18.Woodie King Jr., ed., New Plays for the Black Theatre (Chicago: Third World Press, 1989), 165.
19.Ward, op. cit., 327.
20.Christopher J. Singleton, “Auto Industry Jobs in the 1980s: A Decade of Transition,” Monthly Labor Review, Feb. 1992, www.bls.gov/mlr/1992/02/art2full.pdf, p. 22.
21.Several conversations with Ms. Coley over the years.
22.Denise Crittendon and Charlie Cain, Detroit News, Apr. 30, 1989, p. 1. Jesse delivered these words during his testimony at his brother’s memorial service.
23.See www.johnsinclair.us/columns-and-reviews/20-features/861-in-memory-of-kenneth-v-cockrel.html.
24.Michael Hamlin and Michele Gibbs, A Black Revolutionary’s Life in Labor: Black Workers’ Power in Detroit (Detroit: Against the Tide Books, 2012), 16.
25.Dan Georgakas and Marvin Surkin, Detroit: I Do Mind Dying: A Study in Urban Revolution (Boston: South End Press, 1998), 211.
26.Jeanne Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013), 231. At Parks’s birthday salute, Lou Rawls, Dick Gregory, Sister Sledge, Dionne Warwick, Cicely Tyson, and Melissa Manchester were among the performers.
27.“Flashback: 18 Hours in 1990 when Mandela Charmed Detroit,” Detroit Free Press, Dec. 5, 2013, www.freep.com/article/20131205/NEWS05/312050141/1990-flashback-Nelson-Mandela-s-18-hour-fund-raising-visit-Detroit.
28.Peter J. Hammer and Trevor W. Coleman, Crusader for Justice: Federal Judge Damon J. Keith (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2014), 234.
29.Arthur Johnson, Race and Remembrance: A Memoir (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2008), 225.
Chapter 24: A Mayor and Malice
1. Coleman Young and Lonnie Wheeler, Hard Stuff: The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young (New York: Viking, 1994), 294.
2. Michigan Chronicle, editorial, Jan. 13, 1990, p. 6a.
3. Bill Harris, Riffs & Coda: Two Plays (Detroit: Broadside Press, 1990), 131.
4. Dennis Bowles, Dr. Beans Bowles “Fingertips”: The Untold Story (Ferndale, MI: Sho-nuff Productions, 2003), 171.
5. Jill Day-Foley, “Merchants’ Steps to Economic Freedom,” Michigan Chronicle, Feb. 10, 1990, p. 6. Vaughn observed that every ethnic group in the country “takes care of themselves. We on the other hand, love everyone else but ourselves first, give to everyone but ourselves.”
6. See http://hbcuconnect.com/colleges/52/lewis-college-of-business.
7. “Toughing It Out,” Black Enterprise, June 1991, p. 100.
8. “Malice Green Beating Death Trials: 1993–2000,” http://law.jrank.org/pages/3568/Malice-Green-Beating-Death-Trials-1993–2000.html.
9. Ibid., 2.
10.“Medical Technical Tells Detroit Trial About Gruesome Beating of Motorist,” Baltimore Sun, July 15, 1993, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993–07–15/news/1993196176_1_walsh-malice-green-blood.
11.“Malice Green Beating Death Trials: 1993–2000,” http://law.jrank.org/pages/3568/Malice-Green-Beating-Death-Trials-1993–2000.html.
12.Sue Ellen Christian, Chicago Tribune, Feb. 10, 1998, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998–02–10/news/9802100262_1_malice-green-retrial-detroit-police-officer.
13.Joe T. Darden and Richard W. Thomas, Detroit: Race Riots, Racial Conflicts and Efforts to Bridge the Racial Divide (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2013), 121.
14.Young, op. cit., 320.
15.Darden, op. cit., 125. This is a quote from urbanologist W.J.V. Neill, though it’s unclear which source is used, because the date cited is different from the one listed in their bibliography. Even so, Neill’s indictment of the Young administration is consistent with his article “Lipstick on the Gorilla: The Failure of Image-Led Planning in Coleman Young’s Detroit,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 19, no 4, (Dec. 1, 1995), 639–53.
16.Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 270.
17.Jeanne Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013), 233.
18.Ibid.
19.Khaalid Walls, African Americans on Wheels magazine, 1998, National Automotive History Collection, Detroit Public Library.
20.Arthur L. Johnson, Race and Remembrance: A Memoir (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2008), 226.
21.Amy J. Schultz, David R. Williams, Barbara A. Israel, and Lora Bex Lempert, “Racial and Spatial Relations as Fundamental Determinants of Health in Detroit,” Milbank Quarterly 80, no. 4 (Dec. 2002), 677–707.
