Director, Office of Development and Engineering (OD&E)
Leslie C. Dirks April 23, 1973-May 23, 1976
Donald L. Haas May 23, 1976-August 28, 1978
Bert C. Aschenbrenner (Acting) August 28, 1978-November 20, 1978
Stephens Crosby (Acting) November 20, 1978-January 22, 1979
Bernard Lubarsky January 22, 1979-March 8, 1982
Robert J. Kohler March 8, 1982-August 17, 1985
Julian Caballero Jr. August 17, 1985-October 3, 1993
Edmund Nowinski October 3, 1993-October 16, 1995
Dennis Fitzgerald October 16, 1995-
Director, Office of Weapons Intelligence (OWI)
David S. Brandwein September 4, 1973-July 29, 1974
R. Evans Hineman July 29, 1974-January 6, 1975
Ernest J. Zellmer January 6, 1975-June 7, 1976
R. Evans Hineman June 7, 1976-October 22, 1979
E. Wayne Boring October 22, 1979-February 25, 1980
Office of Weapons Intelligence transferred to Directorate of Intelligence, November 22, 1976.
Director, National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC)
Arthur Lundahl May 4, 1973-July 21, 1973
John J. Hicks July 21, 1973-May 1, 1978
Col. Lorenzo W. Burroughs (Act.) May 1, 1978-June 29, 1978
Rutledge P. “Hap” Hazard June 30, 1978-February 20, 1984
R. M. “Rae” Huffstutler February 20, 1984-January 25, 1988
Frank J. Ruocco February 15, 1988-January 2, 1991
Leo A. Hazelwood February 18, 1991-August 30, 1993
Nancy E. Bone September 7, 1993-October 1, 1996
Director, Office of Technical Service (OTS)
Sidney Gottlieb May 4, 1973-May 21, 1973
John N. McMahon May 21, 1973-July 29, 1974
David S. Brandwein July 29, 1974-June 2, 1980
M. Corley Wonus June 2, 1980-July 15, 1984
Peter A. Marino July 15, 1984-December 1, 1986
Joseph R. DeTrani December 1, 1986-April 17, 1989
Frank R. Anderson April 17, 1989-May 20, 1991
Robert G. Ruhle May 20, 1991-February 20, 1994
Robert W. Manners February 20, 1994-November 14, 1996
James L. Morris November 14, 1996-April 4, 1997
Patrick L. Meehan May 2, 1997-
Director, Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), transferred from DI to DS&T effective November 22, 1976; HN 1-127, November 16 1976.
Don H. Peterson November 22, 1976-January 7, 1980
John F. Pereira January 7, 1980-January 25, 1983
John D. Chandlee January 25, 1983-January 3, 1986
Harrison S. Markham January 3, 1986-September 28, 1986
Robert W. Manners September 28, 1986-March 4, 1991
Wayne R. Schreiner March 19, 1991-January 11, 1996
J. Niles Riddel January 11, 1996-
Director, Special Projects Staff (SPS)
Gary W. Goodrich January 18, 1987-October 12, 1987
Director, Office of Special Projects (OSP)
Gary W. Goodrich October 12,1987-October 16, 1989
Peter M. Daniher December 4, 1989-August 26, 1993
Director, Office of Technical Collection (OTC), established August 26, 1993, from merger of OSO and OSP (1987).
Peter M. Daniher August 26, 1993-January 1, 1996
Patrick L. Meehan (Acting) January 1, 1996-July 18, 1996
Patrick L. Meehan July 18, 1996-May 1, 1997
James L. Runyan (Acting) May 5, 1997-September 2, 1997
James L. Runyan September 3, 1997-January 10, 2000
Director, Office of Advanced Analytical Tools (AAT)
Susan Gordon July 18, 1996-October 2000
Director, Office of Advanced Projects (OAP)
Richard D. Platte July 18, 1996-October 1998
Director, Clandestine Information Technology Office (CITO)
CITO was formed from components of the Office of Technical Service (OTS) and the Office of Technical Collection (OTC). Part of CITO was transferred back to OTC in January 2001, and the rest was absorbed by the Directorate of Operations Information Operations Center.
