Francis I, king of France, 147
Francis of Assisi, 73–4, 83
Franciscans (Greyffiars), 73–4, 75, 76–7, 83
Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, 34, 35, 53, 70
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 59
French Revolution, 217–21, 223
Frescobaldi banking company, 65
Freud, Sigmund, 259
friars, 73–7, 83, 142
fridges, 283
Froissart, Jean, 105
Fronde (1648–53), 160, 180
Frugardi, Roger, 50
Fuchs, Leonhart, 134
fuel see energy and fuel
Fukuyama, Francis, 287, 319–20
Fulbert (Notre-Dame canon), 42
Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 21–2, 29
fur trade, 177
furniture see household items and furniture
the future: change in the, 319–24, 328–45; imagining and predicting, 286–90
Galen, 45, 47, 48, 49, 116, 135
Galician language, 104
Galileo Galilei: as agent of change, 186–7, 326; birth, 158; experiments, 165, 166–7; and scientific organisations, 168; trial and imprisonment, 169
Gama, Vasco da, 112–13
games see sport and games
Garar, 80
gardening, 131, 189
Garnerin, André, 195
Garter, Order of the, 90
gas see natural gas
Gascony, 30, 93
Gay, John, 189
Gdansk, 165
Geneva Conventions, 276–7
Geneva Medical College, 256
Genghis Khan, 58, 82
Genoa: in 11th century, 13, 28; in 13th century, 63, 64, 78; in 14th century, 87; in 15th century, 108, 109, 113; in 17th century, 162
geography see exploration and discovery; maps and atlases
Gerald of Aurillac, St, 24
Gerard of Cremona, 45, 48, 50, 55
Germany: in 11th century, 25; in 13th century, 58–9, 64, 79; in 14th century, 96, 101; in 16th century, 133, 136, 139–40, 142, 150; in 17th century, 150, 160, 170–1; in 18th century, 193, 208, 213; in 19th century, 228, 230, 232, 233, 252, 255; in 20th century, 278; German Empire, 275; German language, 102, 105; homicide rates, 149; medieval, 143; renewable energy, 340–1; wealth overview, 316; see also Holy Roman Empire; Prussia
germs see disinfection
Ghent, 63
Ghibellines, 101
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 122, 123
Ghirlandaio, 124
Gilbert, William, 166
Gilbert of Sempringham, St, 3
Giorgione, 124
Giotto, 106, 123
Givry, 88
Gladstone, William, 238, 254
Glasgow, 248
Glasgow Evening Times, 279
Glendower, Owen, 109
Gliese 667Cc, 323–4
global warming see climate
globalisation, 264–72, 291
Glorious Revolution (1688), 181, 215
Glossators, 52
Gloucester, 28
Goa, 178
God: as agent of change, 325–6; see also religion; theology
Godwin, William, 209
Gold Coast, 112
goldsmithing, 106
Gonçalves, Afonso, 111–12
government: in the future, 335–9; and natural rights, 181–2; origins of accountability, 69–73; record-keeping and statistics, 65–8, 136–7, 157, 206; and social change, 249; state’s increasing power, 150–2; see also monarchy
Granada, 58, 109
Gratian, 52, 55
Graunt, John, 206
gravity, 167–8
Great Britain, SS, 235
Great Chain of Being, 90
Great Exhibition (1851), 224
Great Reform Act (1832), 249, 252
Great Western, SS, 235
Greece, 13, 108, 252
Greek Orthodox Church, 15
Greeley, Horace, 178
Greenland, 80, 101, 127
Greenwich Observatory, 165
Gregory I the Great, pope, 24
Gregory VI, pope, 16
Gregory VII, pope, 16–17, 32
Gregory IX, pope, 75
Gregory XI, pope, 100
Gregory XIII, pope, 129
Gregory of Tours, 47
Grenville, Richard, 157
Grey, Lord, 249, 252
Greyfriars see Franciscans
Guelphs, 101
Guiscard, Robert, 13
guns see artillery and firearms
Gutenberg, Johannes, 108, 126–7
Guyuk Khan, 80
Gypsies, 310
Haber, Fritz, 292–3
Hackworth, Thomas, 231
Halidon Hill, battle of (1333), 95
Hals, Franz, 160