22.Michigan Chronicle, Apr. 23–29, 1997, p. C-6.
23.Cassandra Spratling, Detroit Free Press, Dec. 24, 2013.
24.Dr. Roberta Hughes Wright, The Man & The Museum: The Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History and Charles H. Wright (Detroit: Harlo Printing and Publishing, 2014), 232.
25.Detroit Free Press, Oct. 20, 1999; see also Carol Brennan, Contemporary Black Biography, 2000.
26.See http://history.house.gov/People/Detail?id=12254.
27.Ibid.
28.Walter Gilbert and Lina Jones, “Detroit Schools Takeover Approved by Michigan Legislature,” World Socialist, Apr. 6, 1999, www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/04/det-a06.html.
29.Ibid.
30.John Telford, “Fascism & Classism in Detroit and Lansing,” Detroiter Resisting Emergency Management, Dec. 22, 2013.
31.CNN.com, Sept. 6, 1999, http://edition.cnn.com/US/9909/06/detroit.schools.01.
32.Rich Gibson, “The Theory and Practice of Constructing Hope: The Detroit Teachers’ Wildcat Strike 1999,” http://clogic.eserver.org/2–2/gibson.html.
33.Alex P. Kellogg, “Black Flight Hits Detroit,” Wall Street Journal, June 5, 2010, http://datadrivendetroit.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/WSJ-article.pdf.
34.Melissa Maynard, “Michigan and Detroit: A Troubled Relationship,” USA Today, July 31, 2013.
Chapter 25: Emergency, Resurgency
1. Michigan Chronicle, Jan. 5–11, 2000, p. 3.
2. See http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2–3057100023.html.
3. See http://www.heidelberg.org.
4. Myron Wade Curenton, Plowshares Theatre Company: The First Twenty Years (Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest, 2008), 88.
5. Susan Whitall, Women of Motown: An Oral History (New York: Avon Books, 1998), https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.music.soul/2262MWeT0FI.
6. Maxine Powell, “When I Think of Gwen,” Michigan Chronicle, Jan. 5–11, 2000, p. D-2.
7. Larry Gabriel, Detroit Metro Times, Sept. 27, 2000.
8. Michigan Chronicle, Jan. 5–11, 2000, p. A-8.
9. Ibid., A-9.
10.Detroit City Council Proceedings and Minutes, Nov. 29, 2000, p. 3050, http://www.detroitmi.gov/Portals/0/docs/cityclerk/2000%20Council.pdf.
11.Curt Guyette, “Points of Doubt,” Detroit Metro Times, Dec. 6, 2000.
12.“Police Secrets,” Detroit Metro Times, Mar. 21, 2001; and Diane Bukowski, “Detroit Family Wins $2.5 Million in Police Lawsuit,” Chicago Final Call, Aug. 17, 2010.
13.Jack Lessenberry, “Detroit’s Mayoral Primary Turned Upside Down,” Toledo Blade, Sept. 29, 2001.
Chapter 26: Kwame Time!
1. M. L. Elrick, Fox 2 News, WJBK Detroit, Oct. 19, 2012.
3. Tim Jones, “Motor City Mayor Racing to Improve City,” Chicago Tribune, June 16, 2002.
4. Kevin Chappell, Ebony, Apr. 2003, p. 160.
5. Ibid.
6. Carmen Regalado and Ron Lare, “The Detroit Teachers’ Strike,” Solidarity, Jan.–Feb. 2007, www.solidarity-us.org/node/308.
7. “Records: Detroit Mayor Charged $210K for Wining, Dining,” Associated Press, May 3, 2005.
8. Desiree Cooper, “Kilpatrick’s Win Was Not Really a Surprise,” Detroit Free Press, Nov. 10, 2005, p. B-1.
9. Carlos Osario, “Thousands Attend Rosa Parks’ Funeral in Detroit,” Associated Press, Nov. 2,
2005.
10.John Corvino, “Uninspiring Campaign,” Detroit Free Press, Nov. 21, 2005, p. 8.
11.See www.c-span.org/video/?190593–1/detroit-mayoral-inauguration.
12.Desiree Cooper, “Super Bowl Event Also a Chance to Honor King,” Detroit Free Press, Jan., 26, 2006.
Chapter 27: A Spark of Redevelopment
1. Angel Cecil, “Performers Get Freedom Honors,” Detroit Free Press, May 16, 2006, p. B-2.
2. See http://nonprofit.umich.edu/students/minicase/cccminicase_content.pdf.
3. Jeff Karoub, “Wall That Once Divided Races in Detroit Remains, Teaches,” Associated Press, May 1, 2015.
4. Alejandro Bodipo-Memba, “4 Black Business Groups Join Forces to Lift Economy,” Detroit Free Press, Oct. 17, 2006, p. E-1.
