quantum storage times, 247–9
quantum teleportation, 256–9, 263, 265
qubits, 3–4; ancilla qubits, 222–3; charge qubit, 243, 244; CNOT gates, 215–16, 220, 226; DiVincenzo criteria, 227–30; donor electrons, 247; entanglement, 202, 216, 255–6; error correction, 222–4, 225, 240; flying, 230; measurement and decoherence, 222, 225; “memory” size, 208; mixed and pure, 268–9; NMR technique, 251; photons, 262; properties, 202; quantum dots, 227, 243–4; spintronics, 244–5; SQUIDs, 239–41; superconducting, 240, 242; trapped ions, 220, 252, 253
qubytes, 4
Queen's University, Belfast, 151, 152
Queensland, University of, 263, 269
Radley, W. G., 40–1
Rajchman, Jan, 73, 75
Random Access Memory (RAM), 49, 73
RCA, 72, 73–4, 75
Reviews of Modern Physics, 156–7, 185
Rivest, Ronald, 204
robots, 82; learning, 88; self-replicating, 86, 89; space-traveling, 86, 89
Roger, Gérard, 171
Rommel, Erwin, 41
Rosen, Nathan, 143
Rosenfeld, Leon, 142–3
Rosing, Boris, 72
Rowell, John, 233, 234
Royal Society, 50, 51, 238
RSA algorithm, 204–6
Rydberg, Johannes, 261
Rydberg atoms, 261–2
Schreyer, Helmut, 70
Schrödinger, Erwin: approach to quantum world, 105, 115; on collapse of wave function, 122, 138, 187; Copenhagen Interpretation, 105–6, 138, 139; de Broglie's influence, 136; on entanglement, 133; on EPR paper, 144; influence, 170; solving the measurement problem, 187–9; wave equation, 104, 105–6, 118, 120; writings: “Are There Quantum Jumps?,” 187
Schrödinger's cat, 120–2; “dead and alive,” 1, 3; Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI), 183, 184–5, 200; measurement problem, 183, 187; superposition of states, 183, 235, 238–9; two-cat version, 121–2, 132
Sciama, Dennis, 191
Science, 246, 247, 264
semiconductor: lithography, 242; technology, 263–4; vacuum, 246
Shaknov, Irving, 163, 164
Shannon, Claude, 33–4, 88, 125
Sherborne School, 13–15
Shimony, Abner, 162–3, 164–6, 168
Shor, Peter, 206
Shor's algorithm, 206–7; codebreaking potential, 208–9; NP-complete problems, 213; quantum computing, 207–9, 221, 223, 264, 267–8; time taken for factoring, 207, 212
Sierpiński, Wacław, 16
silicon-28, 246, 248, 250
Simmons, Michelle, 243, 250
Sissa ben Dahir al-Hindi, 92
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 25, 52
solid state memory devices, 90
Solvay Congresses, 122, 138, 142, 143, 149
space travel, 86–7, 89
spin: Bell's work, 159; Bohm's work, 146–7; CNOT gates, 220, 224–5; components, 147; decoherence times, 244–5; electrons, 3; half-integer, 176; NMR computing, 250–1, 267; nuclear, 224, 246–9; quantum memory unit, 192–3; quantum switch, 3
spintronics, 244–5
splitting, 185
“spooky action at a distance,” 138, 142–5, 156, 256
Square Root of NOT, 215
SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices), 230, 235, 238–41
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 155
Steane, Andrew, 223
Steel, Guy, 131
Strachey, Christopher, 50
Stratton, Julius, 101
superconductors, 227, 232–3, 238
superposition, 3; Copenhagen Interpretation, 121; Deutsch's work, 192–3; Grover's algorithm, 209–10; quantum computing, 202, 207, 215, 220, 226, 243–4, 261–2, 264, 267; qubits, 202; Schrödinger's cat, 121, 183, 239, 261; Schrödinger's work, 187; spin states, 244; SQUID rings, 235, 239–40
Sussex University, 5, 49, 217, 230, 235, 238
telepathy, 231–2
teleportation, 256–9, 263, 265
Teller, Edward, 63, 78
Texas, University of, 191
Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, 69
