coyote: person of mixed mestizo and mulatto descent
criollo: creole, Spanish American
cundinamarquis: inhabitant of Cundinamarca
curiales: lawyers
doctrinas populistas: theories of popular sovereignty
encomienda: grant of Indian labour
estanco: state monopoly
familias afectas al sistema: republican supporters
fanegada: unit of area
flechera: long, narrow canoe
fuero: right, privilege or immunity, conferred by membership of a profession or community
gente de color: coloured people
gentes de pueblo: common people
godos: reactionaries
granadino: native of New Granada
guayaquileños: inhabitants of Guayaquil
guerra a muerte: war to the death
hacienda: large landed estate, plantation
hacendado: owner of hacienda
hato: ranch (Venezuelan)
huasos: Chilean horsemen
independentista: pro–Independence, supporter of Independence
isleños: people or immigrants from the Canary islands
jefe: chief, chieftain
jefe político: political governor
jefe supremo: supreme chief
junta: committee, board
juntista: of a junta or committee
limeño: of Lima, inhabitant of Lima
limpieza: purity of blood
llanos: plains
llaneros: plainsmen
mantuanos: white elite of Caracas, from the mantilla worn to church
mayordomo: steward, overseer
mestizo: of mixed white and Indian descent
mita: forced labour recruitment of Indians in rotation, especially for work in mines
mulato: of mixed white and black descent (mulatto in English)
novio: fiancé
olañetistas: followers of Olañeta
páramo: high plateau, bleak moorland
pardo: mulatto, of mixed white and black descent, free coloureds
pardocracia: pardo rule
pastusos: of Pasto, inhabitants of Pasto
patria: native land, mother country, fatherland
patria boba: ‘foolish fatherland’, Venezuela’s brief first republic
patrón: patron, master or boss
peninsular: Spaniard born in Spain
poder moral: moral power
pongueaje: forced domestic service owed to landlord in Andes
porteños: of Buenos Aires, inhabitants of Buenos Aires
pueblo: people, village
quiteño: of Quito, inhabitant of Quito
repartimiento: forced sale of goods to Indians; allotting of Indians as labourers
resguardos: reservations, Indian community lands
ruana: poncho or cape
sabanas: savannah
santanderistas: supporters of Santander
soroche: altitude sickness
topo: Indian measurement of distance, 1.5 leagues
tribunal de secuestros: confiscations tribunal
tunales: land growing nopal cacti
visita: tour of inspection
zambo: of mixed black and Indian descent
INDEX
alcabala
Alvarez, Manuel Bernardo
Andes, Federation of
Andrews, Joseph
Andújar, Father
Angostura
Address
congress
constitution
Anzoátegui, José Antonio
Antioquia
Apsley House
Apure
Aragua
Arauca
Araure
Arequipa
Argentina
Arica
Arismendi, Juan Bautista
armies
Bolivarian
royalist
armistice
Aroa copper mines
audiencia
Austria, José de
Ayacucho
Aymerich, Melchor
Barcelona, Venezuela
Barinas
Barquisimeto
Barranquilla
Barreiro, José María
Beaver, Captain Philip
Bello, Andrés
Americanism
and Bolívar
in Caracas
in London
Bentham, Jeremy
advocate of Independence
and Bolívar
Bermúdez, José Francisco
Berruecos
Blanco, José Félix
blacks
Bogotá
Bolívar in
expansion of
hostility of to Bolívar
monarchist project
Bolívar, Fernando
Bolívar, Juan Vicente
Bolívar, María Antonia
Bolívar, Simón
Americanism
and army reforms
appearance
birth and education –
and Bolivia
and Bolivian constitution
and Campaña Admirable
Carabobo
and earthquake of
and Enlightenment
European travels
economic thinking
federalism
final journey and death
Bolívar, Simón (cont.)
