Deuerlein, Ernst, 629n.
Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF; German Labour Front), 476, 537
Deutsche Gotterkenntnis (German Knowledge of God), 681n.
Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeitpartei (DNSAP; German National Socialist Workers’ Party), 135
Deutsche Studentenschaft (German Students’ Association), 483
Deutsche-Völkische Freiheitsbewegung (German Ethnic Freedom Movement), 484
Deutsche Volkspartei (DVP; German People’s Party), 62, 319, 323, 334, 386, 391, 477
Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft, 162, 163, 178
Deutsche Zeitung, 169–70
Deutscher Kampfbund (German Combat League), 199, 203, 204, 206, 208, 219, 264; ‘Action Programme’, 200; decision to start the putsch, 205; dissolved after the putsch attempt, 212; and Frontbann, 231; Röhm attempts to revitalize, 218
Deutscher Tag (German Day), Coburg, Bavaria, 178, 179
Deutscher Volkswille (German Will of the People), 179
Deutsches Haus, Berchtesgaden, 283, 284
Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro (German News Agency), 569
Deutsches Turnfest (Rally of German Gymnastic Organizations), 198–9
Deutsches Volksblatt, 61, 65, 66
‘Deutschland über alles’, 267
Deutschnationale Front (DNF), 477
Deutschnationaler Handlungs-gehilfenverband, 137
Deutschsozialistische Partei (DSP; German-Socialist Party): antisemitism, 179; attempts to merge with the Nazi Party, 138; growth of, 138; programme, 144, 146, 160, 161, 179; proposed merger with the NSDAP, 160–64; Streicher a founder member, 179
Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei (DVFP), 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 263, 264, 268, 297
Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutz-Bund (German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation), 137–8, 144, 156, 178, 676n.
Dickel, Dr Otto, 162, 163, 164; Die Auferstehung des Abendlandes (The Resurrection of the Western World), 158, 162
Diels, Rudolf, 458, 501, 505
Dietrich, Dr Otto, 358, 381, 485, 531, 532, 534, 539, 542, 591
Dietrich, SS-Obergruppenführer Sepp, 119, 343, 512, 513, 514, 536
Dincklage, Karl, 296
Dingfelder, Dr Johannes, 144, 145, 146
Dinter, Artur, 234, 264, 267, 298, 685n., 689–90n.
Dirksen, Herbert von, 544, 545
Disarmament Conference, Geneva, 441, 490–94, 548, 554
Dix, Otto, 258
DNF see Deutschnationale Front
DNSAP see Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeitpartei
DNVP see German National People’s Party
Döblin, Alfred, 482
Döllersheim, Waldviertel, Austria, 3
Dollfuss, Engelbert, 522, 523, 583
Donizetti, Gaetano, 42
Dortmund, 329
Dresdner Bank, 355
Dressel (owner of Pension Moritz), 283
Drexler, Anton, 107, 138, 140, 213–14, 266, 623n., 644n.; and the DAP programme, 144, 145; defends H to Feder, 161; in the Fatherland Party, 139; Führer title, 182; and H’s rejoining of the NSDAP, 164; as a leader of the DAP, 127, 140, 141, 142, 143; and the proposed NSDAP/DSP merger, 161; the Völkischer Beobachter purchase, 155–6; Workers’ Committee for a Good Peace, 139; My Political Awakening, 126
DSP see Deutschsozialistische Partei
Duesterberg, Theodor, 310, 362, 363, 421
Düsseldorf, Park Hotel, 358
Düsseldorf Industry Club, 358–9
DVFP see Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei
DVP see Deutsche Volkspartei
East Prussia, 334
‘Eastern Aid’see Osthilfe
eastern expansion, 79, 136, 247, 275, 286, 288, 442, 477;see also expanionism; ‘living-space’
Eastern Marches Association see Ostmarkenverein
Eberlbräukeller, Munich, 141, 149, 654n.
Ebermayer, Erich, 429
Ebert, Friedrich, 101, 111, 175, 177, 267, 268, 323
Eckart, Dietrich, 126, 163, 176, 178; antisemitism, 154; at Berchtesgaden, 199; contacts, 155, 160; H visits, 282; on H’s megalomania, 183; and H’s resignation from the NSDAP, 164; and Kapp, 153; as a ‘philosopher’ of the NSDAP, 158; relationship with H, 155; speaks at DAP meetings, 139, 154–5; and the Thule-Society, 138; and the Völkischer Beobachter, 156, 158; writes on Jewry and Bolshevism, 246; Auf gut deutsch (In Plain German), 154, 155; ‘Sturm-Lied’ (Storming Song), 210
Economic Emergency Programme (Wirtschaftliches Sofortprogramm), 398
Eden, Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon), 506, 549, 553, 554–5, 556
Eglhofer, Rudolf, 113, 114
Ehard, Hans, 214, 215
Ehrhardt, Captain Hermann, 175, 666n.; as a leader of the Kapp Putsch, 171; leads the Wiking-Bund, 172; political murders, 171; and the ‘Sports Section’, 174
Ehrhardt-Brigade, 159
Eichmann, Adolf, 541
Eicke, Theodor, 516
Einstein, Albert, 482
Einwohnerwehr (Citizens’ Defence Force), 154, 171, 172, 174, 194, 196
Eisner, Kurt, 109, 112, 113, 119, 211, 640n.