Thompson, Mark, 265
Townes, Charles, 166–7
transistors, 90, 91
Trinity College, Cambridge, 15
tubes, vacuum, see valves
Tunny, 35–6, 44–5
Turing, Alan: arrest and sentence, 51; Bletchley Park, 29–35; Cambridge, 16–17; childhood, 9–10; Church–Turing principle, 196; cipher project, 23–4; Colossus, 40–3; death, 51–2; finances, 17, 24; FRS, 50; GC&CS, 24–5, 29; hormone treatment, 51; on human and machine intelligence, 87–8; influence, 65, 80, 81–2, 83; OBE, 45–6; post-war career, 46–51, 80; Princeton, 21–4; problem-solving, 32, 79, 189; programming, 50; schooling, 10–15; sexuality, 14, 16, 33, 51; sports, 12, 47–8; Tunny codebreaking, 38; von Neumann relationship, 18, 23, 24, 60; wartime travels, 33–4; writings: “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis,” 51; “On Computable Numbers,” 20–1, 23, 46, 51, 67, 81–2, 131; “Proposed Electronic Calculator,” 46–7
Turing, John (brother), 9–12, 34, 47–8
Turing, Julius (father), 9–12, 47
Turing, Sara (mother), 9–13, 32, 34
Tutte, Bill, 37, 45
UNIVAC, 81
“universal constructor,” 86, 87
Universe: birth, 177, 205; as computer, 130, 131; intelligent life, 86–7; local reality and non-locality, 158, 172, 173–4; Multiverse and, 199; simulation, 179, 210
University College, London, 245
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 259
unprovable statement, 17, 19
Ursinus College, Philadelphia, 74
US (United States): Army, 61, 69; census (1890), 66–7; Navy, 34, 61
V1 missile, 70
valves, thermionic (vacuum tubes), 40–1, 48, 70–2, 90, 93, 263
Veblen, Oswald, 68, 74, 75
Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, 110
von Neumann, John (Jancsi, Johnny): career, 56–7, 60–1, 68; cellular model of automata, 85–6; childhood, 54–5; death, 86; education, 54, 55–6, 84; EDVAC, 79–82; on energy required for act of computation, 125–6; ENIAC, 77–8; family background, 53–4; flaw in work, 56, 138–42, 145, 154, 156, 157; on hidden variables theory, 138, 140, 142, 145, 151, 155, 156; honors, 61; IBM consultancy, 81; on importance of error, 88–9; influence, 65; interest in automata, 83, 84–5, 89; interest in problem of fallible components, 82–4; Manhattan Project, 61–5, 78; marriages, 57, 59–60; RCA visits, 74; Turing relationship, 18, 23, 24, 60; von Neumann machines, 86–7, 89; writings: “First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC,” 80–1, 82; Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, 16, 56, 107, 138–40
von Neumann, Marina (daughter), 59
von Neumann, Max (father), 53–5
Vonneumann, Nicholas (brother), 54
Wang, David, 223
wave function: author's view, 189; Bell's work, 184; collapse of, 106, 109, 122, 158, 183, 186, 193, 239; Copenhagen Interpretation, 106–7, 121, 139, 158; EPR paper on, 144; experiment with two holes, 109; Many Worlds Interpretation, 183; Schrödinger's work, 120–2, 138, 187
wave mechanics, 110, 136
wave-particle duality, 136, 137
waves and particles, 178–9
Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, 192
Welchman, Gordon, 31
Wheeler, John, 102, 116, 185–6, 191
White, Andrew, 269
Wineland, David, 220, 252, 253–4, 260
Wisconsin-Madison, University of, 155, 161
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 23
word processor, 50
Wormersley, John, 46
Wu Chien-Shiung, 163, 164
Z1 machine, 69–70, 71
Z3 machine, 70–1
Z4 machine, 71
Z
oller, Peter, 216–17, 220
Zurek, Wojciech, 268
Zuse, Konrad, 69–71, 93
Zworykin, Vladimir, 72–3, 75