Arabs shedding Muslim blood
on collective morality
death cult in
on idolatry
Manichaeism rejected by
martyrs
modernizing without becoming clone of the West
nativists versus Westernizers in
religious Occidentalism
separation of church and state and
Sharia law
United States demonized in
urbanism in
veil for women
Wahhabism
West as not at war against
Israel
Japan
Edo
emperor cult of
gangster films of 1950s
Germany as constitutional model for
idolatry in
imperialism of
kamikazes
Kyoto
Meiji period
modernity opposed in
nativists versus Westernizers in
as now target of Occidentalism
State Shinto
Tokyo
Westernization of
Jerusalem
Jessup, Henry Harris
Jews
anti-Semitism as reaction to French Revolution
on Babylon
cities associated with
German
history in religion of
and idolatry
Japanese anti-Semitism
Muslims blame for World Trade Center attack
Muslims declare holy war against
Orthodox
Qutb’s anti-Semitism
at Royal Exchange
Taleqani on
Jünger, Ernst
Jünger, Friedrich Georg
Kabul
kamikazes
Khmer Rouge
Kireyevsky, Ivan
Kireyevsky, Peter
Kohn, Hans
Koljevic, Nikola
Körner, Karl Theodor
Kyoto
Lebanon
Leontiev, Konstantin
liberalism
German
Leontiev on
Nazi attack on
as not heroic
organismic view of society contrasted with
protecting
seen as dithering
See also economic liberalism
London
Manchester
Manichaeism
Mao Zedong
Marx, Karl
on commodity fetishism
on country and city
as German Jew
on Jewish capitalists
on secularization
Marxism
of kamikazes
modernity opposed by
Occidentalists making use of
Shari’ati on
as Western export
materialism
attributed to America
attributed to Jews
attributed to the West
as idolatry
Iqbal on
Western women and
Maududi, Abu-l-A’la
merchants. See trade
Middle East
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Lebanon
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Turkey
modernity
Iranian modernization
Japanese nationalist opposition to
Japanese Westernization
modernizing without becoming clone of the West
Turkish modernization
Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur
money
morality
collective
Moscow
Motahhari, Morteza
Muslim Brotherhood
Napoleon
Nasrallah, Sheikh Hasan
Nazism
Arabs taking as model
on Berlin
Führerprinzip
Hitler
Japanese borrowing from
on Jews and Weimar constitution
objects of hate of
Riefenstahl films
vicarious heroism in
on will
New York City
as Babylon
as capital of American empire
Jews associated with
Qutb on
World Trade Center
Nietzsche, Friedrich
nihilism
Nishitani Keiji
North Korea
Occidentalism
anti-Americanism distinguished from
clearly defined boundaries lacking for
defined
European origin of
links and overlaps in
on mind of the West
myth of sinful city
religious
seeds of
state socialism’s failure in
urban intellectuals’ fears in
valid elements in
violence and
West seen as unheroic
Onishi Takijiro
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi, Reza Shah
Pakistan
Palestinians
pan-Arabism
pan-Germanism
Paris
Phnom Penh
Pisarev, Dmitri
Plotinus
Pol Pot
progress
Protestantism
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph
prudence
Pudong (China)
Puritanism
Pyongyang
Qutb, Sayyid
rationalism
Dostoyevsky on
French
Herder on
implementation of
in Jewish emancipation
Kireyevsky on
Maoism opposing
Nazi attack on
Romantics on
and secularization
of Voltaire
reasonableness
Reformation
religion
extremism in Occidentalism
rationalism and
religious Occidentalism
retreat from public sphere
secularization
separation of church and state
in solution to Occidentalism
on soullessness of cities
State Shinto
See also Christianity; Islam; Jews
Romantics
distaste for aspects of Western culture
in France and Britain
on intuitive thought
Japanese Romantic Group
nostalgia of
on rationalism
See also German Romanticism
Rome
Royal Exchange
RSS
Russia
borrowings from the West
conversion to Christianity
