The mention of De Quincey in the first paragraph of this document, of course, refers to the great English poet, journalist, and author of Confessions of an Opium Eater, Thomas De Quincey (1785–1859).
17 “an abundance of putty-like material”: Samuel J. Crowe, Halsted of Johns Hopkins: The Man and His Men (Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas, 1957), pp. 232–33.
18 On August 21: Heuer, “Dr. Halsted,” pp. 70–78.
19 Dr. Karl Schlaepfer, the surgeon: Karl Schlaepfer, M.D., to Matas, September 8, 1922; W. S. Halsted Papers, Box 59, Folder 13, Alan Mason Chesney Archives, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore.
20 “was certain that [Halsted]”: Heuer, “Dr. Halsted,” p. 25. Dr. Mont Reid died in 1943, leaving this particular thread untied.
21 Halsted, Crowe claims: Halsted’s final illness and hospital chart are summarized in Crowe, Halsted of Johns Hopkins, pp. 232–33.
22 Consequently, his patients: Ibid., p. 233.
23 Conversely, there exists: Several scholars have suggested that Halsted may have been taking quite a bit more morphine at this time than he admitted. See, for example, Nuland, Doctors, p. 421.
24 “Although it has been widely reported”: Emile Holman, “Sir William Osler and William Stewart Halsted—Two Contrasting Personalities,” Pharos 34, no. 4 (1971): 134–39, 144. Sprong, who became a professor of urology at UCLA, wrote the letter containing Welch’s statement to Holman on May 29, 1968. Sprong added, “I do not remember that Dr. Welch mentioned how long these relapses might last, or even how they occurred, but he felt pretty strongly that the facts should be on the record.” The original letter resides in the Emile Holman Papers, Box 13, Archives and Modern Manuscripts Division, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland; see also Daniel B. Nunn, “Dr. Halsted’s Addiction,” Johns Hopkins Advanced Studies in Medicine 6, no. 3 (2006): 106–08; and Daniel B. Nunn, “William Stewart Halsted: Transitional Years,” Surgery 121, no. 3 (1997): 343–51.
25 “The real truth”: “Notes on Dr. Halsted from Harvey Cushing.”
26 Such episodes also may have included: Before his premature death, the pathologist and medical historian Peter Olch worked on the life and addictions of Halsted. According to the journalist Scott Shane, during the 1960s Dr. Olch interviewed some of the living caretakers of Halsted’s North Carolina summer home. Shane writes that one of them suggested to Dr. Olch a suspicion that the surgeon was often incapacitated from drug use during his summer vacations. Unfortunately, Olch died prematurely, before he could process and publish such testimony. Scott Shane, “A Casualty of Cocaine,” Baltimore Sun Magazine, January 30, 1994, pp. 6–15; and J. Scott Rankin, “William Stewart Halsted: A Lecture by Dr. Peter D. Olch,” Annals of Surgery 243 (2006): 418–25. This account is also mentioned in a fine essay by Daniel B. Nunn, “Caroline Hampton Halsted: An Eccentric but Well-Matched Helpmate,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 42, no. 1 (1998): 83–93. In it, Nunn describes a correspondence with Dr. Olch, who interviewed Douglas Bradley, the former caretaker at High Hampton. Bradley recounted an episode where Mrs. Halsted became very upset when a package from Parke, Davis did not arrive at their home and, consequently, sent him to a local practitioner to procure some morphine. Parke, Davis, of course, sold both cocaine and morphine. Bradley also suggested to Olch in a phone interview that Mrs. Halsted may have been addicted to morphine. The proof of such a statement, however, has yet to be definitively found.
27 Sadly, the ashamed, guarded, and lonely Halsted: Shane, “Casualty of Cocaine,” pp. 6–15; and “The Matter of Dr. Halsted’s Absence,” a list of board minutes regarding Halsted’s absences from the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Box 69A, W. S. Halsted Papers, Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore.