Hamburg, 273
Hanseatic League, 63, 98, 109
Harfleur, 97
Harper’s Weekly, 248
Harriot, Thomas, 165
Harrison, William, 131, 153, 156
Hart, Michael, 31–2
Hart, Sarah, 238
Hartlebury, 88
Harvard University, 177
Harvey, William, 174, 186
Haskins, Charles Homer, 41
Hastings, battle of (1066), 22
Haussman, Georges-Eugène, 243
Hawking, Stephen, 324
Hawkins, John, 155, 156, 157
Hawkwood, Sir John, 97
health and medicine: in 11th century, 13; in 12th century, 41, 45, 47–51; in 16th century, 135; in 17th century, 162–3, 166, 170, 172–6; in 19th century, 240–5; in 20th century, 268, 270, 277–8; in hierarchy of human needs, 299–302; overview and significance, 308–9; women doctors, 255–6; see also Black Death; plague
Hedley, William, 231
Héloise, 33, 42
Henrico, 177
Henry I, king of England, 55
Henry II, king of England, 35, 53–4, 55
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, 16
Henry III, king of England, 64, 66, 73
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 16–17, 22
Henry IV, king of England, 102, 104, 109, 118, 120
Henry V, king of England, 97, 109, 118, 120
Henry VII, king of England, 113, 115
Henry VIII, king of England, 140
Henry, Prince (son of James I), 177
Henry the Navigator, 111–12, 128
herbals, 134–5
Hereford world map, 79
heresy and heretics: in 12th century, 42–4; in 16th century, 133; Cathars, 58, 74, 83; and friars, 76; witchcraft as heresy, 171
Hermann of Carinthia, 45
Hevelius, Johannes, 165
highwaymen, 189
Hildegard von Bingen, 34, 48
Hill, Rowland, 236–7
Hippocrates, 45, 48, 49
Hiroshima, 273
Hispaniola, 114
history writing, 158
Hitler, Adolf, 293
Hobbes, Thomas, 181, 201
Hobsbawm, Eric, 211
holidays, 234
Holland: in 13th century, 58; in 15th century, 109; in 16th century, 142; in 17th century, 147, 160, 162, 163, 178–9; in 18th century, 204; in 19th century, 229–30, 232, 233, 256; in 20th century, 274; American colonies, 177–8; Dutch Empire, 178–9; homicide rates, 149; population density, 336, 351; wealth overview, 316; see also Low Countries
Holocaust, 293, 310
Holy Roman Empire: in 11th century, 12–13, 15–16, 18–19, 20, 28; in 12th century, 53, 70; in 14th century, 101; relationship with papacy, 15–16, 16–17, 18–19; see also Germany
homicide rate, 148–54, 308
homosexuality, 204, 313
Honorius III, pope, 75
Hooke, Robert, 167, 168
hotels and boarding-houses, 234
household items and furniture: in 11th century, 10; in 16th century, 130, 131; in 17th century, 183, 184; in
18th century, 189; in 19th century, 225, 230; in 20th century, 261, 282–6; kitchen appliances, 225, 282–6
housing: in 11th century, 9; in 16th century, 131, 157; in 17th century, 184; in 19th century, 229–30, 233, 248; in 20th century, 269–70; in the future, 331, 336, 338; predicting need, 290; see also architecture and building
Howard, John, 204
Hrabanus Maurus, 11, 25, 47
Hubbert, M. King, 289
Hugh Primas, 34
humanism, 125
Hume, David, 6, 203, 208, 209
Hundred Years War, 95–7, 99, 107
Hungary, 79, 109, 110, 180, 274
Huskisson, William, 231
Hussites, 109–10
Huxley, Aldous, 288
Huygens, Christiaan, 166, 167, 169, 186
hygiene, 131, 224; see also public health and sanitation
Ibn Khaldun, 87
Iceland, 101, 103, 278
iconoclasm, 142
identity: nationalism, 97–102, 103, 105, 107; rise of individualism, 120–3, 130, 153
ideology: in hierarchy of human needs, 301–2; prejudice overview, 309–12
al-Idrisi, Mohammed, 46
Illustrated London News, 247, 248
immigration see migration
imperialism see colonialism and imperialism
In nomine Domini (papal bull), 16
