during World War II, 144
Nagler, Barney, 125
Napoleon, Benny, 300–301
Nataki Talibah School House, 318
National Afro-American League, 71–75, 74
National Baptist Convention, 186
National Black Automobile Dealers Association, 233
National Black Economic Development (BEDC conference), 220–224
National Conference of Artists, 170
National Endowment for the Arts, 239
National Housing Agency, 141
National Negro Business League, 76
National Negro Congress (NNC), 129, 130–132, 161
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 287
National Urban League, 94–95, 153
Nation of Islam, 134–137, 150, 190
Native Americans
black slaves given to, in war, 17–18
Hull and, 25
interracial marriage between, 16
Nederlander, Joey, 245
needle program, 255
Negro National League, 121–124, 126
Negro World, 101
Nevers, Larry, 275–277
New Bethel Baptist Church, 186
New Chances JET, 318
New Deal, 131
New Detroit Committee, 209–212
Newman, William, 51
New National Era, Lambert’s articles in, 66
newspapers and publications. see also individual names
Gilded Age, 65–67
during Great Migration era, 92–93, 95
Pelham family and, 72–73
New York Age, 74
New York State, during Great Migration, 93
Niagara Movement, 74
Nichols, John, 226, 228, 229–231
Nielbock, Carl, 309
N’Namdi, Carmen, 318
N’Namdi, George, 317–318
N’Namdi Gallery, 342
Norris, Bruce, 245
North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA), 274
Northcross, Daisy, 84
Northcross, David, 84
Northrup, Solomon, 8
North Star (Douglass’ publication), 40
Northwest Activities Center (NAC), 318–319, 341, 343–344
Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 22, 23
Obama, Barack, 324
Oberlin College, 80
“Oh, Dem Golden Slippers” (Bland), 61–62
O’Hair, John D., 276
Old Town (fire; 1805), 24
Olsen, Samuel H., 194, 196
102nd United States Colored Infantry, 48
One Man’s Castle (Vine), 110–111
Orchestra Hall/Paradise Theatre, 242
Organization of Afro-American Unity, 197
Orr, Kevyn D., 331, 336
Ottawa nation, black slaves and, 18–19
Ouellette, Dan, 173
Our Home Colony (Walker), 80
Packard Motor Car Company, 94, 142, 181
Packer, George, 338
Paille, Robert, 208
Palm, Clarence “Spoony,” 122
Palmer, Friend, 20
Pan-African Orthodox Christian Church, 262
Paradise Valley
Million Dollars Worth of Nerve (Coleman) on, 83
overview, 62
segregation and, 157, 161
“Those Winter Sundays” (Hayden), 237
Parker, Charlie “Yardbird,” 170
Parks, Alma Forrest, 67
Parks, Raymond, 204
Parks, Rosa, 163, 196, 204, 208, 268, 269, 280–281, 307–308
Patrick, William, Jr., 176–177, 210, 232
Payne, Scherie, 297
Peck, Fannie B., 132
Peck, William, 131–132
Peek, Lonnie, 07, 214, 216
Pelham, Alfred, 74
Pelham, Benjamin, 72
Pelham, Emma, 78
Pelham, Frances (granddaughter), 74
Pelham, Frances (grandmother), 72
Pelham, Fred, 66, 73
Pelham, Gabrielle Lewis, 75
Pelham, Joseph, 73
Pelham, Laura Montgomery, 74
Pelham, Robert, Jr., 56, 71–75
Pelham, Robert, Sr., 55–56, 72
Pelham family, “cultured 40” and, 82
People’s Chorus, 64
Perlman, Fredy, 222
Perry, Julian, 111
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 25
Peterson, Raymond, 227
Phillis Wheatley Home for Aged Colored Ladies, 54, 84
Pier Ballroom, 63
Pincus, Max, 245
Pingree, Hazen, 83
Plafkin, Sol, 208
Plowshares Theater, 267, 296