Elberfeld area, Ruhr, 271
Ellenbogen, Wilhelm, 626n.
Eltz-Rübenach, Transport Minister, 420, 452
Enabling Act, 438, 439, 465–8, 488
Endres, Lieutenant-Colonel Theodor, 669n.
Engelhardt, Oberstleutnant Philipp, 92
Engels, Friedrich, 84
England see Britain
Epp, General Ritter von, 120, 156, 172, 174, 193, 303, 304, 469
Erbersdobler, Otto, 341
Erlangen, 308
Ersing, Joseph, 468
Erzberger, Matthias, 145, 175
Escherich, Georg, 196, 662n.
Essen, 512
Esser, Hermann, 155, 178, 206, 225, 234, 264, 267, 680n., 685n.; addresses Kampfbund troops, 208; bullying style, 233; the dominant Esser clique, 271, 272–3, 276; and the DVFP, 227; excluded from the Reich Leadership of the NSDAP, 276; expelled from the party, 164; first propaganda chief of the NSDAP, 119; flees to Austria, 226; on ‘Germany’s Mussolini’, 180; as a gutter journalist, 158; H criticizes, 232; H defends, 165, 266, 272–3; Gregor Strasser and, 234, 270
Ettlingen, Baden, 405
eugenics, 78, 79, 134, 411, 480, 486
‘euthanasia action’, 300
‘Euthanasia Programme’ (Bouhler), 300
exchange-bills, 449
expansionism, 442, 443;see also eastern expansion; ‘living-space’
exports, 441, 442, 447
expressionism, 82, 480
Fascists: legend of a heroic ‘seizure of power’, 180; salute, 193
Fatherland Party, 80, 100, 137, 138, 139
Faulhaber, Cardinal Michael von, 268, 429, 488
Feder, Gottfried, 152, 267, 275; as an arch-ideologue, 298; as an ‘economics expert’, 123, 138, 274; Baumann attacks, 126; contributes to Auf gut deutsch, 154; criticisms of H, 161, 183, 534; and ‘interest slavery’, 119, 123, 125, 145, 274; as a ‘philosopher’ of the NSDAP, 158; Reichstag deputy, 303
Felberstraße 22, Vienna, 48, 49, 51, 52, 63
Feldherrnhalle, Munich, 218, 227, 279
feminism, 50, 408
Fest, Joachim, xi, xiii, xiv
Feuchtwanger, Lion: Geschwister Oppermann, 411
Fighting League of the Commercial Middle-Class see Kampfbund des gewerblichen Mittelstandes
First Bavarian Infantry Regiment, Second Reserve Battalion, 90
First World War: antisemitism in, 100–101; Armistice, 145; atmosphere before, 86; ‘Burgfrieden’, 191; economic conditions in Germany, 98–9; as a favourite topic for H, 535; German defeat, 102, 104, 111; as a godsend to H, 87–8; H as a dispatch runner, 91, 92, 96; H disapproves of friendship gestures at Christmas, 93; H in Pasewalk, 65, 97, 101, 102–5; H on, 71, 86, 89, 90–91, 262, 461; H promoted to corporal, 91; H temporarily blinded by mustard gas, 65, 96–7, 102, 103–4; H wounded at the Somme, 94–5;
H’s fanaticism about the war, 93–4, 101; H’s Iron Cross, First Class, 96, 216; H’s Iron Cross, Second Class, 92; H’s rage at the collapse of the war effort, 102; influenza epidemic, 97; last major German offensive 96; losses, 98; profiteering, 99; ‘spirit of 1914’, 88, 100; and the Third Reich, 80; training at Lechfeld, 90; as vital to Hitler’s future, 73, 75, 88; war fever, 88, 191
Fischlham, near Lambach, 14
Flag Law, 568, 569
Flanders, 77, 90–97, 343
Flensburg, 518
Fobke, Hermann, 230–34, 252, 273, 674n.
‘For the Protection of People and State’ decree, 459
Forster, Dirk, 765n.