Director, Office of Advanced Information Technology (AIT)
Larry Fairchild October 2000-
Director, Office of Advanced Technologies and Programs (ATP)
Unknown October 2000-
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AAT Office of Advanced Analytic Tools
ABM Antiballistic Missile
ACDA Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
ADSI Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence
AEC Atomic Energy Commission
AFSC Air Force Systems Command
AIR American Institutes for Research
AIT Office of Advanced Information Technology
APL Applied Physics Laboratory (Johns Hopkins University)
ARDE Democratic Revolutionary Alliance
ARS Advanced Reconnaissance System
ATP Office of Advanced Technologies and Programs
BND Bundesnachrichtendienst (West German Foreign Intelligence Service)
CCD Charge-Coupled Device
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CIG Central Intelligence Group
CIO Central Imagery Office
CITO Clandestine Information Technology Office
COMINT Communications Intelligence
COMIREX Committee on Imagery Requirements and Exploitation
COMOR Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance
DCI Director of Central Intelligence
DCID Director of Central Intelligence Directive
DDI Deputy Director for Intelligence
DDP Deputy Directorate for Plans Deputy Director for Plans
DDR Deputy Director for Research
DEFSMAC Defense Special Missile and Astronautics Center
DIA Defense Intelligence Agency
DMA Defense Mapping Agency
DNRO Director National Reconnaissance Office
DOD Department of Defense
DPD Development Projects Division
DPS Development Projects Staff
DS&T Directorate of Science and Technology
EARL Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories
ELINT Electronic Intelligence
ERTS Earth Resources Technology Satellite
ESO ELINT Staff Officer
FBIS Foreign Broadcast Information Service
FMSAC Foreign Missile and Space Analysis Center
FROG Film-Readout GAMBIT
FSTC Foreign Science and Technology Center
FTD Foreign Technology Division
HALSOL High-Altitude Solar Energy
HN Headquarters Notice
ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
IDF Israeli Defense Forces
IEG Imagery Exploitation Group
INR Bureau of Intelligence and Research
IPO Investment Program Office
IRBM Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile
JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff
JPRS Joint Publications Research Service
JRDB Joint Research and Development Board
LOROP Long-Range Oblique Photography
MIRV Multiple Independent Reentry Vehicles
MPS Ministry of Public Security (PRC)
MRBM Medium-Range Ballistic Missile
MRV Multiple Reentry Vehicles
MSX Midcourse Space Experiment
NACA National Advisory Council on Aeronautics
NARA National Archives and Records Administration
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NEL National Exploitation Laboratory
NIA National Imagery Agency
NIA National Intelligence Authority
NIDL National Information Display Laboratory
NIMA National Imagery and Ma
pping Agency
NIE National Intelligence Estimate
NORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command
NPIC National Photographic Interpretation Center
NRO National Reconnaissance Office
NRP National Reconnaissance Program
NRPEC National Reconnaissance Program Executive Committee
NSA National Security Agency
NSC National Security Council
NSCID National Security Council Intelligence Directive
NURO National Underwater Reconnaissance Office
NVA North Vietnamese Army
OAP Office of Advanced Projects
OCS Office of Computer Services
OD&E Office of Development and Engineering
OEL Office of ELINT
OIA Office of Imagery Analysis
ORD Office of Research and Development
ORE Office of Reports and Estimates
OSA Office of Special Activities
OSI Office of Scientific Intelligence
OSO Office of Special Operations
OSO Office of SIGINT Operations
OSP Office of Special Projects
OSR Office of Strategic Research
OSS Office of Strategic Services
OTC Office of Technical Collection
OTH Over-the-Horizon
OTS Office of Technical Service
OWI Office of Weapons Intelligence
PBCFIA President’s Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities
PDB President’s Daily Brief
PFIAB President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
PEG Priority Exploitation Group, NPIC
PIBS Presidential Intelligence Briefing System
PIC Photographic Interpretation Center
PID Photographic Intelligence Division
PPMS Power and Pattern Measurement System
PRC People’s Republic of China
PSAC President’s Scientific Advisory Committee
RDD Radiation Detection Device
RPV Remotely Piloted Vehicle
SAC Strategic Air Command
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SAM Surface-to-Air Missile
SAVA Special Assistant for Vietnamese Affairs
SCS Special Collection Service
SCMC Shuangchengzi Missile Test Complex
SDS Satellite Data System
SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
SEI Scientific Engineering Institute
SIC Scientific Intelligence Committee
SIGINT Signals Intelligence
SLBM Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile
SNA Somali National Alliance
SNIE Special National Intelligence Estimate
SOD Special Operations Division
SOSUS Sound Surveillance System
SRI Stanford Research Institute
TCP Technological Capabilities Panel
TIO Technology Investment Office
TRW Thompson-Ramo-Woolridge
TSD Technical Services Division
TSS Technical Services Staff
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UCLAs Unilaterally Controlled Latino Assets
USAF United States Air Force
USIB United States Intelligence Board
VC Vietcong
NOTES
Chapter 1: Unexpected Missions
1 . Thomas F. Troy, Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1981), pp. 406–407, 471–472.
2 . Ibid., pp. 349, 464–465; Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), pp. 168–169.
3 . John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA, from Wild Bill Donovan to William Casey (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), p. 112.
4 . Ronald Kessler, Inside the CIA: Revealing the Secrets of the World’s Most Powerful Spy Agency (New York: Pocket Books, 1992), p. 140; Richard M. Bissell with Jonathan E. Lewis and Francis T. Pudlo, Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 98.
5 . Center for the Study of Intelligence, Declassified National Intelligence Estimates of the Soviet Union and International Communism (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), pp. 4, 6.
6 . Brig. Gen. E. K. Wright, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, “Establishment and Functions of the Nuclear Energy Group, Scientific Branch, Office of Reports and Estimates,” in C. Thomas Thorne Jr. and David S. Patterson (eds.), Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), pp. 503–505; Charles A. Zeigler and David Jacobson, Spying Without Spies: Origins of America’s Secret Nuclear Surveillance System (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995), pp. 60–63; George S. Jackson and Martin P. Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1950–1953 (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 1957), p. 3; interview with Henry S. Lowenhaupt, Springfield, Virginia, April 15, 1999.