5. See www.hungercenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Co-op-Grocery-Stores-Clark.pdf.
6. See www.detroitblackfoodsecurity.org.
7. Cassandra Spratling, “Bert’s Marketplace,” Detroit Free Press, June 14, 2007.
8. See www.blackenterprise.com/mag/desperate-in-detroit/2.
9. Howard Bossen and John Beck, eds., Detroit Resurgent (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2014), 152.
10.Mark Lee, “N’Namdi Center for Contemporary Art Grows to Offer Broader Services in Detroit’s Creative Sector,” Crain’s Detroit, Nov. 19, 2014, http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20141119/BLOG106/141119755/nnamdi-center-for-contemporary-art-grows-to-offer-broader-servicesN’Namdi.
11.Interview with Ron Lockett, July 12, 2016.
Chapter 28: Dhaka in Detroit
1. Courtney Flynn, Michigan Department of Community Health; and www.detroitkidsdata.org/dkdquickfacts.htm.
2. U.S. Census Bureau, https:www.census.gov/newsroom.
3. Kurt Badenhausen, “America’s Most Miserable Cities,” Crain’s, Jan. 30, 2008.
4. Mitt Romney, “Let Detroit Go Bankrupt,” New York Times, op-ed, Nov. 18, 2008.
5. Herb Boyd, “Ovations for Obama in Motown,” Amsterdam News, June 16, 2008.
6. Interview with Addie Thompson, Jan. 2014.
7. Trevor Calero, Michigan Daily, Nov. 5, 2008, www.michigandaily.com/content/2008–11–05/michigan-democratic-watch-party.
8. Susan Saulny and Nick Bunkley, “Detroit’s Mayor Will Leave Office and Go to Jail,” New York Times, Sept. 3, 2008.
9. Ibid.
10.Drew Sharp, Dave Bing: A Life of Challenge (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2013), 227.
11.Ibid., 228.
12.Corey Williams and Ed White, “Aiyana Jones, 7-Year-Old Shot and Killed by Detroit Police, Was Sleeping, According to Family,” Associated Press, May 17, 2010.
13.Bridgette Outten, Politics365, July 11, 2010, http://politic365.com/2010/06/11/exclusive-detroit-mayor-bing-talks-budget-aiyana-jones-and-more.
14.Sharp, op. cit., 256.
15.See http://robertbobbgroup.com/about-us/robert-c-bobb.
16.Nick Anderson, “Former D.C. Official Robert Bobb Making Waves in Troubled Detroit School System,” Washington Post, Dec. 24, 2010.
17.Ibid.
18.Sharp, op. cit. 258.
19.Jim McFarlin, “Mayor Bing’s Ousted Chief Communicator, Karen Dumas, Speaks,” Hour Detroit, Aug. 16, 2011. See: Drew Sharp, Dave Bing—A Life of Challenge (Human Kinetics, Champaign, Il, 2013), 268–270
20.Dave Bing, “The Community Celebrates Michigan Chronicle Publisher Sam Logan’s Leadership and Life,” Michigan Chronicle, Dec. 29, 2011.
21.Interview with Dave Bing, June 15, 2014.
Chapter 29: A Looming Chimera
1. Jennifer Chambers, “Detroiters’ Optimism Captivates Ford Foundation Head,” Detroit News, June 16, 2015.
2. Donald James, “New York–Based Capital Management Firm to Open Detroit Office,” Michigan Chronicle, Sept. 10–16, 2014, section C. Rhea could have talked about another far more romantic coalition with his wife, Tiffany Hall, a former Detroiter. They were married in the spring of 2014 and, coincidentally, their fathers, Walter Rhea and Elliott Hall, both attended Chadsey High School.
3. “Thousands Line Up For 500 Jobs Available at Quicken Loans,” CBS Detroit, Apr. 20, 2013.
4. Monica Davey and Mary Williams Walsh, “Plan to Exit Bankruptcy Approved for Detroit,” New York Times, Nov. 7, 2014.
5. See www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20160210/BLOG009/160219986/shinola-launches-national-ad-campaign-focused-on-employees-job.
