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Books by Henry Kissinger
Crisis: The Anatomy of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises
Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America’s Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War
Does America Need a Foreign Policy?
Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century
Years of Renewal
Diplomacy
Observations: Selected Speeches and Essays, 1982–1984
Years of Upheaval
For the Record: Selected Statements, 1977–1980
White House Years
American Foreign Policy: Three Essays
Problems of National Strategy: A Book of Readings (editor)
The Troubled Partnership: A Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance
The Necessity of Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy
Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy
A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace: 1812–22
To Nancy
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Maps
Foreword
I. A MOMENT OF HOPE
Decision at the Swimming Pool
Opportunity Lost
II. A VISIT TO HANOI
The Paris Agreement
A Visit to Bangkok
The Dilemmas of Cambodia
A Visit to Vientiane
An Eerie Visit to Hanoi
Pham Van Dong
Economic Aid
III. CHINA: ANOTHER STEP FORWARD
Peking Revisited
Tour d’Horizon
The Liaison Offices
A Meeting with Mao
Conclusion
IV. THE GATHERING IMPACT OF WATERGATE
A Rude Awakening
The Legacy of Vietnam
Watergate Accelerates
The “Germans”: Haldeman and Ehrlichman
The Disintegration of the White House
The Transformation of the Nixon Administration
The Taping System
The “Plumbers” and the Wiretaps
The Impact on Foreign Policy
V. THE YEAR OF EUROPE
Origins
Atlantic Relations in Disrepair
The Exploratory Phase
The “Year of Europe” Speech
Jobert Leads Us a Dance
Icebergs in Reykjavik
Waiting for Jobert
The Year That Never Was
VI. THE MIDDLE EAST IN FERMENT
Time for a New Initiative?
Preparing for Ismail: A Diplomatic Minuet
Ismail in Washington
Hussein
Golda Meir
Second Secret Meeting with Ismail
VII. DÉTENTE: ZAVIDOVO TO SAN CLEMENTE
Détente: What Was It?
Grain and Emigrants
Missiles and Fantasy
The SALT II Stalemate
The Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War
Brezhnev’s American Visit
A Summing Up
VIII. INDOCHINA: THE BEGINNING OF THE END
Broken Promises
Thieu Visits San Clemente
The Aborted Retaliation
A Charade with Le Duc Tho
Cambodia: A Certain Hypocrisy
The Lost Opportunity
Congress Halts the Bombing
The Negotiations Unravel
Nobel Peace Prize
IX. CHILE: THE FALL OF SALVADOR ALLENDE
The United States and Allende
Allende in Office
1972: The Accelerating Polarization of Chilean Politics
ITT and the Mounting Crisis
1973: Allende’s Final Crisis
The Military Begin to Move
The Coup
Washington Reaction
X. BECOMING SECRETARY OF STATE
Crisis of the Executive
Waiting for the Senate
Confirmation Hearings
The Department of State
The Foreign Service
Taking Over
XI. THE MIDDLE EAST WAR
An Awakening for Us All
Why We Were Surprised
Shaping a Strategy
October 7: A Sunday of Stalling
Sadat Gets in Touch
October 8: True to Scenario
October 9–10: The Tide Turns Ominously
October 11: Israel Drives into Syria
October 12–13: Our Airlift Begins
October 13–14: The Failed Cease-Fire
October 14: Deadlock on the Battlefield
October 15–16: The Tide Turns Again
October 17: Heading for a Cease-Fire
October 18–19: An Invitation to Moscow
XII. MOSCOW, THE CEASE-FIRE, AND THE ALERT
Journey to Moscow
Agreement on a Cease-Fire
A Tense Visit to Israel
The Cease-Fire Unravels
The Alert: October 24–25
The Crisis Abates
Aftermath
Prospects for Peace
XIII. FIRST MIDDLE EAST BREAKTHROUGH
Fahmy and Golda
Contact with the PLO
My First Middle East Journey
The Six-Point Agreement
Anwar Sadat
Sisco and Saunders in Israel
Amman
Riyadh
XIV. PERSIAN GULF INTERLUDE
XV. THE ECLIPSE OF ZHOU ENLAI AND ANOTHER TALK WITH MAO
Zhou under Fire
Another Meeting with Mao
XVI. TROUBLES WITH ALLIES
The End of the Year of Europe
The Impact of the Middle East War
The North Atlantic Council and the Pilgrims Speech
What Went Wrong?
