e.
f.
Ch 19: Thermodynamics and Heat Engines
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
molecules
a. b. Decreases to
c.
a. No b. allowed by highly improbable state. More likely states are more disordered.
a. b.
c.
d.
e. or
g.
a. b.
c.
a. % b.
c.
d.
e.
a. % b. %
c. %
b. c. isochoric; isobaric
d. to
e.
b.
a. b.
c.
d.
e.
Ch 20: Special and General Relativity
longer
, the universe would be a dot
.
a. b.
c.
d.
, yes harder to accelerate
a. f b. c
a. b.
Ch 21: Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
.
.
.
.
.
a. Substance decays faster than b. Substance because there is more material left to decay.
a. b.
c.
d.
a. atoms b. Decay of a lot of atoms in a short period of time
c. atoms
d.
e. minutes
The one with the short half life, because half life is the rate of decay.
a. Substance and substance b. substance
minutes
years
years
years
Ch 22: Standard Model of Particle Physics
strange
some type of meson
Electron, photon, tau
Neutron, electron neutrino,
Neutron, because it doesn’t have electrical charge
No, because it doesn’t have electrical charge
Two anti-up quarks and an anti-down quark
Lepton number, and energy/mass conservation
Yes, , because they both have charge
The weak force because it can interact with both quarks and leptons
Yes; a,b,c,e; no; d,f
The standard model makes verifiable predictions, string theory makes few verifiable predictions.
Ch 23: Feynman Diagrams
Allowed: an electron and anti-electron(positron) annihilate to a photon then become an electron and anti-electron(positron) again.
Not allowed: electrons don’t go backward though time, and charge is not conserved
Not allowed: lepton number is not conserved
a. Allowed: two electrons exchange a photon b. Not allowed: neutrinos do not have charge and therefore cannot exchange a photon.
a. Allowed: an electron and an up quark exchange a photon b. Not allowed: lepton number not conserved
Not allowed: quark number not conserved
Allowed: electron neutrino annihilates with a positron becomes a then splits to muon and muon neutrino.
Allowed: up quark annihilates with anti-up quark becomes , then becomes a strange quark and anti-strange quark
Not allowed: charge not conserved
Allowed: this is a very rare interaction
Not allowed: electrons don’t interact with gluons
Not allowed: neutrinos don’t interact with photons
Allowed: the electron and the positron are exchanging virtual electron/positron pairs
Allowed: this is beta decay, a down quark splits into an up quark an electron and an electron neutrino via a particle.
Allowed: a muon splits into an muon neutrino, an electron and an electron neutrino via a particle.
Ch 24: Quantum Mechanics
a. b.
c.
a. b.
a. b
c.
a. b. no
c.
a. b.
a. b.
c.
d.
.
b. c.
a. b.
c.
d.
a. b.
c.
a. b.
c.
d.
a. b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Ch 25: Global Warming
a. b.
c.
d.
e. About 2.3 million bombs
Chapter 31: Equations and Fundamental Concepts Version 2
Simple Harmonic Motion and Wave Motion
(in air at )
A note:
C note:
D note:
E note:
G note:
Fluids and Thermodynamics
Properties of Fundamental Particles
Radioactivity, Nuclear Physics, and Quantum Mechanics
Light
primary: Red, Green, Blue
secondary: Magenta, Cyan, Yellow
Electricity and Magnetism
(direction: RHR)
(direction: RHR)
(direction: RHR)
Point charges: and
where
Electric Circuits
Name Symbols Unit Typical examples
Voltage Source volt (cell phone charger); (car); (U.S. wall outlet)
Resistor Ohm
Capacitor Farad RAM in a computer, (Earth)
Diode by type none light-emitting diode (LED); solar panel
Transistor by type none Computer processors
Equation Sheet
Mathematics
If is any unit, then
If , then
% difference = |(measured – accepted) / accepted | %
vector dot product: (product is a scalar)--- is angle between vectors
vector cross product: (direction is given by RHR)
Kinematics Under Constant Acceleration
Newtonian Physics and Centripetal Motion
Momentum and Energy Conservation
Rotational Motion
Astronomy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CK-12 License
Chapter 1: Units, Scalars, Vectors Version 2
Chapter 2: Energy Conservation Version 2
Chapter 3: Energy Conservation Appendix
Chapter 4: One-Dimensional Motion Version 2
Chapter 5: Two-Dimensional and Projectile Motion Version 2
Chapter 6: Newton's Laws Version 2
Chapter 7: Centripetal Forces Version 2
Chapter 8: Momentum Conservation Version 2
Chapter 9: Energy and Force Version 2
Chapter 10: Rotational Motion Version 2
Chapter 11: Simple Harmonic Motion Version 2
Chapter 12: Wave Motion and Sound Version 2
Chapter 13: Electricity Version 2
Chapter 14: Electric Circuits Version 2
Chapter 15: Electric Circuits Version 2
Chapter 16: Magnetism Version 2
Chapter 17: Electric Circuits: Advanced Topics
Chapter 18: Light Version 2
Chapter 19: Fluids Version 2
Chapter 20: Thermodynamics and Heat Engines Version 2
Chapter 21: Gas Laws
Chapter 22: Heat Engines and The Laws of Thermodynamics
Chapter 23: BCTherm
Chapter 24: Special and General Relativity Version 2
Chapter 25: Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics Version 2
Chapter 26: Standard Model of Particle Physics Versio
n 2
Chapter 27: Feynman Diagrams Version 2
Chapter 28: Quantum Mechanics Version 2
Chapter 29: The Physics of Global Warming Version 2
Chapter 30: Answers to Selected Problems Version 2
Chapter 31: Equations and Fundamental Concepts Version 2
CK-12 People's Physics Book Version 2