When she told me this story, tears came to her eyes. She asked if I knew where the silhouettes were because she would like to have a copy before she died. I said I would check when I returned to Hawaii.
Again years passed. The three silhouettes where finally found in an unmarked box in the archive room at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Copies were made and sent to Sallie.
Sallie Jaggar died three months later.
SOURCES
Literally thousands of documents were examined in the preparation of this book. They were in the form of books, letters, memos, research papers published in scientific journals, diaries, government reports, personnel files, genealogical records, newspaper and magazine articles, accounting sheets, unpublished memoirs and field notebooks. In addition, several people were interviewed who knew Professor Jaggar personally or who were at Kilauea volcano during the early years of the volcano observatory.
GENERAL REFERENCES
Bevens, Darcy, Taeko Jane Takahashi and Thomas L. Wright. The Early Serial Publications of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 3 volumes. Hawaii National Park: Hawaii Natural History Association. 3,062 pp. 1988.
Brigham, William T. The Volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. 222 pp. 1909.
Fiske, Richard S., Tom Simkin and Elizabeth Nielsen. The Volcano Letter. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987.
Hitchcock, Charles H. Hawaii and its Volcanoes. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company. 314 pp. 1909.
Jaggar, Thomas A. Origin and Development of Craters. The Geological Society of America. Memoir 21. 508 pp. 1947.
Jaggar, Thomas A. My Experiments with Volcanoes. Honolulu: Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, Advertising Publishing Company. 198 pp. 1956.
Poland, Michael P., Taeko Jane Takahashi, and Claire M. Landowski (eds.). Characteristics of Hawaiian Volcanoes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1801. 429 pp. 2014.
Wright, Thomas L. and Taeko Jane Takahashi. Observations and Interpretations of Hawaiian Volcanism and Seismicity 1779–1955: An Annotated Bibliography and Subject Index. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 270 pp. 1989.
ARCHIVES AND COLLECTIONS
Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii
California Institute of Technology, archives, Pasadena, California
California State Archives, Berkeley, California; Sacramento, California
California State Library, California History Room, Sacramento, California
Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, Springfield, Massachusetts
Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii, archives, Honolulu, Hawaii
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, archives, Hawaii
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Sutro Library, San Francisco State University, genealogical library, San Francisco, California
United States Geological Survey, archives, Denver, Colorado; Reston, Virginia
United States National Archives, San Bruno, California; College Park, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri
Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy
WWII Japanese American Internment and Relocation Records, College Park, Maryland
INTERVIEWS
Jane Christman Albritton—stenographer and typist at Hawaii National Park, 1934–1936
Russell Apple—ranger and historian at Hawaii National Park from 1950
Alfred Tai On Au—machinist at Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1928–1933
Ernest Cabrinha—Hilo resident
Northup Castle—summertime resident at the Volcano House, 1915–1919
Gordon Cran—manager of Kapapala ranch near Hawaii National Park
Harvey Finch—Ruy Finch’s son
Barbara Fitzgibbons—the Jaggars stayed at the Fitzgibbons’ house when they visited Kona
John Forbes—machinist at Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1950–1983
Sherwood Greenwell—manager of Kealakekua ranch in Kona, west Hawaii
Eliza Bowne “Sallie” Jaggar Hayes—Thomas Jaggar’s daughter
Samuel Lamb—biologist and ranger at Hawaii National Park, 1934–1938
Alexander Alika Lancaster—grandson of volcano guide Alexander Lancaster
Harold Luscomb, Jr.—Hilo resident
Akira Yamamoto—clerk and field assistant at Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1955–1983
Shizuka Yasunaka—Jaggars’ housekeeper, 1917–1940
NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES
The Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts
The Brooklyn Eagle. Brooklyn, New York
Daily Post-Herald. Hilo, Hawaii
Daily Tribune. Hilo, Hawaii
The Friend. Honolulu, Hawaii
Harvard Crimson. Cambridge, Massachusetts
Hawaii Herald. Hilo, Hawaii
Hawaiian Post. Hilo, Hawaii
Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, Hawaii
Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Hilo, Hawaii
Kohala Midget. Kohala, Hawaii
The New York Times. New York, New York
Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii
Paradise of the Pacific. Honolulu, Hawaii
San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California
The Springfield Republican. Springfield, Massachusetts
Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii
The Tech. Boston, Massachusetts
The Tribune. Hilo, Hawaii.