6. See https://www.glassdoor.com/Overview/Working-at-Shinola-EI_IE678762.11,18.htm.
7. Interview with Councilman James Tate, June 17, 2014.
8. Interview with jessica Care moore, June 24, 2014.
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Abbott, James, 19
Abbott & Finchly, 19
ABC, 263
abolitionists, 33, 35–42, 50, 52–53
Adamany, David, 290
Adams, Charles, 250
Adhesive Systems, 298–299
Adler, Liebman, 53
Adopt-a-School initiative, 299
Advertiser and Tribune (Detroit), on Faulkner, 44
AFL-CIO, 175
African American Business Alliance, 313
African American Mysteries: the Order of the Men of Oppression, 37
African Americans on Wheels (Szczesny), 294
Afro-American Journal of Fashion, Coston and, 66
Afro-American Youth Movement, 202
Agyeman, Jaramogi Abebe (Albert Cleage, Jr.), 137, 190, 195–196, 208, 210–211, 262, 295
Aldridge, Dan, 207
Algiers Motel, 207
Ali, Noble Drew, 135
Allen, Ernest “Ernie,” 147, 149, 219, 223
Allen, Richard, 36
Allen, Robert, 50
Allen, Roy, 211
Allen College, 81
Allied Artists Association, 242–243
AME Church Review, Lambert and, 66
American Black Journal (cable-television show), on teen violence, 263
American Motors, 234, 323
American Negro Labor Congress, 106, 129
Ames, James (J. W.), 83, 102
Amsterdam News (New York), on Sweet trials, 106
Anderson, Gary, 296
Anderson, Herman, 176–177
Anderson, Marian, 64
Anderson, William H., 72
Anthony, Wendell, 250, 286
Archer, Dennis, 268, 277–280, 282, 288–289, 298–299, 300–301
Arc of Justice (Boyle), 115
Askin, John, 21
Associated Charities, 95
Association of Black Students, 216
Atlanta Six, 129
August, Ronald, 208
Austin, Lewis, 31
Austin, Richard, 226, 231
Austin, Will, 171, 172
automobile industry. see also Ford Motor Company
calls for diversity (early 2000s), 294
defense work during World War II, 142–147, 154–155
Douglas’ dealership, 316–317
early black board members of, 232–233
financial downturn of late 1950s, 181–183
Gilded Age, 69–70
Graham Paige, 118
during Great Migration, 92–94
Young administration and, 248–249, 251
“Bacon Fat” (Williams), 168
Baer, Max, 126
Bak, Richard, 121–122
Baker, Anita, 264
Baker, Gordon, Jr., 191, 202, 217–218
Baldwin, James, 69–70
Ball, Fred Hart, 67
Ball, Henry, 67
Ball, Zoe, 68
“Ballad of Birmingham” (Randall), 236
bankruptcy fears, for Detroit, 331, 333, 335–339
Banks, Robert, 33, 39–42
Banneker, Benjamin, 24
Baptist Association for Colored People, 51
Barnes, Ortheia, 269
Barron, James, 227
Barrow, Deleon, 125
Barrow, Joe. see Louis, Joe “Brown Bomber”
Barthwell, Jack, 152
Barthwell, Sidney, Jr., 152
Barthwell’s Drug Store, 152
Bates, Beth Tomkins, 107, 118, 132
Battle of Bloody Run, 19
Battle of Boyd’s Landing, 48
Battle of Fort Sumter, 41
Battle of the Thames, 26
Beard, Wilson, 85
Beatty, Christine, 325
Beckham, Charles, 260
BEDC conference (National Black Economic Development), 220–224
Belgrave, Marcus, 241
Bell, Willie, 249
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 51–53, 55, 74, 131–132
Bethel AME Church Credit Union, 132
Beverly Hills Cop (films), 299–300
Bey, Faruq Z., 258
Bey, Sadiq, 228
Bibb, Henry, 33, 37–42, 52
Big Band Jazz (McCarthy), 62
“Big Boss Man” (Hooker), 177
Big Boy (gang), 254
Billups, Joe, 128, 134
Bing, Dave, 251, 274–275, 319, 326–331
Bing Group, 274–275
Binion, Earl, 160
Binion, John, 160
Binion, McArthur, 159–160
Birwood Wall, 312
Black, Julian, 125
Black Bolshevik (Haywood), 99–100
Black Bottom
during Great Migration era, 102
Million Dollars Worth of Nerve (Coleman) on, 83
Nation of Islam’s founding and, 134–137
overview, 2–5
segregation and, 157, 161
“Those Winter Sundays” (Hayden), 237
Turpin and, 123
during World War II era, 139, 154
Young and, 129–130
Blackburn, Jack “Chappie,” 125
Blackburn, Lucie (Ruthie), 27–34
Blackburn, Thornton, 27–34
Blackburn affair, 27–34
The Black Laws in the Old Northwest (Middleton), 20
“Black Manifesto” (Forman), 221, 222
Black Panther Party, 216, 220
Black Slate, 196, 262
Black Star Co-op, 211
Black Star Publishing, 222
Blackwell, Art, 309
Black Workers Congress (BWC), 223, 224
Black Writers Conference (Fisk University), 237