A grand jury indicted: First Centre County Investigating Grand Jury, Findings of Fact, May 5, 2017.
Penn State’s president demanded: Eric Barron, “An Open Letter to Penn State’s Greek Community,” Digging Deeper: A Blog by Dr. Eric Barron, President of Penn State University, April 10, 2017, at http://diggingdeeper.psu.edu/2017/04/an-open-letter-to-penn-states-greek-community/.
Economists and public-health scholars agree: Mark Goodchild, Anne-Marie Perucic, and Nigar Nargis, “Modelling the Impact of Raising Tobacco Taxes on Public Health and Finance,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 943 (April 2016), 250–257.
2017 convention: I attended two plenary sessions of SAE’s biennial convention, which was held at the Boston Marriott Copley Place. The first vote on the discrimination clause occurred Friday afternoon, July 7, 2017, and the second, the following morning.
INDEX
Albert, Sam, 154–155
Alcala, Austin, 226
alcohol. See drinking
Alpha Delta, 200, 242
Alpha Phi Alpha, 178, 210
Alpha Tau Omega, 29–30, 53, 82, 119, 123, 238–239
alumni, fraternity
donations by, 7
fraternity national organizations and local, 113
See also specific alumni
alumni, SAE
college disciplining SAE confronted by, 67–69, 111–114, 126–130, 133–134, 160
mandatory fraternity acceptance of women confronted by, 116–118
SAE national organization confronted by, 113
success of, 10, 89, 193
University of Oklahoma, 137–138, 143, 160–167
See also specific alumni
Amherst College, 182
Andre, Marie Lourdes, 38–39
Animal House (movie), 9, 27, 59, 218, 242
anti-Semitism, of Ivy League schools, 179–180
anti-Semitism, SAE, 170, 180, 181, 217
See also discrimination, SAE
Apgar, Travis, 17, 43
Armstrong, Elizabeth, 83
Arnot, Robert, 54
Asian American fraternities, 178
hazing in, 57
Association of American Colleges, 82
Atlantic, 29
Austin, Albert M., 172, 175
Ayers, Blaine K. (“Boomer”), 3, 113, 223, 225
Baker, J. D., 152–153
Baldwin, Norman, 203–204
Balfour, L. G., 181
Barbour, Haley, 121
Barnum, Eric, 17, 19, 39, 44
Baruch College, 57
Bayh, Birch, 119
Becherer, Hans, 117
Becker, Tony, 54
beer
beer busts, 25
beer-chugging, 20
beer-pong, 15–16
See also drinking
Bell, John R., IV, 126, 130
Bell, Stuart, 201
Best, Russell, 3–4
Beta Theta Pi, 244, 251
Biggs, Bob, 28, 244
binge drinking. See drinking, binge
black fraternities, 164
Alpha Phi Alpha, 178, 210
hazing in, 56–57
overview, 199
white fraternities compared to, 197, 199
black students
black female students and sororities, 202
SAE racist targeting of, 146–147
in student government, 205–207
blacks
black sororities, 196
football players, 157–158
leaders, 156
as SAE members, 140, 148–150, 152–153, 157, 161, 163–167, 182, 184, 185, 187–188, 195–197, 202–203, 210–211
See also minorities; race
Bloom, Hamilton, 193
Bloomberg News, 32, 200, 222
Blow, Charles, 56–57
Bonner, Frank, 199, 207
Booth, Ivan, 75–76, 92–96, 98, 104
Boren, David, 142–143, 153, 154, 158, 160–163
Bowen, Kevin, 233, 246
Braddock, G. Holmes, 172–173, 176–177
Brierley, Garrett, 104
Britton, Jackson, 208–210
Brock, Bill, 120–121
Bronner, Simon, 26
Brown, Clark, 44, 60, 86, 195
Brown University, 167, 178, 239
Bunting, Betsy, 128–129
Burford, John, 59, 91
Burgard, Dennis, 133
Bush, George H. W., 6
Bush, George W., 6, 68
Byrne, Bradley, 120, 121