Fournes en Wappe, northern France, Flanders, 91
France, 194, 198, 200, 442, 445, 510, 548, 550; antisemitism, 78; and Britain, 147, 543, 583–4; Chamber of Deputies, 583, 585; condemns unilateral rearmament, 549; disarmament talks (1933), 491, 492; as the enemy, 246, 249, 275, 339; in the First World War, 91; as foreign-policy target, 150, 151; Franco-Soviet mutual assistance pact (1935), 555, 583, 585, 586, 587; German antagonism towards, 78; and German rearmament, 552, 553; H’s proposed non-aggression pact, 587; imperialism, 79; and the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, 558; lengthens military service, 549; parliamentary democracy, 74; renews its military treaty with Belgium, 549; and the Rhineland, 584, 588–9; Röhm and, 514; Ruhr occupation, 190, 191, 195, 246, 276; Russia pushed closer to, 545; and the Saar, 546, 547; sense of nationhood, 76; survival of democracy, 317
franchise restrictions, 80
Franco, Francisco, 533, 542
Franco-Prussian war, 15
François-Poncet, André, 513, 516, 546, 551, 553
Franconia, 172, 178, 179, 202, 208, 212, 303, 334, 335, 405–6, 407, 559–60, 575, 671n.
Frank, Hans, 8, 9, 138, 148–9, 210, 240, 242, 337, 338, 354, 462, 475, 588–9, 604n., 606n., 706n.
Frank, Lorenz, 124
‘Frankenberger family’, 8
Frankenreiter family, 8
Frankenreiter, Leopold, 8
Frankfurter Zeitung, 302, 335, 472, 509–10
Franz Eher-Verlag, 242
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 86–7, 88
Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 31, 32, 35, 36, 62
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, 82, 158, 184, 252, 289, 343, 461, 465
Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman
Emperor, 77, 282
freemasonry, 269, 301, 356, 541
Freikorps, 98, 113, 114, 120, 173, 276; ‘liberation’ of Munich, 109, 170–71; political violence, 170; reinstated, 192; and the ‘Spartacus Rising’, 111
Freikorps Epp, 173, 174, 639n.
Freikorps Oberland, 172
Freinberg ‘vision’, 610n.
Freising, 206
Freud, Sigmund, 31, 482
Frick, Wilhelm, 208, 339, 372, 385, 416, 417, 464, 471, 502, 518, 539, 563, 586, 659n.; anti-Jewish legislation, 563, 564, 569, 760n.; attempts to curb autonomous police power, 540; becomes a deputy, 303; becomes Ministry of the Interior, 370, 418, 420; and the economy, 578; and the emergency decree, 459; and the Enabling Act, 466; and Jewish schoolchildren, 475; and the putsch, 211, 216, 319; and Reichstag procedures, 466–7; removed from office, 320; and Fritz Todt, 452; in the Völkischer Block, 267
Friedrich Wilhelm I, King, 465
Fritsch, Theodor, 135, 151, 511; Handbuch der Judenfrage (Handbook of the Jewish Question), 78–9, 627n.
Fritsch, Chef der Heeresleitung Werner von, 442, 525, 548–9, 550, 551, 584, 586
Fromelles, northern France, 91, 94
Fromm, Friedrich, 442
Frontbann, 231, 236, 673n.
Frymann, Daniel see Gaß, Heinrich
Führer/Leader cult, xxvi, 89, 103, 127, 142, 180–85, 193, 218, 243, 260, 261, 281, 289, 294–8, 299, 308, 309, 333, 341, 344, 345, 363, 397, 412, 449, 450, 481, 483–6, 526, 531, 532, 533, 538, 542, 574, 591
Funk, Walther, 358, 359, 360, 485, 534
Funk, Wilhelm, 262
Fürstenberg, 370
Furtwängler, Wilhelm, 480
Galen, Clemens August Graf von, Bishop of Münster, 766n.