The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.
SELECTED SOURCES
Prologue: A City has Perished
Anonymous. “Cause of eruptions,” interview of Harvard Professor Nathaniel Shaler, Boston Globe. p. 2. May 12, 1902.
Anonymous. “Hero of the Roddam in England,” interview of Captain Edward Freeman, London Daily Express. June 19, 1902.
Morris, Charles. The Destruction of St. Pierre and St. Vincent. Philadelphia: American Book and Bible House. 432 pp. 1902.
Chapter 1: The Bishop’s Son
Ames, Robert. Official Report of the Relief Furnished to the Ohio River Flood Sufferers. Evansville, Indiana: Journal Company. 75 pp. 1884.
Johnston-Lavis, Henry J. “Notes on Vesuvius from February 4 to August 7, 1886,” Nature. vol. 34, p. 557-558. October 7, 1886.
Kinsolving, Rev. Arthur B. Texas George: The Life of George Herbert Kinsolving, Bishop of Texas, 1892–1928. Milwaukee: Morehouse Publishing Co. 137 pp. 1932.
Manross, William Wilson. A History of the American Episcopal Church. New York: Morehouse Publishing Co. 456 pp. 1935.
Chapter 2: Yellowstone
Blevins, Bruce H. Absaroka Mountains 1893 and 1897: Jaggar’s Diaries and Photographs. Powell, Wyoming: WIM Marketing. 108 pp. 2002.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Death Gulch, a natural bear trap,” Popular Science Monthly. vol. 54., p. 475-480. February 1899.
Livingstone, David N. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. 395 pp. 1987.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1908. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belkap Press of Harvard University Press. 520 pp. 1965.
Smith, Richard Norton, The Harvard Century: The Making of a University to a Nation. New York: Simon and Schuster. 397 pp. 1986.
Chapter 3: The Caribbean
Garesché, William A. Complete Story of the Martinique and St. Vincent Horrors. L.G. Stahl. 462 pp. 1902.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Field notes of a geologist in Martinique and St. Vincent,” Popular Science Monthly. vol. 61, p. 352-358. August 1902.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Crater of Soufrière, St. Vincent,” Harper’s Weekly. vol. 46, p. 1281. September 13, 1902.
Morgan, Peter. Fire Mountain. New York: Bloomsberg. 244 pp. 2003.
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sp; Chapter 4: Champagne
Ainsworth, William. “Notice of the volcanic island thrown up between Pantellaria and Sciacca,” American Journal of Science. vol. 21, p. 399-404. 1832.
Anderson, Tempest and John Flett. “Report on the Eruptions of the Soufrière, in St. Vincent, and a visit to Montagne Pelee, in Martinique,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A. vol. 200, p. 353-553. 1903.
Hooker, Marjorie. “The origin of the volcanological concept Nuée ardente,” Isis. vol. 56, no. 186. p. 401-407. 1965.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Eruption of Pelee, July 9, 1902,” Popular Science Monthly. vol. 64, p. 219-231. January 1904.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “The initial stages of the spine on Pelee,” Journal of Science. vol. XVII, p. 34-40. January 1904.
Lacroix, Alfred. La Montagne Pelee après ses Éruptions. Paris: L’Académie des Sciences. 136 pp. 1908.
Chapter 5: Vesuvius
Anonymous. “The Perret automobile and battery,” The Electrical Age. vol. 25, no. 16, p. 121. April 21, 1900.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Eruption of Mount Vesuvius, The April 7–8, 1906,” National Geographic Magazine. vol. 17, p. 318-325. June 1906.
Lobley, J. Logan. Mount Vesuvius. London: Roper and Drowley. 400 pp. 1889.
Perret, Frank. The Vesuvius Eruption of 1906. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 151 pp. 1924.
Chapter 6: Alaska
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Journal of the Technology Expedition to the Aleutian Islands, 1907,” Technology Review. Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alumni Association. vol. 10, no. 1, 37 pp. January 1908.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “The evolution of Bogoslof volcano,” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. vol. 40, no. 7, p. 385-400. 1908.