Japanese Perspectives
XVII. THE GENEVA CONFERENCE
The Strategy
The Kilometer 101 Talks and the Beginning of Disengagement
The Road to Geneva
Algiers
Cairo Again
Return to Riyadh
First Visit to Damascus
Respite in Amman
Lebanon
Israel
The Geneva Conference
XVIII. THE FIRST SHUTTLE: EGYPTIAN-ISRAELI DISENGAGEMENT
The Origin of Shuttle Diplomacy
Watergate Again
Aswan: January 11–12
Jerusalem: January 12–13
The Flying State Department
Aswan Again: January 13–14
The Shuttle Concludes
The Final Phase
Aqaba, Damascus, and Tel Aviv
Washington at Last
XIX. THE ENERGY CRISIS
The Years of Complacency
The Gathering Storm: 1970–1973
The OPEC Governments Take Control
The October War and Energy: The First Oil Shock
The Second Oil Shock: Tehran and Kuwait
Ending the Embargo
XX. ENERGY AND THE DEMOCRACIES
An Energy Strategy
The Ministers Convene
The Washington Energy Conference
The Consumers Unite
Another Blowup
XXI. THE ROAD TO DAMASCUS: AN EXPLORATORY SHUTTLE
The Soviet Dilemma
Fahmy and Saqqaf Visit W
ashington
An Eventful Visit to Damascus
Drama in Israel
Back to Cairo
Damascus Again: Asad Stays Cool
Riyadh
The Jordanian Option
XXII. THE DECLINE OF DÉTENTE: A TURNING POINT
Détente under Attack
The Jackson-Vanik Amendment
Defense Dilemmas
SALT Again
Another Visit to Moscow
Conclusion
XXIII. THE SYRIAN SHUTTLE
Caging the Bear
The Arab World
Prelude to the Shuttle
Dayan Visits Again
The Syrian Emissary
Lebanese Interlude
The Shuttle Begins: The Line of Separation
The “United States Proposal,”
The Limitation of Forces
The Final Phase: Damascus, Another Crisis
The Final Phase: Israel
XXIV. THE LAST HURRAH
The Salzburg Press Conference,
Nixon’s Middle East Trip
More Accusations
The Moscow Summit
XXV. THE END OF THE ADMINISTRATION
The Long Voyage Home
One More Crisis
The End of the Road
Photographs
Appendix
Chapter Notes
Index
List of Illustrations
Over a pontoon bridge into Hanoi, February 1973. (White House Photo)
Meeting Pham Van Dong in Hanoi, February 1973. (DRV Photo)
With Le Duc Tho at the Guest House, Hanoi, February 1973. (White House Photo)
Zhou Enlai, November 1973. (Official Chinese Photo)
With Premier Zhou Enlai and Chairman Mao Zedong in Peking, February 1973. (Official Chinese Photo)
A flock of Peking ducks at a commune near Peking, November 1973. (Official Chinese Photo)
Dinner for Edward Heath at Camp David, February 1973. (White House Photo)
With Chancellor Willy Brandt after meeting in Bonn, March 4, 1974.
The Big Four Foreign Ministers before dinner in Brussels, December 9, 1973.