Epilogue
1 His body progressively demands: N. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler, G. J. Wang, and J. M. Swanson, “Dopamine in Drug Abuse and Addiction: Results from Imaging Studies and Treatment Options,” Molecular Psychiatry 9, no. 6 (2004): 557–69; N. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler, G. J. Wang, J. M. Swanson, and F. Telang, “Dopamine in Drug Abuse and Addiction: Results from Imaging Studies and Treatment Options,” Archives of Neurology 64, no. 11 (2007): 1575–79; and J. S. Fowler, N. D. Volkow, C. A. Kassed, and L. Chang, “Imaging the Addicted Human Brain,” Science & Practice Perspectives 3, no. 2 (2007): 4–16.
2 The addict’s luck: Alan I. Leshner, “What We Know: Drug Addiction Is a Brain Disease,” in Principles of Addiction Medicine, 2nd ed., ed. Allan W. Graham and Terry K. Schultz (Chevy Chase, Md.: American Society of Addiction Medicine, 1998), pp. xxix–xxxvi; and Robert L. Dupont, The Selfish Brain: Learning from Addiction (Minneapolis: Hazelden Publishing, 2000).
3 Even at this late date: For a superb account of a modern-day doctor trapped by addiction but with fatal results, see Abraham Verghese, The Tennis Partner: A Doctor’s Story of Friendship and Loss (New York: HarperCollins, 1998).
Index
References in italics refer to illustrations.
Abbott, Maude
Abel, John Jacob
addiction. See also addiction to cocaine; addiction to morphine
criminalization of agents of, 12.1, 12.2
as difficult disease
masturbation as (Freud), 9.1, 12.1
substance abuse distinguished from
as term
contemporary use of, 12.1
early uses of, prl.1, 12.1
treatment by substituting another addictive drug, 4.1, 12.1
addiction recovery
difficulties of, 8.1, 11.1
necessity of daily routines
addiction to cocaine
brain and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 12.1, 12.2
crash, 6.1, 7.1
early warning by Prescott
of Fleischl-Marxow, 4.1, 12.1
of Halsted
behavioral changes, 6.1
at Bellevue Hospital, prl.1, 5.1, 6.1
at Johns Hopkins Hospital, 10.1, 10.2
and operating on patient in Santa Lucia, 6.1
physicians and
withdrawal from
addiction to morphine, prl.1, 4.1
of Fleischl-Marxow, 4.1, 4.2
of Halsted, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
at Johns Hopkins Hospital, 10.1
revealed to Osler, 10.1
of Pappenheim (Anna O.), 9.1, 12.1
treatment with cocaine, prl.1, 3.1, 7.1
addictive personality
Freud as candidate for
alcohol
in combination with cocaine, 3.1, 12.1
Freud and, 9.1, 11.1
Halsted and, 2.1, 12.1
alcoholics, prl.1, 8.1
Alcoholics Anonymous
alienists, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Allgemeines Krankenhaus, prl.1, 1.1
description
First Psychiatric Clinic, 4.1
Freud at, 1.1, 1.2
importance of diagnoses at
patients’ living conditions
professors at
Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical (Gray), 2.1
Anna O. See Pappenheim, Bertha (Anna O.)
Annual Reports of the Trustees and Superintendents of the Butler Hospital for the Insane, 8.1
anti-Semitism in Vienna
of Billroth, 1.1, 12.1
professorial appointments and
Aschenbrandt, Theodor
aspirin
asylums. See also Butler Hospital for the Insane
Salpêtrière Hospital
Baginsky, Adolf
Baltimore, 8.1, 10.1
Eutaw Place, 10.1
Maryland Club, 8.1
Barringer, Gertrude
Bayer Company
Bedlam
Beeton’s Christmas Annual, 5.1
Belle Vue Castle (hotel and spa), 9.1, 9.2
Bellevue Hospital, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1
accident room
ambulance, prl.1
&nb
sp; entrance examination for interns
Halsted at
antiseptic operating theater, 5.1
as intern, 2.1, 2.2
as surgeon, prl.1, 12.1
hierarchy at
ledger on operations at
main gate, 2.1
mortality rates
surgical operation, 5.1
unsanitary operating procedures
Bellevue Medical College
Bentley, W. H.
