 186
canopic jars, 88, 147, 156, 158
Carter, Howard, 127, 172
cartouche, 25, 29, 64–5, 91, 99, 101, 144, 154, 157, 170
Castle of Nebmaatre-United-with Ptah, 16, 70
Chevrier, Henri, 60
childbirth, 64, 78, 79, 83, 84, 130, 147, 168
Christianity, 4, 85, 88, 89, 90, 148
Chubb, Mary, 183, 191
civil service, 13, 15, 124, 187
Cleopatra (queen), 191
Colossi of Memnon. See Amenhotep III
crowns, 52, 63–4, 99, 101, 109, 114, 127, 134, 139, 140, 143–5, 145, 147, 156, 165, 179 Nefertiti’s blue crown, 62, 64, 99, 135, 140, 143–4, 163, 190
Dahamunzu. See Ankhesenamen
damnatio memoriae, 179
Davies, Norman de Garis, 90, 113, 123, 133, 134, 153, 183, 184
Davis, Theodore M, 22–3, 155, 156, 157, 158
Deir-el-Bahri, 16, 17, 32, 78, 185
Deir-el-Medina, 17, 84, 130, 146, 177
desecration of monuments. See destruction and defacement
destruction and defacement of monuments, 6, 7–8, 18, 56–7, 59–60, 70, 74, 112, 113, 121, 125, 133, 182, 184
Diana, Princess of Wales, 4
diplomatic corrrespondence, 8, 14–15, 27–8, 34, 41, 43, 44–5, 164, 177–8
divine triads, 40, 78, 79, 80, 82–3, 146
Djarukha, 31
domestic shrines, 82
double uraeus. See uraeus
dwarfs, 49
Edwards, Amelia B, 182–3, 184, 191
Egypt Exploration Society, 113, 154, 183, 184, 185
Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, 176
Ekhmim. See Akhmim
Elder Lady, 175
Elephantine, 16, 171
el-Till, 9, 125
Eos (goddess), 18
epilepsy, 97
eunuch, 96, 123
eye disease, 182–3, 191
Faiyum, 13, 135
Filer, Joyce, 161
Fletcher, Joann, 176
food, 13�
��14, 30, 34, 137
Frankfort, Henry, 186
French Mission to Amarna, 182
Frölich’s syndrome, 97
Fuad (king), 190
Gardiner, Sir Alan, 131, 158
Gebel-el-Silsila, 56
Gempaaten (Amarna). See Amarna
Gempaaten (Thebes), 56, 58, 60, 65, 88, 93 asexual statues, 98–102, 106
German Oriental Society, 185
Gilukhepa (princess of Mitanni), 27–8, 47, 122, 129
Giza, 12. See also sphinx pyramids, 2
God, 89, 147
God’s Hand of Amen, 104
God’s Wife of Amen, 103
Grace, Princess of Monaco, 4
Great Enchantress (goddess), 46
Great Hymn to the Aten. See Aten
Green Room. See Amarna: North Palace
Griffiths, F. L., 186
Grimal, Nicolas, 94
Gurob harem palace, 135–7
head of Tiy, 21, 96, 106, 135, 165
Haj Qandil, 117
Hapy (god), 79
harem, 19, 25–6, 28, 31, 32, 38, 42, 49, 121, 135 Agents of the Harem Ladies, 75
Amarna, 121–3, 122, 128, 129
school, 15, 38, 39, 131
Hare Nome, 110
Harris, James, 161
Harris, John, 154
Harrison, Robert, 161, 177
Hatchepsut (female king), 17, 72, 74, 92, 142, 144
Hathor (goddess), 20, 24, 25, 29, 46, 58, 63, 78, 79, 83, 104, 143
Hawass, Zahi, 176
Hay, Robert, 182
heb-sed, 29–30, 56, 65–6, 69, 71, 101
Heliopolis, 16, 56, 58, 70, 92, 110, 112, 116, 127
henotheism, 90
Henut-Taneb (daughter of Tiy), 29, 30
Hepburn, Audrey, 191
Hermopolis, 16, 57, 61, 62, 98, 128, 161, 179, 181
hieroglyphs, 1, 9, 110, 186
Hitler, Adolf, 190
Hittites, 34, 46, 113, 177
Horemheb (king), 60, 127, 147, 173, 178–9, 180
Horus (god), 18, 39, 43, 54, 70, 91, 147, 158 compounded with Re (See Re-Harakhty)
eye of, 83
temple, 16
Huya (steward of Tiy), 81, 135–8, 147, 150, 187
Hwt-Aten (palace). See Amarna
Hwt-Aten (temple). See Amarna: Small Temple of the Aten
Hwt-Benben (Amarna). See Amarna
Hwt-Benben (Thebes), 56, 58–60, 64, 114
Hyksos, 112
Ibhat, 13, 33
incest, 19