With Helmut Schmidt in Munich after Schmidt’s accession to the Chancellorship, July 7, 1974. (Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung)
French Foreign Minister Michel Jobert at the Washington Energy Conference, February 1974. (US State Department Photo)
Being greeted in Tokyo by Japanese Foreign Minister Masayoshi Ohira, November 14, 1973. (Official Japanese Photo)
The guest house at Zavidovo, May 1973. (Helmut Sonnenfeldt)
Dobrynin, Gromyko, Brezhnev, Sukhodrev, and Korniyenko at Zavidovo, May 1973. (Helmut Sonnenfeldt)
With Brezhnev at the hunting tower, Zavidovo, May 1973. (Novosti from SOVPHOTO)
Brezhnev, HAK, Sukhodrev in hunting garb at Zavidovo, May 1973. (Novosti from SOVPHOTO)
Brezhnev’s arrival in Washington, June 1973. (White House Photo)
On the Presidential yacht Sequoia on the Potomac, June 19, 1973. (White House Photo)
Actress Jill St. John, Leonid Brezhnev, and Andrei Vavilov (interpreter) at San Clemente, June 1973. (Newsweek—McNamee)
Nixon, Brezhnev, and HAK at San Clemente, June 1973. (White House Photo)
Len Garment and Ron Ziegler answer press questions on Watergate, May 22, 1973. (White House Photo)
New White House Team, June 1973: Melvin Laird, President Nixon, Alexander Haig. (White House Photo)
After being sworn in as Secretary of State, September 22, 1973. (United Press International Photo)
Luncheon in the White House Mess after the swearing in, September 22, 1973. (White House Photo)
Waiting for a ride at the White House With Brent Scrowcroft. (ABC News)
First day at the State Department after being sworn in, September 1973. (Wide World Photo)
The traveling State Department press corps. (White House Photo by David Hume Kennerly)
Testifying before Congress as Secretary of State, September 1973. (Congressional News Photo by Dev O’Neill)
With the House Congressional Leadership, 1973. (Congressional News Photo by Dev O’Neill)
Opening of the Washington Energy Conference, February 11, 1974. (United Press International Photo)
Walking in the garden with President Sadat’s national security adviser, Hafiz Ismail, Paris, May 20, 1973. (Eugenie Trone)
With King Hassan of Morocco in Rabat, on HAK’s first trip to the Middle East, November 5, 1973.
With President Habib Bourguiba in Tunis, November 6, 1973. (Agence Tunis Afrique Presse Photo)
Meeting President Houari Boumedienne in Algiers, December 12, 1973. (Wide World Photo)
With King Hussein in Amman, November 8, 1973.
A call on King Faisal in Riyadh, February 1975.
With President Hafez al-Asad in Damascus, January 20, 1974. (United Press International Photo)
The US delegation at the Geneva Middle East Peace Conference, December 21, 1973. (United Nations Photo)
Geneva Middle East Peace Conference, December 1973: The Man in the Middle. (Henri Bureau-SYGMA)
Cocktails at Abba Eban’s house, Jerusalem, January 13, 1974. (Peter W. Rodman)
Negotiating the Egyptian-Israeli disengagement agreement, Aswan, January 1974. (Photo Department, Egyptian Presidency — Cairo)
Vice President Hosni Mubarak and President Sadat. (White House Photo by David Hume Kennedy)
Anwar el-Sadat. (White House Photo by David Hume Kennedy)
Completion of the Egyptian-Israeli disengagement, at the Prime Minister’s Residence in Israel, January 18, 1974. (K. Weiss) (Tova Weiss-Lynch, 1974)
Signing the Egyptian-Israeli agreement at Kilometer 101, January 18, 1974. (United Nations Photo by Y. Nagata)
Ismail Fahmy and Omar Saqqaf say goodbye after a visit to the White House, February 19, 1974. (White House Photo)
“Photo opportunity” on the veranda at Giza. (Peter W. Rodman)
Shuttle scene: working in the compartment on SAM 86970. (White House Photo by David Hume Kennedy)
Poster presented by the traveling journalists on the Syrian shuttle, May 1974. (United Press International Photo)
Getting ready to board King Hussein’s helicopter, Aman, May 6, 1974. (Peter W. Rodman)
Arriving home after the thirty-four-day shuttle, at Andrews Air Force Base, May 31, 1974. (Ron Hall)
With Nancy on a shuttle. (White House Photo by David Hume Kennedy)