Incas, 154
India: in 15th century, 112–13, 128; in 17th century, 179; in 19th century, 235; in 21st century, 265; population density, 336
individualism, rise of, 120–3, 130, 153
Indonesia, 178, 179
indulgences, 139–40
Industrial Revolution, 7, 211–15
Ine, king of Wessex, 24
infant mortality see child mortality
inflation, 155
inflationism, 205–6, 207
Innocent II, pope, 38, 55
Innocent III, pope, 58, 70–1, 74, 75, 82–3
Innocent IV, pope, 79–80
internal combustion engine, 6, 224, 264
International Council of Women, 255
International Court of Justice, 276
Internet, 282, 284
Iraq, 296
Ireland: in 11th century, 12; in 18th century, 198; in 19th century, 228, 303; medieval, 93; slavery, 25
Irnerius, 52, 55, 68
iron, 212, 214, 215, 322
Isabella, queen of Castile, 113–14, 327
Isidore of Seville, 47
Islam: ancient texts in Arabic libraries, 44–7; Arabic medicine, 48–9, 49–50, 50–1; Muslim Spanish kingdoms, 12, 20, 27, 29, 32, 58, 109; see also Crusades
Israel, 265
Italy: in 11th century, 13, 20, 25, 26, 28, 30, 51, 52; in 12th century, 38, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 66, 70; in 13th century, 60, 63, 64; in 14th century, 87–8, 89, 96, 101; in 15th century, 108–9, 110; in 16th century, 133, 136, 138; in 17th century, 160, 162, 180, 192; in 18th century, 198, 203–4, 208; in 19th century, 227–8, 232, 233, 255, 256, 257; in 20th century, 265, 274, 278; art, 106; homicide rates, 149; Italian language, 105–6; life expectancy overview, 278, 309; population overview, 350–1, 351; warfare overview, 304–7; wealth overview, 316
Jacquerie uprising (1358), 91
Jakarta (formerly Batavia), 178
James I and VI, king of England, Scotland and Ireland, 176, 190
James IV king of Scotland, 147
Jamestown, 176–7
Jansen, Zaccharias, 167
Japan, 5, 265, 274, 278
Jaucourt, Louis de, 199
Java, 178, 179
Jefferies, Dr John, 194
Jenner, Edward, 241
Jerusalem, 54, 59
Jesuits, 143
Jews and Judaism, 45, 180, 293, 310
Jex-Blake, Sophia, 256
Johannitius, 48, 49
John, king of England, 70–2
John I, king of Portugal, 111
John II, king of Portugal, 112, 113, 128
John de Sully, Sir, 3
John of Salisbury, 46, 49
Jones, R., 347
Juan Manuel, prince of Villena, 104
Jumièges, 28
Jupiter, 165, 169
Kalmar Union, 101
Kant, Immanuel, 6, 199, 223
Karakorum, 80
Kay, John, 214
Kempe, Margery, 122
Kent, 11–12, 17, 173, 233
Kepler, Johannes, 164–5, 166
kettles, 283
keyboard layouts, 224
Keynes, John Maynard, 231
al-Khwarizmi, 45
King, Gregory, 183, 206, 228
knights, 92–3
Knights Hospitaller, 34, 39
Knights Templar, 34, 39
Koch, Robert, 244, 259
Kuala Lumpur, 269
Kublai Khan, 80
Kuwait, 296
land clearance and enclosures, 35–7, 198, 221
Langeais, 29
Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, 70
languages, vernacular, 102–6
Lanier, Emilia, 138
Lapenotière, John Richards, 191, 193
las Casas, Bartolomé de, 114
las Navas de Tolosa, battle of (1212), 58, 83
Latin, 103, 105
Latin America see South America
Latini, Brunetto, 105
latitude, 112
lavatories, 224
Lavoisier, Antoine, 222–3
Law, John, 205–6
law, canon, 52–3, 79
law, international, 276–7
law, rule of: in 11th century, 51–2; in 12th century, 52–4; in 13th century, 78–9, 82; in 16th century, 152–3; in the future, 338–9; in hierarchy of human needs, 300–2; overview and significance, 307–8
lawyers, 183
Le Bras, H., 347
League of Nations, 276
Leeuwen, Bas van, 348
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 167, 186
Legnano, battle of (1176), 70
legislation see law, rule of