Plymouth Congressional Church, 132
Polite, Carlene Hatcher, 169–170
The Political Thought of James Forman (Forman), 222
Pollard, Aubrey, 207
Pontchartrain, Count, 16
Pontiac, Chief, 18
Poole, Clara, 102
Poole, Elijah (Muhammad), 102, 134–137, 148–150, 164
Porter, Hayes, 148
Porter, Maggie, 266–267
Posey, Cumberland, 126
Poston, Augusta Savage, 101
Poston, Robert, 99, 100–102
Poston, Ulysses, 101
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 195
Powell, Maxine, 297
Prestige Records, 172
Preston, Frances, 63–64
Primetime (ABC), on violence, 263
Prosser, Gabriel, 23
Provisional Constitution, 40
Purple Gang, 123, 124
Quicken Loans, 333, 335, 342
Quinn, Longworth, Jr., 271
Quinn, Longworth, Sr., 269–270
Qwest, 264
racism. see economy and employment; education; housing; labor and labor unions; lynchings; rioting and protests
ragtime, 60
Raitt, Bonnie, 259
Ramsey, Raymond, 97
Randall, Dudley, 236–238, 256–257
Randolph, A. Philip, 105–106, 143–144, 153–154
Ranelin, Phil, 240
Rangel, Charles, 163
RAPA House, 241
Ravitz, Justin, 213–214, 231, 267
Ravitz, Mel, 231
Raymond (gang), 254
Read, Benjamin, 50
Reagan, Ronald, 251, 258–259
Redmond, Byron G., 72
Reed, Gregory, 136
Reeves, Martha, 203
Reid, Edsel, 170
Reid, Irvin D., 285–286
Reid, Shirley Woodson, 170
“Relief” (Hughes), 127
religion. see also individual names of churches; individual names of leaders
black Christian nationalism, 165–166
churches and funeral homes, 185–186
David Walker’s Appeal (Christian manifesto), 28–29
early years of black church, 49–56
interracial marriage and, 16
Jews, 53–54, 123, 132, 152–153
leadership following Franklin’s death, 250
Nation of Islam, 134–137, 150, 190
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 64
Renaissance Center, 257
Reno, Janet, 300
reparations, call for, 221, 240
Republic of New Afrika (RNA), 212, 220
Return to Love (Ross), 296–297
Reuther, Walter, 161, 193, 199
Revolutionary Detroit (Stegich), 20
Reynolds, David S., 32
Rhea, John, 334–335
Rheal Capital Management, 334–335
Rhodes, Steven W., 335–336
Richards, Evalina, 78
Richards, Fannie, 54, 78, 81, 84
Richards family, “cultured 40” and, 82
Riley, James A., 80
rioting and protests. see also Detroit Police Department
Blackburn affair (1833), 31–3
2
Detroit race riot of 1943, 150–154
Detroit race riots of 1967, and New Detroit Committee, 209–212
Detroit riots of 1967, activism following, 212–216
Detroit riots of 1967, events, 201, 202–209
Devil’s Night, 261–262
Faulkner’s imprisonment and, 45–46
during Great Migration era, 100
Harper’s Ferry raid, 41
Red Summer, 108
Selma march, 198–199
Sojourner Truth riot, 140–142, 167
Sweet trials and, 108–120
Turner revolt, 28–29
Ritz, David, 225
Roane, Irving, 187
Robb, Dean, 162
Robeson, Paul, Jr., 241
Robeson, Paul, Sr., 162, 241, 299
Robinson, David, 300–301
Robinson, James, 25
Robinson, Roger, 247
Robinson, Samuel, 50
Robinson, Smokey, 180–181
Robinson, “Sugar Ray” (Walker Smith), 126
Rochelle, Fred, 111
Rodgers, Ernie, 241
Rodgers, Pamela, 316
Roesink, John, 123–124
Romney, George, 323
Romney, Mitt, 323
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 154
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 131, 143–144, 154, 324–325
Roosevelt, Theodore, 76
