captures Reynald 101
Mallett, Alex, on Reynald 125
Mamluks 195
final defeat of Crusaders 252–3
Saladin’s army 66
at Hattin 157–8
Mandeville, Sir John, on pigeon-post 45
mangonels 136–7, 141, 143–4, 173, 175–6, 192, 198, 199, 203
Mangouras, killed by Franks 157–8
Manuel, Byzantine emperor 35, 36–7, 39, 79, 122, 123
and Amalric, failed attack Egypt 57–8, 65–6
and Baldwin III 100
and Nur al-Din 98, 100
and Reynald 95–6, 98–100
Marcellinus, Ammianus 136
Mardin 137
Maria Comnena, Queen (Amalric’s widow) 142, 174, 179
Maskana, Frank army retreats to 159
Massoud, Ghassan 267–8
Masyaf castle 11
Saladin’s seige 85–6
Mecca pilgrims
Kerak castle and 106
Reynald’s raids on 127–8, 130, 149–50
Saladin abolishes taxes 87
Mecca
Reynald threatens 125, 126–34
Saladin hopes to make pilgrimage 231, 232
Medina, Reynald threatens 125, 126
Mendelssohn, Moses 262–3
Merv 5
Miles de Plancy 105
Mirbach, Ernst Freiherr von 250
Mongol Derby 51
Mongols, and Assassins 11
Mont Gisard (Ramla), battle of 107–9, 110, 119
Montreal, part of Stephanie’s ransom 180
Mosul 77
Saladin and 80, 82–3, 137–8, 139, 144, 147, 148
Sayf al-Din inherits 26, 67
resists Saladin 80, 82–3
Mosulis, at Acre 195
Mount Hermon 28
Mount of Olives 175
Mount Qasiyoun 28
Muhammad on Damascus 32
Muhyi al-Din ibn al-Zaki, al-Aqsa
mosque sermon 181–2
Muslim lands, World War I and 264–5
Muslim leaders, and First Crusade 18–19
Muslim ships run crusader blockade 201, 203
Mutamin al-Khalifa, writes to Amalric 64–5
Naaman 28
Nablus, Saladin takes 170
Nasir al-Din Tusi 10
Nasser, Gamal Abdul, Saladin myths 265–6
Nazareth, Saladin takes 170
Nicaea (Iznik), Crusaders and 12, 14–15
Nicholson, Helen, ‘Women on the Third Crusade’ 200
Nizar (Fatimid heir), and Mahdi 9
Nizaris 9
Norman invasion 1174 78–9
Nubians, oppose Saladin as vizier 63–4, 65
Nur al-Din 145
and Amalric’s Egypt campaign 57
and Franks 50
and Shawar 49–57
as Saladin’s mentor 241, 245
at siege of Damascus 38, 39
attacks Antioch 39
audits Saladin’s accounts 72
death/ eulogy 73–5
Egypt campaign 49–57
inherits northern Syria 26
on Saladin’s power 66
on Shirkuh as vizier of Egypt 60–1
propaganda 26
takes Damascus 39–41
Odo de St Amand 106–7, 112, 116–17
Old Testament, Islam and 3–4
Oliver of Paderborn 255
Oultrejourdain (Trans-Jordan; Moab) 105
paper trade 5
Persian Islam 5–6
Peter Bartholomew, and Holy Lance 16, 17
Pharos lighthouse 54–5
Philip, Count of Flanders, at Acre 103–5
Philip II of France
and Third Crusade 188, 189
at Acre 203, 205, 206
Phillips, Christopher, on Saladin 266
philosopher’s stone 4
pigeon-post xii, 44–6, 79, 81, 108, 116, 200, 203–4
Pisa ships arrive, Third Crusade 192
Prophet’s tomb, Reynald perceived threat to 132–3, 134
prostitutes, with crusaders at Acre 199–200
Qal’at Jabr fortress 25, 57
Qilij-Arslan, Seljuk sultan of Rum 110–11, 121
Queig river 138
Quran 2, 6
Sunnis and 6–7
Qutb (Nur al-Din’s brother) 26, 67, 81, 82
Qutb al-Din Suqman, at Acre 195
Rabia (Saladin’s sister) 86
Radulph Patriarch of Antioch 92
Ralph of Caen (chronicler), on Crusader
cannibalism 16
Ramla
battle of 107–9, 110
Saladin takes 173
Raymond III of Tripoli
abandons Frank army 159
and Tiberias siege 153–9
Jerusalem regent 145–6
Raymond of Antioch 36, 39
Raymond of Aquitaine 92
Reynald de Châtillon
and Jerusalem, ‘Court Party’ 146
and Kerak castle 105–6
and Manuel 95–6, 98–100
and siege of Ascalon 92
and Tiberias siege 153
breaks truce; attacks pilgrims 149–50
character 89–90
defends Kerak 141–3
escapes from Kerak 143
Islamophobia 105, 106
marries Constance 95
prison in Aleppo 87–8, 101–2, 160–4