and first republic
glory
and Great Britain
and Guayaquil
illness
and Indians
land distribution
liberation of New Granada
liberation of Venezuela
Liberator, title of
London mission
marriage
and monarchy
and New Granada
and Ocaña
and Páez rebellion
and Paris
personal life and opinions
and Peru
political ideas
president of Colombia
properties
racial issues
religion
resignation
and Sáenz, Manuela
and San Martín
and Second Republic
and slavery
social policies
supreme power
war to the death
Bolívar, Simón de (arrived from Spain 1589)
Bolívar Aguirre, José
Bolívar y Ponte, Juan Vicente
Bolivia
Constitution
creation
creole elite
modernization
Bomboná
Bonpland, Aimé
Bourbon imperial policy
Boussingault, Jean–Baptiste
Boves, Benito
Boves, José Tomás
Boyacá
Brazil
Briceño, Antonio Nicolás
Briceño Méndez, Pedro
Brión, Luis
Bucaramanga
Bustamante, José
cacao
Caicedo, Domingo
Calabozo
Calí
Callao
Campbell, Patrick
Campo Elías, Vicente
Canarians
in colony
in revolution
war to the death
Canning, George
Canterac, José de
Carabaño, Francisco
Carabobo
Caracas
archbishop of
Bolívar and ––9
earthquake
Monteverde
reconquest of
retreat from
society
University of
Caracas Company
Carcelán y Larrea, Mariana, marquesa de
Solanda
Cariaco, Colombia
Cariaco, Venezuela
Carlyle, Thomas
Caroní Mission
Carrera Damas, Germán
Cartagena
Bolívar and –
economy and society
pardo rebellion
siege and resistance
surrender
Cartagena Manifesto
Carujo, Pedro
Carúpano
Casa León, marquis of
Casanare
Casas, Juan de
Castillo, José María
Castillo, Manuel
caudillos
and independence
post–independence
Cedeño, Manuel
Cerro de Pasco
Cervériz, Francisco Javier
Charles IV
Charles V
Chávez, Hugo
Chile
Chimborazo
Chirino, José Leonardo
Chocó
Chuquisaca
University of
Church
Bolívar and
colonial
and earthquake
and independence
Coll y Prat, Narciso
Colombia
Bolívar returns to
and Bolivia
claim to Guayaquil
congress and Bolívar
congress of
constitution –
Indians
land distribution
and Peru
slavery
social polarization
union ––9
constitutions
Bolivian
Colombian
Venezuelan (1811)
Córdova, José María
rebellion of
Coro
Correo del Orinoco
Cortés Madariaga, José Joaquín
Costa, María
creoles
in Bolivia
Colombia
First Republic
Peru
post–independence
Venezuela
views on revolution
Cúcuta
congress of
Cuenca
Cumaná
Cundinamarca
Curaçao
Cuzco
Dawkins, Edward
Desaguadero River
Díaz, José Domingo
Ducoudray–Holstein, H.L.V
earthquake of 1812
Ecuador
Bolívar and
economy
Indians
secession
Elbers, John Bernard
El Semen
Emparán, Vicente
English, Mary
Enlightenment
Bolívar and
in Spanish America
España, José María
Espinosa, José María
Esteves, José María
Ferdinand VII
Ferguson, William
Fernández de Sotomayor, Juan
Fernández Madrid, José
Flores, Juan José
France
and Bolívar
and Spain
and Spanish America
French Revolution
Gaceta de Caracas
Gamarra, Agustín
Garaycoa, Joaquina and family
Girardot, Atanasio
Godoy, Manuel
Gómez, Juan Vicente
González, Florentino
González, José Caridad
González, Juan Vicente
Great Britain
and Bolívar ––6
British volunteers –
and Colombia
and Latin American independence
at Panama Congress
and Spain
and Venezuela
Gual, Manuel
Guayana
Guayaquil
Bolívar and –
and Peru
Güiria
Guise, George Martin
Gutiérrez, Justiniano
Guzmán, Antonio Leocadio
Guzmán Blanco, Antonio
hacendados –
haciendas
Haiti
Hall, Basil
Hand, Rupert
Heredia, José Francisco
Hipólita, Bolívar’s nurse
Hippisley, Gustavus
Holy Alliance
Honda
Horment, Agustín
Huamachuco
Huancayo
