CHAPTER TEN
The two most authoritative works on anti-Masonry are Paul Goodman, Towards a Christian Republic: Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England, 1826-1836 (New York, 1988), and William Preston Vaughn, The Antimasonic Party in the United States, 1826-1843 (Lexington, Ky., 1983); both have been extensively mined for this chapter. See also: Ronald P. Formisano and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski, “Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis of Protest, 1826-1827,” in American Quarterly, 29:139- 65 (1977); Kutolowski, “Freemasonry and Community in the Early Republic: The Case for Antimasonic Activities,” American Quarterly, 34:543- 61 (1982); Kutolowski, “Antimasonry Reexamined: Social Bases of the Grass-Roots Party,” Journal of American History, 71:269-93 (1984); and Michael F. Holt, “The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties,” in History of U.S. Political Parties, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. (New York, 1973), vol. 1, 583-89. These works, in turn, are based on primary research in anti-Masonic newspaper and pamphlet literature, local records, and personal papers; a large file of such material has been gathered by Paul Goodman and deposited at the Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
The coverage of this chapter is very broad; so, too, are its bibliographical foundations. The opening section, on the survival of witchcraft belief in America after the 17th century, draws on research into folklore and local history; see, for example, Samuel A. Drake, A Book of New England Legends and Folklore (Boston, 1902). On the gradual decline in the strength and salience of such belief, see John Demos, Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England (New York, 1982), 387-94, and Herbert Leventhal, In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: Occultism and Renaissance Science in Eighteenth-Century America (New York, 1976). On modern-day Wicca and related “neo-pagan” practice, a useful introduction is Sabrina Magliocco, Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America (Philadelphia, 2004). For a detailed, ethnographic portrayal, see T. M. Luhrmann, Persuasions of the Witch’s Craft (Cambridge, Mass., 1989). On the historical roots of the movement, especially the key role played by Gerald Broussard Gardner, see Ronald Hutton, The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft (New York, 1999). For an insider’s viewpoint, see Vivianne Crowley, Wicca: The Old Religion in a New Millennium (London, 1996). The discussion of “paranoid” elements in 18th-century Anglo-American thought reflects the work of Bernard Bailyn and Gordon S. Wood; see especially Wood’s essay, “Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century,” William and Mary Quarterly, third ser., 39:401-41 (1982). Two studies of related import are Richard Hofstadter, “The Paranoid Style in American Politics,” in The Paranoid Style in American Politics, and Other Essays (New York, 1965), and David Brion Davis, The Fear of Conspiracy: Images of Un-American Subversion from the Revolution to the Present (Ithaca, N.Y., 1971). The best (indeed the only) substantial work on response to the Bavarian Illuminati is Vernon Stauffer, New England and the Bavarian Illuminati (New York, 1918). On anti-Masonry, see the references for chapter 10. The most recent, and authoritative, account of the Haymarket affair is James R. Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded-Age America (New York, 2006). Writings on the history of modern Red Scares are voluminous. For a good overview, see M. J. Heale, American Anticommunism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830-1970 (Baltimore, Md., 1990). Other works consulted for the present chapter include: William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (Chicago, 1963); Murray B. Levin, Political Hysteria in America: The Democratic Capacity for Repression (New York, 1971); David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (New York, 1978); Michael J. Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy: Senator Pat McCarran and the Great American Communist Hunt (Hanover, N.H., 2004); Ellen Shrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (New York, 1998); and David Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy (New York, 1983). The chapter’s concluding section, on the day-care child sex-abuse “crisis,” draws together newspaper reports, magazine articles, legal briefs, psychological evaluations, and other pertinent material. Book-length studies of this topic are as yet relatively few. But, for the McMartin case, see Paul Eberle and Shirley Eberle, The Abuse of Innocence: The McMartin Preschool Trial (Buffalo, N.Y., 1993). On McMartin, along with several other cases, see Debbie Nathan and Michael Snedeker, Satan’s Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (New York, 1995). The latter work includes in chapter 7 an especially effective review of the debate on the validity of child testimony, material that is otherwise scattered through professional journals. For a brilliant exploration of a single “sex ring” case in Olympia, Washington, see Lawrence Wright, Remembering Satan (New York, 1994).