German Romanticism’s influence on
liberalism in
moral seriousness in
nativists versus Westernizers in
nihilism
Occidentalism associated with
philosophy and literature as political substitute in
political reforms of 1860s
purism in thought of
Russian soul
Russo-Japanese War
Slavophiles
Russian Orthodox Church
al-Sahar, Abdul Hamid Jowdat
Sarajevo
Sasaki Hachiro
Saudi Arabia
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm
science
Atatürk on
Chernyshevsky on
freedom of inquiry in
Japanese adoption of
Japanese nationalist opposition to
and secularization
seen as sole source of knowledge
transmission to colonial subjects
scientism
secularization
secular law
self-sacrifice
average people made to feel heroic through
German rhetoric of
kamikazes
See also suicide
separation of church and state
sexuality
body seen as corrupt
distaste for sexual license
Islamic concern with
sexual license in Babylon
See also female sexuality
Shanghai
Sharia law
Shari’ati, Ali
Shinto, State
Slavophiles
socialism
Ba’athism as
of Herzl
as rival of revolutionary Islam
Shari’ati on Islam and
state socialism
Vergès on social democracy
See also Marxism
Sombart, Werner
Stalin, Joseph
suicide
by Assassins
Japanese ritual
kamikazes
suicide bombings
Syria
Taleqani, Sayyid Muhamud
Taliban
technology
Islamic revolutionaries using
Japanese development of Western
Leontiev rejecting modern
Russians claiming all inventions
and secularization
West seen as good only for developing
Tocqueville, Alexis de
Tokyo. See also Edo
Tolstoy, Leo
trade
Herder on
and ideals of French Revolution
and image of metropolis as whore
in Japan
local traditions affected by
merchants seen as lacking ideals
Voltaire on
Trotsky, Leon
Tsumura Hideo
Turgenev, Ivan
Turkey
United States
Americanism
“civilizing mission” of
envy and resented aroused by
Hitler on
imperialism of
as machine civilization
Muslim demonization of
Protestantism in
religion in
rootlessness and cosmopolitanism attributed to
Tocqueville on
See also New York City
Unity of God (tawhid)
veil, the
Vergès, Jacques
Voltaire
Wagner, Richard
Wahhabism
Weimar Republic
West, the anti-Americanism in hostility toward
antiutopian nature of
Chinese borrowing of ideas from
colonialism associated with
envy and resented aroused by
idiot savant compared with
idolatry attributed to
Israel as symbol of
Japanese Westernization
Kireyevsky on
Leontiev on
as less than human
loathing of
as machine civilization
materialism attributed to
mind of
modernity associated with
nativists versus Westernizers
Nazi Germany’s attack on
protecting idea of
rural idyll’s loss blamed on
Russian borrowings from
as secular
sexual immorality associated with
slums as consequence of Westernization
softness attributed to
Turkish modernization
Western ideas transmitted to colonial subjects
“Westoxification
women
in Atatürk’s Turkey
in Pahlavi Iran
under Taliban
veil
See also female sexuality
Woodsmall, Ruth
World Trade Center
[ABOUT THE AUTHORS]
Ian Buruma is currently Luce Professor at Bard College. His previous books include God’s Dust, Behind the Mask, The Missionary and the Libertine, Playing the Game, The Wages of Guilt, Anglomania, and Bad Elements.
Avishai Margalit is Schulman Professor of Philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His previous books include Idolatry, The Decent Society, Views and Reviews, and The Ethics of Memory.
a It should be noted here that modernist European architecture added to this image. Le Corbusier called some of his housing projects “machines for living in.” He also compared the efficient state to an industrial enterprise. Such ideas and designs were exported to many parts of the non-Western world, where they were implemented in gimcrack fashion.
b The late Chinese strongman Deng Xiaoping’s phrase for such noxious ideas as free speech and liberal democracy.