California Polytechnic State University, 116
California State University at Long Beach, SAE chapter, 87
Calvert Brewing Company, 68
Canty, Ashlee, 196
Cape Fear Men’s Club, 109, 130, 131
Capone, Al, 24
Carothers, Robert, 241–242
Catholic fraternities, 178
Chandler, John W., 240
Chun Hsien Deng, 57
Churchill, Steven, 11, 227
Clark, Thomas Arkle, 53
Clinton, Bill, 6, 238
Cohen, Bradley, 215–217, 220–229, 250
Cohen, Kim, 216, 221, 227
college administrators
conservatives and, 129
politics of, 111–112
See also college disciplining fraternities
College Alcohol Study, 27–28
college all-male organizations. See final clubs
college bans, of drinking, 113, 241–244, 251
college bans, of SAE chapters, 161
integration and, 185
parties, 110, 125
See also SAE bans; SAE chapter suspensions
college bans, on fraternities, 112, 183, 239–241
on fraternity freshmen recruitment, 114–116
on SAE drinking, 113
college disciplinary hearings
right-to-counsel laws and, 126–129, 131, 132
on SAE wrongdoing, 107–111, 113, 124–130, 134
college disciplining fraternities
fraternity defenders, 153–154
fraternity leaders confronting, 111–112
FratPAC confronting, 122–123
North-American Interfraternity Conference confronting, 114–116
public disclosure of, 251–252
See also college bans, on fraternities
college disciplining SAE
for drinking, 18–19, 28–29, 40–41, 58, 59, 64, 133, 134
for hazing, 59, 60, 64–66, 68
SAE alumni confronting, 67–69, 111–114, 126–130, 133–134, 160
SAE chapters confronting, 110, 113–114, 125–134
SAE members expulsions, 80, 147, 154, 156
See also college bans, of SAE chapters; SAE chapter suspensions
college fraternities. See fraternities
college oversight, of fraternities, 251
fraternity culture interventions, 241–245
mandating fraternity acceptance of women, 116–119
colleges
benefits of fraternity and sorority connections to, 112
challenging final clubs, 82–83, 118–119
fraternity national organizations’ connections to, 112–113
Collegiate Housing and Infrastructure Act, 121
the Confederacy
SAE members as veterans of, 178
SAE themes of, 182
Confessions of an Ivy League Frat Boy (Lohse), 60
conservatives
college administrators and, 129
contributions to FratPAC, 121
Republicans, 120–123
views of freedom, 111–112
Cornell University
SAE chapter, 15–20, 33–45, 63
TKE chapter, 44–45
Corwin, Robert Nelson, 180
Counts, Jack, III, 155–158, 162–163
Counts, Jack, Jr., 158–163
Cowie, Andrew, 23, 24
Coyote Ugly (movie), 76,
98
Crawford, Norman, Jr., 67
Crimson White (student paper), 201, 202
Croughan, Will, 118
Culolias, Jack, 30, 113
Dartmouth
Alpha Delta fraternity, 200
fraternities, 82, 242–243
SAE chapter, 59–60
date-rape drugging
at fraternity parties, 77, 87
SAE, 64, 87
Davis, Jonathan, 165
Davis, Tommy, 184
Davis, Will, 148–149
Dax, Bob, 237
deaths
drinking and, 11, 30, 38–45, 57, 58, 116, 222–225
hazing and, 11, 30, 38–45, 52, 56–59, 222, 225
SAE drinking and, 11, 30, 38–45, 58, 116, 222–225
SAE related, 10–11, 30, 38–45, 58, 59, 222–225
Delta Kappa Epsilon, 52, 79, 118
Delta Sigma Chi, 68
Delta Tau Delta, 84, 122
Demer, Ron, 42
Dennis, Devontae, 10
Desdunes, George, 15–20, 33–45, 64, 113
DeVotie, James H., 177
DeVotie, Noble Leslie, 22–23, 173, 177, 178, 194
DeVotie Memorial Hall, 194
Dill, James, 113
discrimination, college
anti-Semitism of Ivy League schools, 179–180