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 167, 169, 170
Leiden, 165
leisure time, 258, 261
Leo IX, pope, 15
Leofric, bishop, 31
León, 12, 20, 27, 72, 101
Leonardo da Vinci, 5, 124, 125–6, 158
Leopold II, grand duke of Tuscany, 204, 208
Leopoldina see Academia Naturae Curiosorum
Lesser Sunda Islands, 178
letter writing, 122
Lewes, 28
life expectancy: in 17th century, 161; in 19th century, 240, 244; in 20th century, 277–9; in the future, 341; overview, 3, 308–9; see also child mortality
lighting, 225, 283
Limoges, 28
Lincoln, 17
Lincoln, Abraham, 251
Lippershey, Hans, 165, 167
Lister, Joseph, 244
literacy: in 11th century, 9; in 12th century, 41; in 13th century, 67–8, 83; in 16th century, 132–3, 152–3; in 19th century, 6, 257–8; in 20th century, 269; in the future, 342
literature: in 12th century, 34; in 13th century, 57, 59; in 17th century, 160; in 18th century, 203; emergence of the vernacular, 102–6; science fiction, 287, 288
Lithuania, 12, 20, 109
livestock rearing, 195, 196, 198
Livonian Crusade, 58
Locke, John, 181–2, 186, 203
Locomotion (steam engine), 231
Lollards, 91
Lombard, Peter, 40
Lombard League, 70
London: in 11th century, 11, 12, 30; in 13th century, 63, 149; in 14th century, 88; in 16th century, 89; in 17th century, 162, 163, 182–3, 212; in 18th century, 194, 202, 204, 228; in 19th century, 240, 243, 248, 270; in 20th century, 270, 280; Midland Grand Hotel, 270; One Canada Square, 270; Queen’s Theatre, 182; Tower of London, 30
London, Synod of (1102), 26
London Corresponding Society, 220
London School of Medicine for
Women, 256
López de Ayala, Pedro, 104
López de Córdoba, Leonora, 122
López de Gómara, Francisco, 154
Lot, Ferdinand, 349, 353
Lotharingia, 17
Louis XII, king of France, 147
Louis XIV, king of France, 168, 176, 185, 202
Louis XVI, king of France, 194, 202, 218, 219
Louisiana, 176, 178
love: in hierarchy of human needs, 300–2; overview and significance, 312–13
Low Countries: in 12th century, 45; in 13th century, 63, 64; in 16th century, 143; see also Belgium; Flanders; Holland
Lübeck, 63
Lumière brothers, 225
Lunardi, Vincenzo, 194
Luther, Martin, 133, 139–40, 142, 158–9
Lydford, 10, 11
Lyons, 256
Maberly, William Leader, 237
Macao, 178
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 158
McVedy, C., 347
Maddison, Angus, 314–15, 347
madness see mental illness
Magdeburg, 25
Magellan, Ferdinand, 154
Magna Carta, 70–2
Magyars, 12, 20, 27
Malacca, 154
Malanima, Paolo, 38, 347, 349, 350–1, 352
malaria, 197
Malemi, Niccoló, 133
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 209–11, 326, 337
Mandeville, Sir John de, 111
Manhattan Project, 292, 293
Manila, 155
Mann, Horace, 257
Manuel I, king of Portugal, 113
Manzikert, battle of (1071), 14
maps and atlases, 79, 135, 154–5
Marconi, Guglielmo, 240
Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 219
Marinella, Lucrezia, 138
markets, local, 10, 61–3, 233–4, 343
marriage, 92, 234, 253–5, 312–13, 333
Mars, 164–5, 323
Marseilles, 88, 89
Marshal, William, 34
Marvell, Andrew, 163
Marx, Karl, 250, 259, 260, 287, 322–3, 337
Mary I, queen of England, 144
Mary II, queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 176
Maryland, 176
Maslow, Abraham, 300–1, 302, 303
Massachusetts, 257
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 177, 186
maternal mortality, 228, 278
mathematics, 45, 46–7, 167
Matilda, empress, 35
Mauritius, 154
Maxwell, James Clerk, 259
Mayhew, Henry, 248
Mazarin, cardinal, 144
media, 192–3, 279–82
Medici, Cosimo de, 125