Bernays, Martha. See also Freud’s letters to Martha
family of, 1.1, 1.2, 12.1
Freud’s proposal to
pictures of, 1.1
with Freud, 1.1, 9.1
with Freud and Anna, 9.1
Bernays, Minna
Freud’s relationship with, 9.1, 11.1
pictures of, 1.1, 9.1
Bernfeld, Siegfried
Bernhardt, Sarah, 7.1, 7.2
Billings, John Shaw, 8.1, 12.1
Billroth, Theodor, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1
bisexuality
Freud’s borrowing ideas about from Fliess, 11.1, 12.1
Block Island, 2.1, 2.2
Bloodgood, Joseph Colt, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2
on Halsted’s tachycardia
use of rubber gloves
B’nai B’rith men’s lodge (Vienna)
Boehringer and Merck
Bonaparte, Princess Marie, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1
Bonpland, Aimé
Booker, William D., 12.1, 12.2
Bostick, Lucy
Bradley, Douglas
brain
cocaine’s effects on, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
morphine’s effects on
Brain (journal), 1.1
Brainerd, H. G.
breast cancer, Halsted’s operation for (radical mastectomy), 10.1, 12.1
Brettauer, Josef
Breuer, Joseph
Fleischl-Marxow and
pictures of, 9.1
with Mathilde, 9.1
relationship with Freud
collaboration, 9.1
early, 9.1
end of, 9.1
use of hypnosis on Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.)
Breuer, Mathilde, 9.1
Brewer, George
Brill, A. A., 11.1
British Medical Journal, 12.1
Broedel, Max
Brouillet, Pierre André, 9.1, 12.1
Brown, Nicholas, Jr.
Bruce, Lenny
Brücke, Ernst Wilhelm von
interest in art
professor of physiology at Vienna Medical School, 1.1, 1.2
recommending Freud for Jubilee Fund grant
and Vienna Institute of Physiology
Buchan, William
Bullitt, William, 11.1
Bunting, Charles
buprenorphine
Butler, Cyrus
Butler Hospital for the Insane, 6.1, 6.2
facilities, 8.1, 8.2
Halsted at
handicraft class, 8.1
medical directors of
patients
recommended to Halsted, 12.1, 12.2
room at, 8.1
Candler, Asa Griggs
cataracts, surgical removal of
cathexis, 11.1, 12.1
Centralblatt für die gesammte Therapie, 4.1
Centralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften, 1.1
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 7.1
Freud and
home of
on hysteria
medical texts translated by Freud
neurology and
at the Salpêtrière Hospital, 7.1, 7.2
painting by Brouillet, 9.1, 12.1
Charcot’s Archives, 9.1
chloroform, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1
cholecystectomy (surgical removal of gallbladder), 5.1, 12.1
Churchman, John W., 12.1
cigarettes, Halsted’s consumption of
cigars, Freud’s consumption of
Claus, Carl, 1.1, 1.2, 12.1
Clinical Lesson with Doctor Charcot at the Salpêtrière Hospital, 1887, A (Brouillet), 9.1, 12.1
coca. See coca leaves
Coca-Cola
advertisement for, 3.1
cocaethylene, 3.1, 12.1
cocaine. See also addiction to cocaine; cocaine, therapeutic uses of
cocaine hydrochloride
manufacture of, 3.1
vial produced by E. Merck and Co., prl.1
crack cocaine
effects on the brain, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
freebasing
in Freud’s dreams
methods of taking, 6.1, 12.1
Freud on, 8.1
physical symptoms from use, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1
price of, 4.1, 5.1
reports on dangers of, 8.1, 8.2
self-experimentation
by Freud, prl.1, 4.1, 12.1
by Halsted, prl.1, 5.1, 12.1
source of
cocaine, therapeutic uses of
by Fliess, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
as local anesthetic
experimenting by Halsted, 5.1
not described in Über Coca, 4.1
worldwide discussions about, 5.1
scientific papers on, prl.1, 3.1, 12.1
surgeon general’s catalog entry in 1883, 4.1
as treatment for morphine addiction, prl.1, 3.1, 7.1
coca leaves, 3.1, 3.2
chewed by natives in South America, 3.1, 3.2
cocaine alkaloid crystals derived from
Humboldt on effect of chewing, 3.1, 12.1
liquid preparations
Coca-Cola, 3.1
Vin Mariani, 3.1
Prescott on appeal of
research on
shipping of
codeine
Conan Doyle, Arthur, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1
“Confessions of a Cocainist, The” (Springthorpe)
Councilman, William T., 8.1, 12.1
Crothers, T. D.