Gansser, Dr Emil, 190
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 572, 584
Gasthaus Streif, Braunau am Inn, 10
Gasthaus Wiesinger, 19
Gasthaus Zum Deutschen Reich, Dachauerstraée, Munich, 141
Gasthof zum Pommer, Braunau am Inn, 10
Gau Hessen, 365
Gayl, Freiherr Wilhelm von, 371–2, 384
Gemeinschaft (community), 332
Gemlich, Adolf, 125
Geneva, Disarmament Conference, 441, 490–94, 548, 554
genocide, xx, xxiii, xxvii
geopolitics, 248
George, Stefan, 81
Gera, 510
Gereke, Reichskommissar Günther, 444
Gereke-Programme, 445
German air-force, 549, 554
German army see Reichswehr
‘German civil war’, 186
German Combat League see Deutscher Kampfbund
German Communist Party see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
German Conservative Party, 79, 136
German Doctors’ Association, 411
German Ethnic Freedom Movement see Deutsch-Völkische Freiheitsbewegung
German Evangelical Church, 488–9
German Federation, Austria excluded, 33
German Girls’ League see Bund deutscher Mädel (BDM)
German Knowledge of God see Deutsche Gotterkenntnis
German Labour Front see Deutsche Arbeitsfront
German National People’s Party (DNVP), 136, 173, 227, 303, 304, 307, 310, 319, 333, 334, 336, 356, 361, 385, 386, 390, 391, 393, 416, 420, 477, 478
German National Socialist Workers’ Party see Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeitpartei
German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation see Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutz-Bund
German News Agency see Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro
German People’s Party see Deutsche Volkspartei
German Radical Party, 55
German Railways, 452
German Students’ Association see Deutsche Studentenschaft
German Workers’ Party (DAP; later the NSDAP): and the beginnings of the SA, 147, 172; changes its name, 147; committee, 140, 142, 143, 646n; depressing state of, 140; Eckart speaks at meetings, 154–5; first great mass meeting, 141–2, 144–6; formed (1919), 139; growth of, 129; H as a political agitator in, 109, 128; H becomes a member, 126–7, 131, 137; its arch-rival, 138; Röhm joins, 154, 173; twenty-five point programme, 141, 143, 144–5, 146
German Workers’ Party, Trautenau, 135
German-Socialist Party see Deutsch-sozialistiche Partei
Germanen-Orden, 138
Germania, 77
Germanist cultism, 52
Germanization, 442, 492
Germany: antagonism towards France, 78; anti-Italian feeling, 291; antisemitism, 78; Article 48, 324, 393, 394, 727n.; central Council, no; conditions in (1923), 202; constitution of the Federal Republic, 258; and constitutional reform, 73, 74–5, 283; Council of People’s Representatives, 111; currency stabilization, 212; Defence Ministry, 323, 417, 420, 444, 502; development of German nationalism, 75–8; diplomatic relations with Russia, 290; divisions and tensions in post-war Germany, 98; economic crisis, 294, 305–6, 315, 317, 318, 355, 367, 404–5; economy of the mid-1920s, 258; emergency decrees, 324, 349, 355, 382, 383, 385; and the eugenics movement, 79; evocations of a heroic past, 17, 21; Executive Council, 639n.; expropriation of the princes, 274, 275; fear of racial degeneration, 79; foreign loans, 212, 307, 318; German-Austrian alliance, 85; H’s desire to go to, 81; hyperinflation (1923), 175, 186, 200–201; imperialism, 76, 79, 80; inflation, 175, 178, 189; Law for the Protection of the Republic, 663n.; Ministry of the Interior, 420; munitions strike (1918), 101, 267–8; national rebirth, 132, 134, 180, 192, 260, 317, 332, 333, 336, 340, 481; national sal
vation, 250, 253, 331; national socialist parties, 161; ‘national unity front’, 191; naval mutiny, 102, no; origins of sense of nationhood, 76; parliament, 74; party-political pluralism, 74, 75–6; ‘passive resistance’ against Ruhr occupation, 191, 192, 200, 202; plebiscites, 274, 310, 318; political culture, 75, 170, 181, 426, 434; political radicalization of German Society, 73, 80, 101; power, 74; presidential campaigns (1932), 359, 360; rapid spread of völkisch politics after the First World War, 80; the ‘Red’ government, 315, 316, 320; Reich Chancellor, 74; ‘Reich myth’, 77; Reichstag, 74, 76, 77, 89, 100, 180, 184, 227, 324–5, 328, 335, 361, 366, 367, 368, 379, 384–7, 393, 394, 417, 418, 421–2, 424,see also under Third Reich; Reichstag elections, 137, 212, 223, 225, 228, 229, 234, 239, 258–9, 268–9, 299, 302–3, 309, 321, 322, 324, 333–6, 356, 368, 369–70, 375, 386–91, 396, 416, 419; Reichstag fire, 456–9, 461, 492; reparations, 157, 191, 212, 257, 309–10, 330, 355, 367; as a republic, 102, 119, 128; resentment at supporting those seen as a burden on society, 79; restoration of borders of 1914, 246; Revolution of 1848, 73; Revolution of 1918, 97, 98, 101–4, 109–12, 119, 124, 150, 181, 191, 194, 205, 235, 268, 286, 304, 369, 481, 483, 489; rivalry with Britain, 78; ‘search for strong man’, 295; social and economic development (19th C), 74; Socialist Law, 76; Soldiers’ Councils, 111; state of emergency, 202; Supreme Court (Staatsgerichtshof), 727n.; transformation of the officer corps, 446; Unification, 73, 76; a uniquely German social order, 135; Weimar culture, 258; Wilhelmine, 18, 75, 481, 739n.; Workers’ Councils, 111; youth welfare system, 407–8;see also First World War; Third Reich