integration and, 183
Truman and, 181
See also racism, college
discrimination, fraternity
colleges and public disclosure of, 252
demographics, 197–198
dispensing with, 238–239
integration and, 181–184
legacies and, 195
overview and history, 175–176, 178–184
See also racism, fraternity
discrimination, SAE, 169
blackballing system, 183–187
demographics, 197–198
diversity and inclusion efforts, 196, 245
exclusionary membership rules, 170–175
outsiders and, 178–179
overview, 176–177
SAE governing laws and, 170–175, 185–187, 217
SAE leaders and, 170–177, 183–186
secret ritual and, 173
See also anti-Semitism, SAE; racism, SAE; University of Alabama, SAE chapter
Dixon, Howard, 161–162
Domenici, Pete, 89
Dorfman, Bill, 2–3
drinking
results of drinking age changes, 243–244
sexual assault link to, 78
sororities and, 26, 27, 57
See also underage drinking
drinking, at SAE parties
sexual assault and, 88–91, 97, 98, 102, 104–105
underage students and, 74, 88–91, 115
underage women and, 73–77, 88–91, 98, 99
women and, 73–77, 88–91, 98, 99
See also underage drinking, at SAE parties
drinking, binge, 18
dangers of, 19
fraternity members’ sexual consent attitudes and, 78
fraternity party sexual assault and, 78
research, 27–28
drinking, college
bans on, 113, 241–244, 251
cracking down on, 28
interventions to reduce, 243–244, 251
research, 27–28
See also drinking, fraternity
drinking, fraternity, 7, 115
accidents, 29–30
bans by colleges, 113, 241–244, 251
bans by fraternity national organizations, 218–219
college interventions to reduce, 243–244, 251
hazing and forced drinking, 57
lawsuits over, 31–32, 40–44, 58
overview, 20–22
reemergence after 60s and 70s, 25–27
research, 27–28, 78
restrictions on, 28, 33
See also drinking, SAE
drinking, SAE, 1–2, 221
college bans of, 113
deaths from, 11, 30, 38–45, 58, 116, 222–225
Desdunes and, 15–20, 33–45
disciplining, 18–19, 28–29, 40–41, 58, 59, 64, 133, 134
early SAE members and, 22–25
pledges and, 18–20, 34, 36–37, 39–43, 50, 57–58, 62–63, 109–110, 113, 116–117, 124–125
SAE national organization’s attempted bans of, 218–219, 222, 226
temperance movement and, 24–25
See also drinking, at SAE parties
drinking dangers, 4, 29, 117
deaths, 11, 30, 38–45, 57, 58, 116, 222–225
See also drinking, binge
drinking games, hazing and, 57, 58
drinking games, SAE, 19, 29
beer busts, 25
beer-chugging, 20
beer-pong tournament, 15–16
deaths from, 30, 38–45, 58
pre-gaming, 15–16
Drummond, Michael, 128, 130
Dudley-Eshbach, Janet, 65
Edgewater Beach Hotel, SAE convention (1951), 169–175
Embry, David A., 176
Emory University, SAE chapter, 91
Enochs, John, 84
Espinoza, William, 48, 49, 63, 66
Esquire, 82
Ewbank, James, 31
Faulkner, William, 7, 10
Faust, Drew, 83
Ferguson, Hill, 205
Fiacco, David, 113, 114
Fierberg, Doug, 42, 43, 105, 250
final clubs
colleges challenging, 82–83, 118–119
colleges mandating acceptance of women by, 118–119
sexual entitlement attitudes of members of, 83
Fine, Ari, 45
Flanagan, Caitlin, 29
Florida State University, SAE chapter, 218–219
football
black players, 157–158
fraternities and, 151, 157–158, 161–162
Ford, Gerald, 6
Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, 128
Fraling, Matthew, 98–99, 102, 104
fraternities, 4–5
benefits of college connection to, 112