CHAPTER TWELVE
For a passionately written account of the Fells Acres case, see Dorothy Rabinowitz, No Crueler Tyrannies: Accusation, False Witness, and Other Terrors of Our Times (New York, 2001), 1-46, 63-95, 123-37, 166-209. Otherwise the relevant material is too recent to have been carefully assembled; much of it is found in court transcripts and day-to-day newspaper coverage. (See especially the Boston Globe and the Boston Herald American.) Two recent conferences at the Harvard Law School were aimed at unraveling the key legal issues. The first, “The Day Care Child Sex Abuse Phenomenon” (Nov. 17, 2000), was sponsored by the Criminal Justice Institute of Harvard Law School, the Massachusetts Bar Association, the Massachusetts Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, and the American Civil Liberties Union; its agenda included Fells Acres along with other, similar cases. The second, “The Harvard Law School Forum on Fells Acres” (April 4, 2003), focused on the Fells Acres episode alone.
Index of Names
Adams, James Truslow
Adams, John Quincy
Alden, John
Allen, James
Allen, Thomas
Amirault, Cheryl
Amirault, Gerald-
Amirault, Violet
Andrew, Daniel
Aquinas, St. Thomas
Augustine, St.
Bailey, James
Ballard, Elizabeth
Bancroft, George
Bartlett, Mary
Bartlett, Samuel
Barton, Robert A.
Beard, George M.
Berger, Victor
Betty (Negro)
Bishop, Bridget
Blanchard family
Bliss, Margaret
Bliss, Thomas
Bodin, Jean
Boniface , Pope
Borenstein, Isaac
Boyer, Paul
Bradbury, Mary
Bradford, William
Branch, Katherine
Brattle, Thomas
Bridgman, James
Bridgman, Sarah
Bulkeley, Gershom
Burroughs, George
Burt, Ann
Busher, George
Calef, Robert
Calvin, John
Caporeal, Linnda
Carlson, Laurie Winn
Carr, Ann
Carr, George
Carrier, Martha
Carrington, [——]
Cary, Elizabeth
Cary, Nathaniel
Caulfield, Ernest
Charlemagne, Emperor
Cheever, Ezekiel
Clay, Henry
Clinton, Rachel
Cloyce, Peter
Cole, Eunice
Cole, Sarah
Constantine, Emperor
Corey, Giles
Corey, Martha
Corwin, Jonathan
Cotton, John
Cushman, Robert
Danforth, Thomas
Debs, Eugene
Del Rio, Martin
deRich, Mary
Dolan, Elizabeth
Drake, Francis
Dyer, Mary
Eisenhower, Dwight ., President
English, Philip
Erikso
n, Kai T.
Evelyn, John
Floyd, John
Foster, Ann
Franklin, Benjamin
Fried, Charles
Fuchs, Klaus
Gardner, Gerald Broussard
Garfield, James A., President
Gilbert, Lydia
Gilbert, Thomas
Glasscock, Alice
Glover, Goodwife [——]
Glover, Hannah
Glover, Peletiah
Godfrey, John
Godman, Elizabeth
Godson, Peter
Good, Dorcas
Goodwin, John
Goodwin, John, Jr.
Goodwin, Martha
Gottlieb, Jack
Gotz, Ursula
Grady, Katherine
Gragg, Larry
Greensmith, Rebecca
Guiteau, Charles
Gutenberg, Johannes
Hale, John
Hall, Mary
Hall, Ralph
Hansen, Chadwick
Harrison, Katherine
Harshbarger, Scott
Hathorne, John
Hendrickson, Greta
Hawkins, Jane
Hibbens, Ann
Hibbens, William
Hicks, “Granny,”
Hill, Frances
Hiss, Alger
Hoar, Dorcas
Hobbs, Abigail
Hobbs, Deliverance
Hoffer, Peter Charles
Hoover, J. Edgar
Hopkins, Matthew
Howe, Elizabeth
Hubbard, Elizabeth
Hubbard, William
Hutchinson, Anne
Hutchinson, Thomas
Innocent , Pope
Jackson, Andrew, President
James , King
James, Jane
Jefferson, Thomas, President
John (Indian)
Johnson, Mary
Jones, Margaret
Karlsen, Carol
Kendall, Goodwife [—]
Kenny, Goodman [——]
Knapp, Elizabeth
Kolb, Wolfgang
Kramer, Heinrich
Kyteler, Alice
Lawson, Deodat
Lawson, “Mistress” [—]
Lee, Mary
Lewis, Mercy
Lusk, Clayton R.
Lyman, Richard
Manship, Richard
Marshall, George .
Marshfield, “widow” [—]
Martin, Susannah
Mather, Cotton
Mather, Increase
Mather, Maria
Mather, Richard
Mattosian, Mary
Mattson, Margaret
Maule, Thomas
McCarthy, Joseph R.