Rose-Collins, Barbara, 262, 279
“Rosie the Riveter,” 144
Ross, Diana, 167, 231, 296–297
Roxborough, Charles, 125
Roxborough, John, 125
Rudwick, Elliott, 133–134
Russo, Bridget, 337
Saint Matthew’s Protestant Episcopal Mission, 51, 53, 60, 66, 108
Salvatore, Nick, 166–167, 194
Sanders, Sam, 240, 242
Savage, Gene, 148
Savoy Records, 172
Schwerner, Michael, 162
Scott, Cynthia, 194–195
Scott, William, 49–50
Scottsboro Boys, 131
Second Baptist Church, 36, 44, 47, 50–55, 63–64, 108–109, 118
“The Secret Ritual of the Nation of Islam,” 136
segregation. see economy and employment; education; housing; labor and labor unions
Selma (Alabama), march in, 198–199
Senak, David, 208
Shadd, Mary Ann, 39
Sharp, Monroe, 222
Sheffield, Horace L., Jr., 134, 141, 176–177, 281–283
Shinola, 336–337
Shook, Ben, 58, 60–61
Shrine of the Black Madonna, 165, 238, 262, 295
Silhouettes, 181
Simmons, Charles, 190
Simmons, John, 148
Sinclair, John, 267
Sitkoff, Harvard, 150
Six Mile Road, overview, 168
Skipper, Joseph, 280–281
Slaughter, James, 28, 29
slavery, 17–26
abolitionists, 33, 35–42, 50, 52–53
antislavery society, 33, 39–42
Blackburn affair, 27–34
bounty hunters, 28, 34
census (1782), 21
in colonial times, 17–23
The Slim Shady (Eminem), 291–292
Sloman, Mark, 53
Smith, Earl D. A., 266
Smith, Gerald L. K., 132
Smith, Hartford, 263
Smith, Henry, 85
Smith, Leroy, 62–63
Smith, Marietta, 65
Smith, Otis M., 188, 278
Smith, Robbie, 250
Smith, Susie, 76
Smith, Virgil, 293–294
Smith, Walker, 126
Smith Act, 162
Smitherman, Geneva, 213
Snyder, Rick, 330
Society of Second Baptist Church, 50–55
society orchestra music tradition, 62–63
Sojourner Truth Projects, 11, 140–142, 167
Sorenson, Charles E., 108–109
“sorrow songs,” 63
Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 63
Soup Kitchen Saloon, 259
Source Booksellers, 317
South Africa, political prisoners of, 268–269, 293–294
South End (Wayne State University), activism and, 215–216
Southern Railroad Company, 135
Spanish-American War, 86
Spearman-Leach, Tony, 312
Spicher, Theodore, 194
sports
in 1980s, 256, 261
cultural heritage, overview, 11–12
Horton, 188–189
Little Caesars Arena, 342
Louis, 121, 124–126
Negro National League, 121–124, 126
Young and, 246
Spratling, Cassandra, 315
State Convention of Colored Citizens (1843), 36
Stearns, Norman “Turkey,” 121–122, 124
Steele, Elaine, 268, 280
Stegich, Errin T., 20
Steinberg, Martha Jean “the Queen,” 275, 295
Sterline, James, 18
Stinson-Diggs Chapel, Inc., 287
Stone, Fred, 58, 60–61
Storey, Wilbur Fisk, 40
Stowers, Walter A., 72
Straker, D. Augustus, 56, 78–82
Strata Concert Gallery, 240
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 190, 207
Study of the Negro Problems (1902), 87
suburbia, growth of, 188, 271, 291
Sugar, Maurice, 100
Sugrue, Thomas, 146
Sullivan, Leon, 232
Sunlight Through Bullet Holes (moore), 339
Superb Manufacturing, 275
Supremes, 296–297
Surkin, Marvin, 190, 215, 252
Swainson, John, 188, 278
Sweet, Gladys, 106–107, 110, 116–117
Sweet, Henry, 110
Sweet, Iva, 116
Sweet, Ossian
attack against, 109–111
on Dunbar Memorial Hospital staff, 102
move to white neighborhood by, 105–107
trials, 111–120
Young’s views on, 129–130
Sweet, Otis, 110
Sweethearts of Rhythm, 273
syncopated music, 59
Szczesny, Joseph, 294
