efforts at reconciliation rejected by, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1
and Howe brothers’ diplomatic initiatives, 4.1, 4.2
Jefferson’s condemnations of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
oppressive policies imposed by, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1
Germain, Lord George, 2.1, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1
and Howe brothers’ diplomatic initiatives, 4.1, 4.2
invasion of New York planned by, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1
overall strategy of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 9.1, n20
Germans, 1.1, 3.1
mercenaries, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1 (see also Hessians)
Gerry, Elbridge
Glorious Revolution
Glover, Colonel John, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, n25
Gowanus Heights, Battle of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, n28
Grant, General James, 6.1, 7.1
Greeks, ancient
Greene, Gen. Nathanael, prf.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 8.1, n23
Adams and, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1
illness and evacuation to Manhattan of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
at Kip’s Bay
on Long Island, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1, 6.2
promotion to general of, 2.1, 8.1
Quaker background of
retreat from New York advocated by, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Greyhound (ship)
Hamilton, Alexander
Hancock, John, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, n28
and defense of New York, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Washington’s reports to, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Hand, Colonel Edward
Hannibal
Harlem Heights
Battle of, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, n41
Harrison, Robert Hanson, n28
Harvard University, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Havana, Battle of
Hawley, Joseph
Heath, General William
Heister, General Leopold von
Henry, Patrick
Hessians, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
arrival of, 4.1, 6.1
at Gowanus Heights
at Kip’s Bay, 7.1, 7.2
on Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
military professionalism of, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1
Hooper, William, 7.1, 8.1
House of Commons, 1.1, 9.1
House of Lords, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1
Howe, George Augustus
Howe, Adm. Richard, prf.1, prf.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
aristocratic background of
attitude of Continental Congress toward, 5.1, 5.2
bombardment of Manhattan by
diplomatic priorities of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
fleet commanded by, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1 (see also Royal Navy)
Franklin’s friendship with, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
and Long Island battles, 6.1, 6.2
on Staten Island, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1
Howe, Gen. William, prf.1, prf.2, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, n23, n31, n6
aristocratic background of
attitude of Continental Congress toward, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
in Boston Siege, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1
British attitudes toward conduct of war by, 9.1, n26, n21
at Bunker Hill, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, n22
Burgoyne and, 5.1, n20
defections of deserters and loyalists to
in French and Indian War
Germain’s orders to, 2.1, 6.1
and independence, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1
on Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1
on Manhattan, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
occupation of New York by, 7.1, 8.1
peace initiatives of, 4.1, 6.1
Staten Island garrison of, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2
strategy and tactics, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2
Hudson River, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1
in British strategy, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, n20
British warships on, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
maps of, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1
restriction of British access to, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
Huguenots
Indians, 2.1, 5.1, see also French and Indian War
Industrial Revolution
Inns of Court
Jamaica Pass, 6.1, 6.2
Jefferson, Martha, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1
Jefferson, Thomas, prf.1, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, n11, n33
Declaration of Independence drafted by, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 8.1, n29, n34
in Dickinson draft debate, 5.1, 5.2
family concerns of, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
Virginia constitution draft by, 5.1, 5.2
Kentish Guards
killing zone, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1
King’s Bridge, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1
Kip’s Bay, Battle of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1
Knowlton, Col. Thomas, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
Knox, Gen. Henry, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Lee, Gen. Charles, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, n22, n26, n25
Lee, Richard Henry, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1
Leitch, Major Andrew
Lengel, Ed, n22
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer (Dickinson)
Lexington, Battle of, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1
Lincoln, Abraham, 3.1, 3.2
Livingston, Philip
Livingston, Robert
Locke, John
London, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2
Dickinson in
Franklin in, 4.1, 5.1
Paine in, 1.1, 1.2
peace commission sent to colonies from
press in, 9.1, 9.2
Reed in