Crowe, Samuel J.
Crowell, Kate
Cullen, Thomas
Cushing, Harvey, 12.1
biography of Osler
conversation with Fulton
on Halsted
addiction, 12.1
bedside manner, 10.1
comments to Cutler, 12.1, 12.2
house, 10.1
Cutler, Elliott Carr, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Dalton, John Call, 2.1, 2.2
Davis, George S., 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Davy, Humphrey
DeBakey, Michael
Detroit, industry in
Dewey, John
dogs, Halsted’s research on
dopamine
dreams of Freud
“Irma’s Injection”
Jacob Freud’s glaucoma operation and cocaine anesthesia
at time of his father’s death, 9.1, 12.1
du Bois-Reymond, Emil
Duffield, Samuel P., 3.1, 12.1
Eckstein, Emma (Irma), 9.1, 9.2
Freud troubled by operation on
Erlenmeyer, Johann A. A.
ether, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1
European universities
Exner, Sigmund, 1.1, 4.1
Ferenczi, Sándor, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Finney, John M. T., 12.1
“Fixed Period, The” (Osler)
Fleischl-Marxow, Ernst von, 4.1, 4.2
addiction to cocaine, 4.1, 12.1
addiction to morphine, 4.1, 4.2
beginning of, 4.1
treatment with cocaine, 4.1
Freud looking after, 4.1, 4.2
pseudoaddiction and
in Vienna Institute of Physiology
Fliess, Wilhelm, 9.1, 11.1. See also Freud’s letters to Fliess
as facilitator of Freud’s cocaine abuse
operation on Eckstein’s nose
relationship with Freud, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
theories of
Follis, Richard H., 12.1
Four Doctors, The (Sargent), 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Francis, W. W.
free association, beginning of technique of
Freud, Anna
Freud, Jacob, 1.1
Freud, Sigmund. See also Freud’s letters to Fliess; Freud’s letters to Martha; Freud’s publications
cocaine abstention
depression and, 11.1
necessity to pull away from Fliess, 11.1
rigorous routine and, 11.1
cocaine abuse, prl.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1
curtailed in fall of 1896, 9.1
and difficult relationships, 9.1
Jones on, 12.1
link with signature ideas, 11.1
money and, 9.1
physical symptoms of, 9.1
used to explain new concepts, 12.1
commitment to medicine
disagreement over theories of
dreams
“Irma’s Injection”, 9.1
Jacob Freud’s glaucoma operation and cocaine anesthesia, 4.1
at the time of his father’s death, 9.1, 12.1
Eckstein case and
family, 1.1, 1.2
fleeing Vienna in 1938, 11.1, 11.2
health
melancholy, 1.1, 4.1, 9.1, 11.1
oral cancer, 12.1
psychological constitution, 9.1
and homosexuality
as intern, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
invited to the United States by Hall
Judaism and
laboratory work
letters to Ferenczi, 11.1, 11.2
on cocaine, 11.1
living accommodations
Berggasse 19, 9.1, 9.2
first apartment with Martha, 9.1, 12.1
in Paris, 7.1
room at Krankenhaus, 4.1, 4.2