Taggart (riot leader), 111
Tait, David, 22
Takahashi, Satokata, 146–147
“talented tenth,” 76, 82
Tamla, 179, 182
Tappes, Shelton, 134, 141
Tate, James, 338
Taylor, Marcena, 203
Taylor, Maxine Rayford, 300
Teamsters, 199
Temple, Fred, 207
Terrell, Tammi, 225
theater
in 1980s, 256, 265–267
cultural heritage, overview, 11–12
in early 2000s, 296
Gilded Age, 67–68
Theoharis, Jeanne, 280
Third World Press, 237
This Nonviolent Stuff’ll Get You Killed (Cobb), 97
Thomas, Isaiah, 264
Thomas, Louise, 144
Thomas, Richard, 108, 278
Thomas, R. J., 134
Thompson, Addie, 324
Thompson, C. H., 56
“Those Winter Sundays” (Hayden), 237
371st Infantry, 97–98
372nd Infantry, 97–100
Till, Emmett, 157, 163
Time Magazine, on Ditto, 210
Tipton, Leo, 151
“Today I Sing the Blues” (Franklin), 187
Toledo Blue Stockings, 80
Toms, Robert, 114, 116
Trade Union Leadership Council (TULC), 176–177, 282
Trafton, Johnny, 61–62
Trammell, Alan, 261
“Treemonisha” (Joplin), 60
Tripp, Luke, 191, 218, 221
Trotter, Willi
am Monroe, 76
Troy, William, 51
True Crime in the Civil War (Buhk), 44
Truth, Sojourner, 47, 68
Tucker, William, 24–25
Turner, Alexander L., 102, 111
Turner, Nat, 23, 28–29
Turpin, Henderson “Ben,” 123, 124
Tuskegee Airmen, 147, 154
Tyler, Fannie, 250
UHURU, 190–191
Uncle Tom and Little Eva (Duncanson), 68
Underground Railroad, 35–42, 52
Unemployment Councils, 128–129
Union Baptist Church, 64
Uniroyal, 87
United Auto Workers
cost-of-living wage increases, 161
criticism of, late 1960s, 216
DRUM’s demands of, 218
Fair Practices Department, 176
during Great Depression, 128–129, 130–134
non-discrimination clause, 119
Reuther, 193, 199
Sheffield, Jr., and, 282
UAW-CIO founding, 142
World War II era, 141, 144
United Sound Systems, 239
Unity (police publication), 227
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 101–102
University of Islam, 136
University of Michigan, 18, 80
The Unwinding (Packer), 338
Urban League, 94–95, 108
urban renewal, 161, 168, 187
US Civil Rights Commission, 176
Vandellas. see Reeves, Martha.
Varner, Harold, 283–284
Vaughn, Ed, 208, 209, 274
Vaughn, Jackie, 293–294
Vesey, Denmark, 23
Victory, James, 100
Viera, Rafael, 213
Vietnam War, 214, 223
Vine, Phyllis, 110–111
Vocal Normal Institute, 65
Voice of the Fugitive (abolitionist newspaper), 37
“Vote for Pingree and Vote for Bread” (Dunbar), 83
Wadsworth, James, 199, 250
Wahls, Myron, 176–177
Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour (Joseph), 196
Walden, Bob, 229
Walker, Darren, 334
Walker, Lucius, 221
Walker, Moses Fleetwood “Fleet,” 78, 79–80, 122
Walker, Welday, 80
Wallace, Sippie, 259
Walsh, Scott, 276–277
Ward, Willis, 144
Washington, Booker T., 76–77, 87–89, 236
Washington, Charles, 110
Washington, Forrester B., 94, 95–96
Watson, Edna Ewell, 240
Watson, Hewitt, 110, 221, 224
Watson, James, 190
Watson, John, 215–216, 218–224, 223
Watts, Nellie, 68, 119
Wayne State University
activism at, 215–216
black studies at, 7–8
first black president, 285–286
literary and musical events, 239
theater program, 266
Weaver, Robert, 143
Webb, William, 40
Weekley, Joseph, 328
Welbilt (cast-iron stove company), 87
Welburn, Ed, 316
Wells, Cheryl, 123
Wells, Ida B., 65, 75
Wharton, Clifton, 232–233
What’s Going On (Gaye), 225–226