Long Island, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 8.1
arming of militia units on
Battle of, prf.1, prf.2, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, map, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2 (see also Brooklyn Heights; Gowanus Heights, Battle of)
defensive networks on, 4.1, 6.1
evacuation of Continental Army troops from
political allegiance of farmers on, 4.1, 4.2
smallpox outbreak on
transport of British troops to
Loring, Elizabeth (Betsy), 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, n23
Louis XVI, King of France
loyalists, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, n26
arrests of, 2.1, 4.1, n39
in British Army, 2.1, 7.1, 8.1
British forces aided by, 4.1, 6.1
in exile in London, 9.1, 9.2
in middle colonies, 1.1, 3.1
newspapers of
spying by, 3.1, 6.1
MacKenzie, Capt. Frederick, 8.1, 8.2
Maier, Pauline, n2, n20, n28
Maine
Malden (Massachusetts)
Manhattan, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, map
battles on, prf.1, prf.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 (see also Harlem Heights, Battle of; Kip’s Bay, Battle of)
British failure to trap Continental Army on, 7.1, 9.1
Continental Army encampments on
Continental Congress delegates from
decision to defend
desertion of militia from Long Island to
dysentery from contaminated water on
evacuation of Continental Army from, 8.1, 8.2, map
Great Fire in
loyalists on
Royal Navy bombardment of, 4.1, 7.1
ships ordered to assemble on
troops transferred to Long Island from, 6.1, 6.2
Washington’s headquarters on
Martin, Joseph Plumb, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1
Maryland, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1
Massachusetts, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 7.1
Charter of
General Court of
martial law in
outbreak of war in, see specific battles
see also specific cities and towns
mercenaries, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1
German, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1 (see also Hessians)
Middle Temple (London)
Mifflin, Gen. Thomas, 6.1, n35
Miles, Samuel
militias, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, n3
in Boston Siege
British disparagement of, 2.1, 4.1
desertion of
at Kip’s Bay
myth of
from New England, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
in New York campaign, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, n2
Minden, Battle of
Minutemen, 8.1, 9.1
Mohawk Indians
Morgan, Edmund, n22
Native Americans, see Indians
New England Chronicle
“New Establishment”, 8.1, 8.2
New Hampshire, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1
New Jersey, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Continental Congress delegates from, 1.1, 6.1
loyalists in, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1
militia units from, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 5.1
see also specific cities and towns
Newport Mercury
New Rochelle (New York), 8.1, 9.1
New York, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
arrival of British fleet at, 3.1, 3.2
Battle of, prf.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1 (see also specific battles)
British occupation of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2
Continental Army march from Boston to, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2
Continental Congress delegates from, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
defense of, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
epidemic of fear and disillusionment in
evacuation of troops from
Harbor, British prison ships in, 6.1, n23
loyalists in, 1.1, 4.1
provisional government of
referendum on independence in
tactical vulnerability of, 3.1, 4.1, n26
see also Hudson River; Long Island; Manhattan; Staten Island; specific cities and towns
North Carolina, 1.1, 7.1
Observations on the Increase of Mankind (Franklin)
Orpheus (ship), 7.1
Paine, Thomas, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1
Paris, Treaty of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Parliament, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
George III’s 1775 address to
Howe brothers in, 2.1, 9.1
limitation of monarchical power by
opposition to militarization of colonial conflict in, 1.1, 9.1, 9.2, n26
resistance to authority of, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1
Patterson, James
Pell’s Point, Battle of
Peloponnesian War, 8.1, 8.2
Pendleton, Edmund, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2
Pennsylvania, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1
Committee of Public Safety
constitution of, 3.1, 5.1
Continental Congress delegates from, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
loyalists in, 1.1, 3.1
militia units from
see also specific cities and towns
Pennsylvania Evening Post
Pennsylvania Packet, 1.1, 7.1
Percy, Gen. Hugh
Perth Amboy (New Jersey)
Philadelphia, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 9.1
British attack on, 8.1, n20
Continental Congress in, see Continental Congress
population of
property requirements to vote in, 1.1, 3.1
Washington in, 2.1, 2.2
Phoenix (ship), 4.1, 4.2
Pitt, William, 1.1, 1.2, 9.1
Plan of Treaties, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
Polybius
proportional representation, 5.1, 5.2
Punic wars
Puritans
Putnam, Gen. Israel, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2
Putnam, Rufus
Quakers, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1
Quebec, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Battle of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1
Rainbow (ship)
Rakove, Jack K., n1
Reed, Col. Joseph, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1
representation, proportional, 5.1, 5.2
Rhode Island, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 7.1
Rodney, Caesar