Seeley, George. Manifest of the Ship “Lydia.” Available from FamilySearch.org microfilm no. 1666641. 1907.
Chapter 7: The Pacific World
Bevens, Darcy. On the Rim of Kilauea: Excerpts from the Volcano House Register 1865–1955. Hawaii National Park: Hawaii Natural History Association. 168 pp. 1992.
George, Milton C. The Development of Hilo, Hawaii, T.H.: A Modern Tropical Sugar Port. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Edwards Letter Shop. 62 pp. 1948.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Japanese volcanoes,” Bulletin of the Society of Arts. February 1910.
Kelly, Marion, Barry Nakamura, and Dorothy Barrere. Hilo Bay, A Chronological History. Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu. 341 pp. 1981.
Reid, Harry Fielding. “On the choice of a seismograph,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. vol. 2, no. 1, p. 8-20. March 1912.
Strzelecki, Paul Edmund. “Sandwich Islands—Crater of Kirauea, Hawaii,” Hawaiian Spectator. vol. 1, p. 434-437. October 1838.
Chapter 8: Into the Cauldron
Bonney, Thomas. The Story of Our Planet. London: Cassell & Company. 535 pp. 1893.
Geikie, Archibald. Text-book of Geology. London: Macmillan and Company. 992 pp. 1885.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “The earthquake in Costa Rica,” Science Conspectus. vol. 1, no. 2, p. 33-40. January 1911.
Judd, John W. Volcanoes: What They Are and What They Teach. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Company. 381 pp. 1881.
Perret, Frank. “Volcanic research at Kilauea in the summer of 1911,” American Journal of Science. vol. 36, Fourth Series, p. 474-483. November 1913.
Sigurdsson, Haraldur. Melting the Earth: The History of Ideas on Volcanic Eruptions. New York: Oxford University Press. 272 pp. 1999.
Stevens, Sylvester K. American Expansion in Hawaii 1842–1898. Harrisburg: Archives Publishing Company of Pennsylvania. 320 pp. 1945.
Thurston, Lorrin A. Writings of Lorrin A. Thurston. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Company. 168 pp. 1936.
Westervelt, William D. “Scientists and Madame Pele,” Paradise of the Pacific. September 1911.
Chapter 9: A Dream Fulfilled
Anonymous. “The Fires of Kilauea Reproduced,” review of the play “Bird of Paradise,” Honolulu Commercial Advertiser. p. 3. June 16, 1912.
Brun, Albert. Recherches sur l’Exhalaison Volcanique. Paris: A. Hermann & Fils. 277 pp. 1911.
Day, Arthur L. and Ernest S. Shepherd. “Water and volcanic activity,” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. vol. 24, p. 573-606. 1913.
Dodge, Frank B. The Saga of Frank B. Dodge: An Autobiography. Tucson, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report. 1944.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “The Technology Station in Hawaii,” Technology Review. Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alumni Association. vol. XIII, no. 8. November 1911.
Chapter 10: A Love Lost
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Activity of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, December–January, 1914–1915,” American Journal of Science. vol. 40, p. 621-639. December 1915.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Notes from a volcano laboratory,” Scientific American, Supplement No. 2074. p. 214-217. October 2, 1915.
Jaggar, Thomas. A Bill [H.R. 9525] to Establish a National Park in the Territory of Hawaii: Hearing before the Committee on Public Lands, February 3, 1916. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 3-30. 1916.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Sakurajima, Japan’s greatest volcanic eruption,” National Geographic Magazine. vol. 24, no. 4. April 1924.
Smits, Gregory. When the Earth Roars. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 209 pp. 2014.
Chapter 11: The School Teacher
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Lava flow from Mauna Loa, 1916,” American Journal of Science, Fourth Series. p. 256-288. April 1917.
Withington, Antoinette. Hawaiian Tapestry. New York: Harper & Brothers. 367 pp. 1937.
Wood, Harry Oscar. “Notes on the 1916 eruption of Mauna Loa,” Journal of Geology. vol. 25, p. 322-336. 1917.
Yardley, Paul T. Millstones and Milestones: The Career of B.F. Dillingham, 1844–1918. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 339 pp. 1981.