7 . Lowenhaupt interview; CIA Public Affairs Staff, “‘Trailblazers’ and Years of CIA Service,” www.odci.gov/cia, March 13, 1999.
8 . David Z. Beckler, Chief of the Intelligence Section, JRDB, “The Critical Situation in Regard to Atomic Energy Intelligence,” December 2, 1947, in Thorne and Patterson (eds.), Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, pp. 820–821.
9 . Brig. Gen. E. K. Wright, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, “Operations-Intelligence Relationship of CIG with JRDB,” March 13, 1947, in Thorne and Patterson (eds.), Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, pp. 502–503.
10 . Ronald E. Doel and Allan A. Needell, “Science, Scientists, and the CIA: Balancing International Ideals, National Needs, and Professional Opportunities,” Intelligence and National Security 12, 1 (January 1997): 59–81 at p. 62.
11 . Ralph L. Clark, Director of Programs Division, to Dr. Vannevar Bush, Chairman, RDB, “CIA Situation,” December 3, 1947, in Thorne and Patterson (eds.), Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, pp. 818–819.
12 . Doel and Needell, “Science, Scientists, and the CIA,” p. 63.
13 . Ibid., pp. 63–65; Jackson and Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, p. VI-14; Brig. Gen. E. K. Wright, DDCI, Memorandum for Assistant Director for Special Operations et al., Subject: Additional Functions of the Office of Special Operations, March 5, 1948, 2000 CIA Release, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).
14 . Doel and Needell, “Science, Scientists, and the CIA,” p. 65.
15 . Jackson and Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, p. 1.
16 . Allen W. Dulles, William H. Jackson, and Mathias F. Correa, The Central Intelligence Agency and National Organization for Intelligence (Washington, D.C.: National Security Council, January 1, 1949), p. 56.
17 . Jackson and Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, pp. VI-3, VI- 16, VI-16 n. 2; Ludwell Lee Montague, General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950–February 1953 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), p. 174; Robert Blum to Mathias F. Corea, December 18, 1948, in Thorne and Patterson (eds.), Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, p. 902.
18 . Doel and Needell, “Science, Scientists, and the CIA,” p. 66.
19 . Ibid., p. 67.
20 . Willard Machle, Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, to Rear Admiral Roscoe Hil-lenkoetter, Director of Central Intelligence, “Inability of OSI to Accomplish Its Mission,” September 29, 1949, in Thorne and Patterson (eds.), Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, pp. 1012–1016; Jackson and Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, p. VI- 19; interview with Karl Weber, Oakton, Virginia, May 5, 1999.
21 . Machle, “Inability of OSI to Accomplish Its Mission”; Memorandum for the
Record, Subject: Responsibilities of the Office of Scientific Intelligence (Summary of discussion between [deleted], OSI and Mr. Piel [deleted] of Management), November 29, 1951, NARA, RG 263, 1998 CIA, Box 209, Folder 3.
22 . Director of Central Intelligence Directive 3/3, “Scientific Intelligence,” October 28, 1949; Weber interview.
23 . Montague, General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950–February 1953, pp. 174–175.
24 . Ibid., p. 175; Weber interview.
25 . Montague, General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950–February 1953, p. 176.
26 . Ibid., pp. 177–178; Jackson and Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, pp. VI-59 to VI-60.
27 . Montague, General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950–February 1953, pp. 177–178; Ranelagh, The Agency, pp. 196–197; Jackson and Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, p. VI-66.
28 . Montague, General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950–February 1953, p. 179; Director of Central Intelligence 3/4, “Production of Scientific and Technical Intelligence,” August 14, 1952; Jackson and Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, p. VI-74.
29 . Montague, General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950- February 1953, p. 180.
30 . Ranelagh, The Agency, pp. 197, 729–730.
31 . Central Intelligence Agency Notice No. 20-191-71, “Announcement of Key Positions,” June 28, 1955; Central Intelligence Agency, Memo for Awards Committee, National Civil Service League, November 28, 1958.
32 . Director of Central Intelligence Directive No. 3/5, “Production of Scientific and Technical Intelligence,” February 3, 1959.
33 . Doel and Needell, “Science, Scientists, and the CIA,” pp. 70–71.
34 . Michael Warner, CIA History Staff, Memorandum for the Record, Subject: The Central Intelligence Agency and Human Radiation Experiments: An Analysis of the Findings, February 14, 1995, p. 11.
35 . Jackson and Clausen, Organizational History of the Central Intelligence Agency, p. 67 n.49.
36 . Intelligence Advisory Committee, NIE 11-3A-54, Summary: The Soviet Atomic Energy Program to Mid-1957, February 16, 1954, pp. 1–4.
37 . Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence, 26 February 1953–29 November 1961, Volume II, Coordination of Intelligence (Washington, D.C.: CIA, 1973), pp. 42–43; Director of Central Intelligence, NIE 11-6-54, Soviet Capabilities and Probable Programs in the Guided Missile Field, October 1954, pp. ii-iii, 1.