Verification Panel meeting in the Situation Room, 1974. (ABC News)
Chatting with Senator Henry M. Jackson before delivering testimony to Jackson’s Armed Services subcommittee, June 24, 1974. (Wide World Photo)
With Brezhnev in Moscow, March 1974. (Novosti from SOVPHOTO)
The June 1974 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit:
At Brezhnev’s villa in Oreanda. (White House Photo)
Getting ready for a cruise on the Black Sea. (Peter W. Rodman)
At Oreanda, by Brezhnev’s swimming pool, waiting for Nixon and Brezhnev to emerge from their tête-à-tête in the grotto. (White House Photo)
Nixon’s tumultuous reception in Egypt, June 1974. (Photo Department, Egyptian Presidency — Cairo)
Nixon’s visit to Egypt, June 1974. (Photo Department, Egyptian Presidency — Cairo)
Nixon departing the White House, August 9, 1974. (Wide World Photo)
List of Maps
Southeast Asia, 1973
Western Europe, 1973: the North Atlantic Alliance, the European Community, and the OECD
The Middle East
Israel and Its Neighbors before the October 1973 War
The Sinai Front: Egyptian Attack, October 6, 1973
The Golan Front: Syrian Attack, October 6–7, 1973
The Golan Front: Israeli Counterattack
The Sinai Front: Israeli Canal Crossing and Breakthr
ough
The Sinai Front: Cease-Fire Line after the October War
Egyptian-Israeli Disengagement: Dayan’s Plan, January 4, 1974
Egyptian-Israeli Disengagement: Sadat’s Concept, December 1973 (approximation)
Egyptian-Israeli Disengagement Agreement, January 18, 1974
The Golan Front: Cease-Fire Line after the October War
Quneitra and Environs
Syrian-Israeli Disengagement Agreement, May 31, 1974
Foreword
A STRANGE combination of circumstances caused me to be entrusted with the day-to-day conduct of our nation’s foreign policy during Richard Nixon’s second term — a time of upheaval without precedent in this century. A President fresh from the second largest electoral victory in our history was unseated in a revolution that his own actions had triggered and his conduct could not quell. And amid the disintegration of the Nixon Presidency there occurred an explosion in the Middle East, disputes with our allies, an energy crisis, the unraveling of the Vietnam settlement, and a bitter domestic controversy over US–Soviet relations. We had begun Nixon’s second term imagining that we were on the threshold of a creative new era in international affairs; seldom, if ever, had so many elements of foreign policy appeared malleable simultaneously. Within months we confronted a nightmarish collapse of authority at home and a desperate struggle to keep foreign adversaries from transforming it into an assault on our nation’s security and that of other free peoples.
Nixon’s first term (1969–1973) — the subject of my earlier volume, White House Years — was in a sense an adolescence. Amid turmoil over Indochina, the Administration was able to dominate events and help shape a new international structure of relations among the superpowers. Diplomacy in the second term, which ended abruptly in the late summer of 1974, was a rude accession of maturity. A weakened executive authority magnified the difficulty of every challenge even while the world afforded no respite from America’s responsibilities as the leader and protector of the democracies.
Watergate had a severe impact on the conduct of diplomacy in almost all its dimensions, providing an object lesson, if one was needed, in how crucial a strong President is for the design and execution of a creative foreign policy. Yet through it all we managed to preserve the basic design of our foreign policy and even scored some important successes. American diplomacy in the Middle East during and following the October 1973 war contributed to a peace process that has continued, with great advances and some setbacks, to this day. And we laid the basis for mastering the energy crisis. It was an extraordinary period of testing, but statesmen do not have the right to ask to serve only in simple times.