changes to improve, 237–239, 252–253
clash of ideals and reality, 4–5
creeds of, 9
critics of, 250
current challenges, 8, 11, 250
exemption from Title IX, 119
founders, 249
influence on student life, 5–6
membership, 8–9
non-white, 8–9
overview, 249
Phi Beta Kappa as precursor of, 20–21
role in higher education, 7
See also Greek organizations; Sigma Alpha Epsilon; specific topics
Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee (FratPAC), 6, 119–123
fraternity chapters
mandatory fraternity acceptance of women confronted by, 118
separations from national organizations, 239
See also SAE chapters; specific chapters
fraternity culture
college interventions, 241–245
election of Trump and, 249–250
fraternity leaders
college disciplining fraternities confronted by, 111–112
politics of, 111–112
See also SAE leadership
fraternity members
Cohen on redemption of, 229
experiences and opportunities of, 6
government officials as, 6, 119–123
misogyny of, 79–80
research on rape by, 82
women as, 116–119, 252
women students pressured for sex by, 81
See also alumni, fraternity; black fraternities; SAE members; white fraternities
fraternity members, sexual consent attitudes
binge drinking and, 78
fraternity party sexual assault and,
78, 90
rape-supportive attitudes, 82, 90
fraternity misbehavior. See fraternity wrongdoing
fraternity national organizations, 8
chapter separations from, 239
connection to colleges, 112–113
drinking bans by, 218–219
hazing and, 53
insurance and, 31
local alumni and, 113
undergraduates and, 31, 113, 119–120, 122
fraternity organizations, 8
financial holdings, 6
government officials and, 119–123
See also fraternity national organizations
fraternity wrongdoing, 7
lawsuits over, 30–32, 40–44, 58, 117
See also college disciplining fraternities; SAE wrongdoing; specific topics
FratPAC. See Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee
freedom, conservative and progressive views of, 111–112
“Friends” (SAE song), 139
fuck boy, 75
fuck dates, 81
gang rape, fraternity, 78–79, 81–82
Garland, Landon, 22
gay SAE members, 234
Geiger, Roger L., 21
Georgia Tech, Phi Kappa Tau, 79
Gilbow, Beauton, 165
Gillibrand, Kirsten, 123
Glovin, David, 32, 66, 222
Goodwyn, Benjamin Carter, 190–191, 193, 210, 211
Goodwyn, George Thomas, 190
Goolsby, Thom, 108, 110, 130
Gove, Ian, 107–111, 124–127, 130, 132–133
Grady, David, 86
Grambling State University, 57
Graves, John, 173–174
Greek life
alumni oversight of, 43
college offices for, 5, 56
debauchery and ambition in, 20
non-white students, campus geography and, 198
Greek organizations
careers of members of, 200
student government and, 199–200, 205–206
See also fraternities; sororities; specific topics
Griffin, Parks, 108, 110, 133
Haggins, Chaz, 93–98, 100–105
Halbert, Henry, 177–178
Hall, G. Stanley, 53
Hall, Maria Dixon, 156
Hallam, Chris, 231–236, 245–248, 250
Hamilton, Laura, 83
Hanlon, Philip, 242–243
Harrison, Benjamin, 22
Harvard University, 82–83, 118, 184
Haskin, Max, 17, 40
hazing
anti-hazing law, 122
pre-fraternity history, 51
sorority, 57
University of Maine survey on college, 56
See also pledging
hazing, fraternity, 5, 6, 7, 69–70
Asian American fraternity and, 57
in black fraternities, 56–57
deaths from, 11, 30, 38–45, 52, 56–59, 222, 225
defense of, 55–56
drinking games and, 57, 58