raid on Tayma pilgrims 127–8
Red Sea raid 125–34
transports ships to Eilat 128–9
Richard I ‘the Lionheart’ of England
and Acre siege 201–8
and Third Crusade plea 189
captures Cyprus 203
defeats Saladin in battle of Arsuf 211–13
dies in France 225
kills Muslim prisoners 206–8
myth 256
takes army to Jaffa 209–16
imprisoned by Leopold of Austria 224–5
retreats to Jaffa 221
Saladin peace talks 216, 219, 221–3
takes Darum castle 219–20
takes Saladin’s supply caravan 220
Richard of Poitou, and Third Crusade 188
Roberts, John, on First Crusade 14
Roger de Môlins, Hospitallers Grand Master 146–7
Runciman, Steven, on Richard I 225
Saddam Hussein 21
Saladin (Yusuf al-Din ibn Ayyub)
personal life
birth/ early life as Yusuf 21, 26, 43–4
attacks on Damascus 37, 40
in Damascus 26, 30
as Kurd ix, 21, 61, 263, 265, 266
as saviour of Islam’s Holy Places 132–3
holy war plans 67, 77–88, 139–40, 148
character
acts of charity 179–80
ambitions 61–2
austerity 244
builds morale and power 245–8
charisma 238–9
commitment/ shared adversity 242–8
integrity 244
leadership analysis 237–48
mentors 241
resilience 239–41
vision 241–2
hopes to make Mecca pilgrimage 231, 232
ill with fever 147–8
last days/death 231–6
marries Nur al-Din’s widow 86
titles
al-Malik al-Nasir 62
Salah al-Din title 86
military/ political life
Acre, Siege 193, 195–208
Aleppo 132–3, 138–9
given villages 56–7
Amid, takes 135–7
and Assassins 80–1, 83–6, 102
and Baldwin IV, truce 123, 126
and Frank prisoners 161–5, 210–11
and Guy de Lusignan 160–4
and Reynald 160–1, 128
and Richard I, peace talks 216, 219, 221–4
Arsuf, loses battle 211–13
ar
rests Christian pilgrims 128
arrests Shawar 59–60
Ascalon
routed 106–9
destroys 214–16
builds army 66
Damascus
governs 79–80, 82
defeats Franks 151–67
economic/ social reforms 71–2
Egypt
Alexandria garrison 55–6
as vizier 61–75
ordered to second campaign 58
Shirkuh’s campaign 50, 52, 54–7
strengthens 1177 87
Eilat, retakes 67–8
harasses crusader army 210–13
Jacob’s Ford castle 117–21
Jaffa, attacks 221–3
Jerusalem
failed advance 141
beseiges/takes 173, 174–84
Jerusalem, camps nearby 216
Kerak, attacks 118 141–4, 144–5
Mediterranean coast, seals 169–74
Mosul 137–8, 139, 144, 147, 148
Tiberias, beseiges 153–4
Yemen 66, 73, 82, 133, 142
see also Third Crusade
mythology/ memory 249–69
Europeans and 252–3, 254–64, 267–8
mausoleum 235–6
memory, as Sunni conqueror 253–4
Muslims and 249, 252–4, 264–6
mythology
as God’s instrument 254–5
British patronage 263–4
Hafez al-Assad and 266
Holy Warriors (play) 268
Kingdom of Heaven (film) 267–8
Nasser and 265–6
religious myths 255–63
Saladin Tithe, England 188, 202
Saman Khudat 5
Samanid empire 5–6
Samarkand 5
Santiago de Compostela 34
sappers, undermine Jacob’s Ford castle 118–19
Sayf (Nur al-Din’s brother) 26, 81–3
at siege of Damascus 38
Mosul settled on 67
Sayf (Nur al-Din’s nephew) 77
Schlumberger, Gustave, on Reynald 90, 91, 102, 106, 143
Scott, Ridley, Kingdom of Heaven (film) 267–8
Scott, Sir Walter, on Saladin 263–4
Sea of Galilee area, Saladin and Franks at 152
Sebaste, Saladin takes 170
Second Crusade 33–9
attack on Damascus 37–9
Seljuk Turks
Abbasid Empire 21
advance to Constantinople 8, 12–13
and Damascus 31
civil war 21
harrass German crusaders 190
Sepphoris
Frank army at 152
Saladin takes 170
Shahanshah (Saladin’s brother) 37
Shang, Lord, on leadership 238, 244
Shawar, Egyptian vizier 49, 245
and Nur al-Din 49–57
arrested by Saladin 59–60
burns down Fustat 57–8
Shi’ites 6–7
Egypt 48–9
Fatimid empire 7–8
Shia-Sunni split 7
Shihab ad-Din (Saladin’s uncle) 86