Romans, ancient, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2
Rose (ship), 4.1, 4.2
Royal Navy, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2
see also Howe, Adm. Richard; specific ships
Royal Society
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (Franklin)
Rush, Benjamin, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1
Russia
Rutledge, Edward, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
Sandy Hook (New Jersey)
Saratoga, Battle of, 9.1, n20
Schuyler, General Philip
Scotch-Irish
Scottish Highlanders, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1
Second Treatise on Government (Locke)
Serle, Ambrose, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2
Sherman, Roger, 3.1, 5.1
Six Nations
slavery, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1
avoidance of discussions of, prf.1, 2.1, 1.1, 3.1
Jefferson and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
sectional split over
smallpox, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
inoculation for, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, n33
Society of the Cincinnati
South Carolina, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2
slavery in, 3.1, 5.1
Sparta
Stamp Act (1765)
Staten Island, 2.1, 6.1
British forces on, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
British troops transported to Long Island from
peace talks on, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6
Stirling, Lord (Gen. William Alexander), 2.1, 4.1, 8.1
as British captive, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
on Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, map, 6.3
submarines, 4.1, 7.1
Sullivan, James
Sullivan, General John, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Summary View of the Rights of British Americans (Jefferson), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Tallmadge, Major Benjamin, 6.1, 6.2
Tappan Zee
taxes, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1
levied by British, 1.1, 4.1
proposed compromises on, 1.1, 6.1
resistance to, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2
Thebes
Thoughts on Government (Adams)
Throg’s Neck
Ticonderoga, Battle of, 2.1, 2.2
Tilghman, Lt. Tench, 6.1, 8.1
Topsfield (Massachusetts), 3.1, 3.2
Tories, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1
Trenton, Battle of
Trumbull, John, 3.1, 7.1
Turtle (submarine), 7.1
Valley Forge, 8.1, 9.1
Vietnam War, n21
Virginia, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2
commitment to independence of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
constitution of, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
Continental Army troops from, 7.1, 7.2
Continental Congress delegates from, 3.1, 5.1
slavery in
see also specific cities and towns
Virginia Convention, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2
Warren, Joseph, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1
Washington, George, prf.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, n23, n28, n22
and Battle of Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, n2
at Boston Siege, 1.1, n12
British disparagement of
and Canadian campaign, 2.1, n31
Continental Army march to New York from Boston led by, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2
Continental Congress and, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1
councils of war convened by, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
daily demands on
and Declaration of Independence
and defense of New York, 2.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1
evacuation of Continental Army from Manhattan by, 7.1, 8
.1, 8.2, map, 9.1
Farewell Address
in French and Indian War, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
General Orders, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1
Germain’s threat to execute
Hancock and, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2
at Harlem Heights, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
honor-driven behavior of, prf.1, 6.1, 7.1
Howe’s communications with, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
and Kip’s Bay disaster
Manhattan headquarters of
militia units and, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 7.1
officer corps of, 2.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, n35, n25
physical and psychological characteristics of, 2.1, n2
Reed and, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1
resolute defiance of British by
response to British atrocities at Bunker Hill
retreat through New Jersey of
and “spirit of ’76”
tactical withdrawal from Long Island, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
at Trenton
unrealistic optimism about success against British of, 5.1, 5.2
veneration of public for, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1
Washington, Lund, 7.1, 8.1
Washington, Martha, 2.1, n33
Westmoreland, Gen. William, n21
Whigs, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1
White Plains (New York)
Williams, William
Williamsburg (Virginia), 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Witherspoon, John
Wood, Gordon, n22
World War I, 3.1, 5.1
World War II
Yorktown, Battle of, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
A Note About the Author
Joseph J. Ellis is the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Founding Brothers. His portrait of Thomas Jefferson, American Sphinx, won the National Book Award. He is the Ford Foundation Professor of History Emeritus at Mount Holyoke College. He lives in Amherst, Massachusetts, with his wife and their youngest son.
Other titles by Joseph J. Ellis available in eBook format
American Creation • 978-0-307-26774-0
American Sphinx • 978-0-375-72746-7
First Family • 978-0-307-59431-0
Founding Brothers • 978-1-4000-7768-7
His Excellency • 978-1-4000-4376-7
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