Chapter 12: The Lava Lake
Brown, Ernest W. “Tidal oscillations in Halemaumau, the pit of Kilauea,” American Journal of Science. Fifth Series. vol. 9, no. 2, p. 95-112. February 1925.
Coan, Titus. “Great eruption of the volcano of Kilauea,” Missionary Herald. p. 283-285. July 1841.
Ellis, William. A Journal of a Tour Around Hawaii. New York: Crocker & Brewster. 264 pp. 1825.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Volcanologic investigations of Kilauea,” American Journal of Science. Fourth Series. vol. 44, p. 161-220. September 1917.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Seismometric investigation of the Hawaiian lava column,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. vol. 10, no. 4, p. 155-275. December 1920.
Jaggar, Thomas and Ruy H. Finch. “The explosive eruption of Kilauea in Hawaii, 1924,” American Journal of Science. Fifth Series. vol. 8, no. 47, p. 353-374. November 1924.
Jaggar, Thomas A., Ruy H. Finch and Oliver Emerson. “The lava tide, seasonal tilt, and the volcano cycle,” Monthly Weather Review. vol. 52, p. 142-145. March 1924.
Wilkes, Charles. Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838–1842. 5 vols., Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. 1845.
Chapter 13: Mauna Loa
Anonymous. “Tales of Madame Pele on Kona side of island held omen of volcano activity,” Hilo Tribune-Herald. p. 1. March 7, 1926.
Anonymous. “Woman is attacked by shark,” Hawaii Tribune-Herald. p. 1. April 8, 1926.
Anonymous. “Madame Pele betrays trust,” Pacific Commercial Advertiser. p. 1. April 20, 1926.
Dutton, Clarence. “The Hawaiian volcanoes,” U.S. Geological Survey, 4th Annual Report. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 75-219. 1884.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Experiences in a volcano observatory,” Natural History. vol. 21, no. 4, p. 337-342. July-August 1921.
Ledyard, John. A Journal of Captain Cook’s Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean and in Quest of a Northwest Passage between Asia and America. Hanford, Connecticut: Nathaniel Patten. 208 pp. 1783.
Menzies, Archibald. Hawaii Nei 128 Ye
ars Ago. Honolulu: W.F. Wilson. 199 pp. 1920.
Chapter 14: The Goddess
Emerson, Nathaniel B. Pele and Hiiaka: A Myth from Hawaii. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 250 pp. 1915.
Fornander, Alexander. Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. vol. IV, part II. 1919.
Gregg, C.E. and others. “Hawaiian cultural influences on support for lava flow hazard mitigation measures during the January 1960 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Kapoho, Hawaii,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. vol. 172, p. 300-307. 2008.
Handy, E.S. Craighill and Mary Kawena Pukui. The Polynesian Family System in Ka’u, Hawai’i. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co. 259 pp. 1972.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Protection of harbors from lava flow,” American Journal of Science. vol. 243-A, p. 333-351. 1945.
Kalakaua, David. The Legends and Myths of Hawaii. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company. 530 pp. 1888.
Nimmo, H. Arlo. Pele, Volcano Goddess of Hawai’i: A History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 239 pp. 2011.
Pukui, M.K., E.W. Haertig, and C.A. Lee. Nana i ke kumu (Look to the Source). 2 vols. Honolulu: Queen Liliuokalani Children’s Center Publication. 1972–1979.
Swanson, Donald A. “Hawaiian oral tradition describes 400 years of volcanic activity at Kilauea,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. vol. 176, Westervelt, William D. Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes. Boston: G.H. Ellis Press. 205 pp. 1916.
Chapter 15: The Last Volcano
Finch, Ruy H. “On the prediction of tidal waves,” Monthly Weather Review. vol. 52, p. 147-148. March 1924.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “Mapping the home of the great brown bear,” National Geographic Magazine. vol. 55, p. 109-134. January 1929.
Jaggar, Thomas A. “The Great Tidal Wave of 1946,” Natural History. vol. 55, no. 6, p. 263-268, 293. 1946.
Smits, Gregory. When the Earth Roars. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littleman. 208 pp. 2014.
Chapter 16: A Forgotten Legacy