McKinley, William, President
Melyen, Jacob
Miller, Arthur
Miller, Perry
Mondale, Walter
Mooney, Tom
Morison, Samuel Eliot
Morse, Jedediah
Morgan, William
Moxon, Joseph
Nissenbaum, Stephen
Norton, Mary Beth
Norton, [——]
Noyes, Nicholas
Nurse, Francis
Nurse, Rebecca
Nurse family
Osborne, Sarah
Palmer, A. Mitchell
Parker, Alice
Parrington, Vernon .
Parris, Betty
Parris, Samuel
Parsons, Hugh
Parsons, Joseph
Parsons, Mary (of Springfield, MA)
Parsons, Mary (Northampton, MA)
Philip , King
Phillips, Abigail
Phips, William
Phips, “Lady” [—]
Porter, Elizabeth
Porter, Israel
Powhatan
Proctor, Elizabeth
Proctor, John
Putnam, Ann Jr.
Putnam, Ann Sr.
Putnam, Edward
Putnam, John Jr.
Putnam, John Sr.
Putnam, Nathaniel
Putnam, Thomas Jr.
Putnam, Thomas Sr.
Rabinowitz, Dorothy
Redd, Wilmot
Reilly, Tom
Remy, Nicholas
Rookins, Jane
Rosenthal, Bernard
Rule, Margaret
Scot, Reginald
Scott, Margaret
Sewall, Samuel
Sewall, Stephen
Seward, William Henry
Shilleto, Robert
Short, Mercy
Smith, John
Smith, Joseph
Spanos, Nicholas P.
Sprenger, Jakob
Stalin, Joseph
Starkey, Marion .
Stearns, John
Stephens, Thaddeus
Stevens, Robert T.
Stiles, Henry
Stoughton, William
Strong, Josiah
Sullivan, Paul
Summers, Montague
Swift, Jane
Theodosius, Emperor
Tituba (Indian)
Toothaker, Roger
Towne, Johannah
Towne, William
Towne family
Truman, Harry S., President
Upham, Charles W.
Walcott, Mary
Warham, John
Washington, George, President
Watkins, Mary
Weed, Thurlow
Weyer, Johann
Whitaker, Alexander
Whittier, John Greenleaf
Wilds, Sarah
Willard, Samuel
Williams, Abigail
Williams, Roger
Winthrop, John Jr.
Winthrop, John Sr.
Wirt, William
Wright, Joan
Young, Alice
Young, John
General Index
adolescence
Africans (slaves), and witchcraft
Alien and Sedition Acts
American Defense Society
American Federation of Labor
American Protective Association
American Revolution
Andover (MA), as center of witch-hunt
anti-Catholicism
anti-German attitudes
anti-Masonry
Antinomian controversy
Army-McCarthy hearings
Bakersfield (CA), “sex-rings” investigation
Bavarian Illuminati
Bible
Black Death
cannibalism
Canon Episcopi
Catharism
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
child-battering
child sex-abuse “crisis,”
child-rearing
Christianity, early history of
Cold War
convent-burning
counter-magic
Counter Reformation
Court of Oyer and Terminer
Crusades
Crucible, The
cunning men (and women)
declension
defamation (and slander), cases
demonic possession
Dominion of New England
“End Time” (and Judgment Day)
Enlightenment
Espionage Act
explanations for Salem witch-hunt
actual witchcraft
class conflict
coming of capitalism
deception
divine retribution
epidemic disease
ergot poisoning
fear of Indians
hysteria
mental illness
patriarchal privilege
political repression
provincialism
shifting cultural boundaries
village factionalism
vulnerability of children
fears of conspiracy
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Fells Acres Day School prosecution
“fits” (caused by witchcraft)
fortune-telling
Freemasonry, history of
French Revolution
Glorious Revolution
Granger movement
Greco-Roman religions and cults
Great Depression
Great Red Scare
Halfway covenant
Haymarket Riot
heresy
Hollywood Ten
Holy Roman Empire
House Un-American Activities Committee
Hundred Years War
hysteria
image magic
infanticide
Indians
and skin color
and witchcraft
and warfare
Ingolstadt, University of
International Workers of the World
Islam
Jews and Judaism
King Philip’s War
King William’s War
Knights Templar
Korean War
legal system, and witch-hunts
Little Ice Age
loyalists
loyalty oaths
Lyons (France), early history of
magic-
Malden (MA), history of
maleficium
Malleus Maleficarum
Maryland, witchcraft cases in
McCarthyism
McMartin preschool prosecution
“mechanical philosophy,”
menopause
misogyny
missing children
Molly Maguires
Mormonism
National Republican Party
National Security League
New Deal
New England, witchcraft cases in
New York, witchcraft cases in
“paranoid thinking,”
Paris Commune
Parliamentary Act of
Pennsylvania, witchcraft cases in
Progressive movement
projection