Humboldt, Alexander von and Bolívar
on colonial Spain
on earthquake of 1812
in Venezuela
Hyslop, Maxwell
Ibarra
Ibáñez Arias, Bernardina
Illingsworth, John
Indians
in Andes campaign
Bolívar’s policies for
in Bolivia
in Ecuador
in New Granada
in Pasto
post–independence
in Upper Peru
in Venezuela
Iturbide, Francisco de
Jamaica
Jamaica Letter
Jerez Aristeguieta y Bolívar, Juan Félix
Jiménez, Salvador
Jiménez de Enciso, Salvador
Joseph Bonaparte
Juanambú River
Junín
junta, Caracas
Labatut, Pierre
La Guaira
La Mar, José de
La Paz
La Puerta
Lara, Jacinto
La Serna, José de
Las Queseras del Medio
Lasso de la Vega, Rafael
La Torre, Miguel de
Lecuna, Vicente
Lenoit, Anita
Level de Goda, Andrés
Lima
Bolívar in
liberation of
Llamozas, José Ambrosio 83 llanos, llaneros
Boves
Páez
society
Locke, John
Loja
London
Bolívar in
money market
López, José Hilario
López Contreras, Eleazar
López Méndez, Luis
Machado, Josefina
Macuro
Madrid
Magdalena River
mantuanos
Maracaibo
Margarita
Mariño, Santiago
Martí, Mariano
Matos, Manuel
Maturín
Medellín
Mérida
militia
Miller, William
mining
Miranda, Francisco de
Bolívar and
capitulation and arrest
and London Mission
and First Republic
Precursor
Mollien, Gaspar
Mompós
Monagas, José Tadeo
Monteagudo, Bernardo de
Monte Sacro, Rome
Montesquieu, Baron de
Monteverde y Ribas, Domingo de
Montilla, Mariano
Monzón, Juan de Dios
Morillo, Pablo
adversary of Bolívar
and armistice
and army
Spanish commander
Mosquera, Joaquín
Mosquera, Tomás Cipriano de
Mucuchíes
Napoleon Bonaparte
Nariño, Antonio
Neiva
New Granada
Bolívar and
economy
incorporated into Colombia
land
liberation of
population
royalist reconquest of
Obando, José María
Ocaña
congress of
o’Connor, Francis Burdett
Ocumare
Olañeta, Casimiro
Olañeta, Pedro Antonio
; o’Leary, Daniel Florencio
Carabobo
Andes crossing
Memorias
missions for Bolívar
on Padilla
perceptions of Bolívar
on social divide
and Sucre
Olmedo, José Joaquín
Orinoco
Padilla, José Prudencio
Páez, José Antonio
and Bolívar
and Carabobo
land policy
in llanos
on race
rebellion of
secession
Paine, Thomas
Palacios, Carlos
Palacios, Esteban
Palacios, José
Palacios, Leandro
Palacios y Blanco, María de la Concepción
Panama
Congress of
Pando, José María
Pantano de Vargas
Papacy
Páramo de Pisba 128 pardos
in Colombia
and independence
pardocracia
revolt of
in Venezuela
Pasto
Pativilca peninsulares
Peña, Miguel
Peñalver, Fernando
Peru
and Bolivia
Bolivian constitution in
and Colombia
creole elite
and Guayaquil
Indians in
liberation of
nationalism
society and economy
Peru de Lacroix, Luis
Pétion, Alexandre
Piar, Manuel
rebellion of
Pichincha
Picornell, Juan Bautista
Pius VII
Plaza, Ambrosio
Popayán
Pope, Alexander
Port–au–Prince
Porter, Sir Robert Ker
Posada Gutiérrez, Joaquín
Potosí
Potosí Mining Association
Pradt, Dominique de
Puerto Cabello
Puerto Rico
Quintero, José Humberto
Quito
Bolívar and
and Guayaquil
independence
Bolívar on
and Colombia
in colony
post–independence
and Venezuela –
see also Blacks; Indians; pardos Raynal, Guillaume Thomas François
Restrepo, José Manuel
Revenga, Rafael
Réverénd, Alexandre Prospère
Ribas, José Félix
Ricketts, Charles Milner
Riego, Rafael
Rincón de los Toros
Río de la Plata
Riva Agüero, José de la
Rodríguez, Simón
Rodríguez del Toro, María Teresa
Rooke, James
Roscio, Juan Germán
Roulin, François Desirée
Rousseau, Jean–Jacques
Sáenz, Manuela
lifestyle
meets Bolívar
relationship with Bolívar
time of parting
Salom, Bartolomé
Sámano, Juan