shipbuilding, Saladin’s 66
Shirkuh, Asad al-Din (Ayyub’s brother) 22–3, 43, 91
ambitions 58–9
as Saladin’s mentor 241, 245
at Damascus 38, 41
attacks Antioch 39
Egyptian campaigns 49, 52–7, 58–60
with Nur al-Din 28
vizier of Egypt 60–1
Sibylla (Baldwin IV’s sister) 122–3, 140–1, 198
in Tripoli 192
joins King Guy in Nablus 180
proclaimed queen 146–7
Sicily ships arrive, Third Crusade 192
Sidon, Saladin takes 172
Silpius mount 91
Sinai desert 51
Ascalon forces retreat through 108
Sinan (Assassin leader)
and Saladin 80–1
people kill Conrad 217–18
Sinan, Rashid al-Din (Old Man of the Mountain) 11
Sinjar forces, at Acre 195
slave trade, Islam and 3, 5
Slim, General Sir William, on morale 244–5
St Catherine’s monastery, Sinai 67, 105
Stephanie (Etiennette) of Kerak 105, 142, 144, 180
Suez, Lu’lu’ transfers ships to 130–1
Sun Tzu, Art of War 109
sunnah as doctrinal source 6
Sunni Islam 6
Sunni-Shia split 6–8
Abbasid empire 7–8
swimmer messengers 200, 204–5, 221–2
Syria
Assassins and 10–11
Turanshah fails to govern 109–10, 122
Syrian ports, Crusader-occupied 65
Tabor, Saladin takes 170
Tamar Queen of Georgia 224
Tanis, strengthened 87
Taqi al-Din 141
at Acre 195, 196
commands Saladin’s right wing 151, 158
routs Qilij-Arslan 111
Taurus mountains 95, 101
Tayma, Reynald’s 1181 raid on 127–8
Tayy, held at Bilbeis 57, 59
Tell Sultan battle 83, 84
Templars see Knights Templar
Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek 1
Third Crusade 187–93
Siege of Acre 192–3, 195–208
ends 209–24
Thomas à Becket 154
Thoros (Armenian warlord), and
Reynald 95–6, 98, 100
Tiberias
Crusaders at 37, 111, 118–19
Eschiva at 152, 153, 169
Saladin beseiges 153–4
Second Crusade at 37
Tikrit 21
Toron castle 141–2
Saladin takes 172
Tower of David 175, 185
travellers, Muslim 4
trebuchets 15, 118
Tripoli, Jerusalem Franks go to 182
True Cross 107
Crusaders and 13–14, 17–18
Frank army take to Hattin 152, 155
mislaid by al-Nasir 236
Saladin’s main asset 134, 216, 224
shown to Richard I 206
taken by Saladin’s army 159–60, 165
Turan Mount 155
Turanshah (Saladin’s brother) 65, 67, 82, 87
fails to govern Syria 109–10, 122
Turkish Islam 5–6
Tyre
Assassins and 32
blockade fails 184–5, 192
Jerusalem Franks go to 182
Saladin ignores 171–2, 173–4
Umayyad Mosque 29, 30–1, 79
Unar sultan of Damascus 26, 33, 37, 39
takes Baalbek 26
Urban II Pope, and First Crusade 11–19
Urban III Pope, and Jerusalem fall 187, 188
Usamah ibn Munqidh (chronicler) 46–8
Varangian guards 99
Vézelay, Mary Magdalene bones 34
Vikings 13
Vogelweide, Walther von der 255
Voltaire, on Saladin 262
washerwomen 199, 209
Weber, Max, on charisma 238–9
Wilhelm II, Kaiser
and Saladin 250–1, 264
bronze wreath 249, 251–2, 264
William II of Sicily 78–9, 188
William of Montferrat, captured at Hattin 171
William of Tyre (chronicler) 93–5, 97, 104–5, 107, 110, 140, 141, 143, 145, 175
women crusaders, at Acre 198–200
Yarankash (eunuch) 25
Yemen, Saladin and 66, 73, 82, 133, 142
Yubna, Saladin takes 173
Yusuf al-Din ibn Ayyub see Saladin
Zangi, Imad al-Din (‘Pillar of the Faith’) 21–6
and Crusaders 23–5
and Ismail, sultan 32–3
death 25–6
at Mos
ul 138–9
takes Edessa 23–5
Zangids, defeat by Saladin 81–2
Zumurrud, and Zangi 33
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
John Man is a historian with a special interest in the Islamic world and the Far East. His books, published in over twenty languages, include bestselling biographies of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan and Attila the Hun, as well as histories of the Great Wall of China and the Mongol Empire.