326 ‘most penetrated’: Ibid.
326 Soviet activity between 1942 and 1945: John Earl Haynes and Harvey Kiehr, Venona, Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press), 2000, p. 337
327 Petrie to contact Mountbatten: Victor Rothschild, 19 June 1942, KV 2/3039/65a
328 ‘Either it is a washout’: GP to Louis Mountbatten, 3 August 1942
How to Win the War With Ice
329 ‘the appearance of absurdity’: GP, War Diary, 1942
329 ‘mental institute’: John Knox to GP, 31 August 1942, DEFE 2.883
330 ‘It may be gold’: GP to Louis Mountbatten, 23 September 1942, covering note on Habbakuk Memorandum
330 ‘You have an able’: GP, Habbakuk Memorandum, September 1942
331 ‘the dominating factor’: Winston Churchill, The Second World War, (London: Vol. 5 Cassell & Co), 1952, p. 6
332 ‘U-Boat Alley’: John Costello and Terry Hughes, The Battle of the Atlantic (New York, The Dial Press), 1977, pp. 304–305
335 ‘I told him that when’: Herman Mark, From Small Organic Molecules to Large (Washington DC: American Chemical Society), 1993, p. 100
338 ‘to beat them but’: GP to J. C. Haydon, 20 October 1943
338 ‘My style is a reflection’: GP to Louis Mountbatten, 13 November 1942
338 ‘That I do this’: Ibid., 20 July 1942
339 ‘both sound and brilliant’: J. D. Bernal quoted by GP in a letter to Kingsley Martin, 10 March 1946
340 Monday-morning meetings: Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 178
341 ‘The advantages’: Winston Churchill, Prime Minister’s Personal Minute, D. 7 December 1942, 212/2, Cherwell Papers, G. 237/8
341 ‘Bombs and torpedoes’: Max F. Perutz, I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier: Essays on Science, Scientists, and Humanity (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press), 1998, p. 89
342 Churchill’s imagination seized: J. D. Bernal to C. P. Snow, JDB Papers, J. 217, 11/4/61
342 ‘Prof, I have long thirsted’: Frederick Lindemann to Winston Churchill, 10 December 1942, Cherwell Papers, F. 168
342 ‘I think that this is all’: Roger Fulford to Milicent Bagot, MI5 int. min. 83, 11 November 1942
342 ‘collection of fools’: Perutz, I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier, p. 82
342 ‘for having gone’: GP to Godfrey Wildman-Lushington, 10 December 1942
343 ‘Discussed Winston’s new project’: Brooke, War Diaries, p. 347
344 Habbakuk Directing Committee formed: Chiefs of Staff (42) 195th Meeting (0), 11 December 1942, ADM 1/15236
344 ‘against Nature’: GP Notebook, recollection of J. D. Bernal’s account of a conversation with Harold Wernher, 28 December 1942
344 ‘had no faith in it’: Wernher, World War II, p. 28
345 ‘extraordinary conference’: Solly Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords (London: Collins), 1988, p. 159
345 Bernal Presses for trials to begin: J. D. Bernal, ‘General Conclusions’, 31 December 1942
345 ‘the success of a project’: GP, ‘Meeting at Albany, Piccadilly – 31 December 1942’, 4 January 1943.
345–6 ‘Mountbatten tried to assure’: Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords, p. 159
346 ‘outlined the state’: ‘Draft Minutes of Meeting of the Directing Committee’, 7 January 1943, ADM 1/15236/23
346 ‘The only thing’: Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. 2 (London: Cassell & Co.), 1949 p. 529
346 ‘small in stature’: R. F. Legget, ‘Charles Jack Mackenzie, 10 July 1888 – 26 February 1984’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 31, November 1985. Royal Society, pp. 410–434
346–7 ‘This is another of those’: C. J. Mackenzie, NRCC/CJM Diary, 14 January 1943
347 ‘The soundness appeals’: C. J. Mackenzie to A. M. Laidlaw, 4 February 1943, ADM 1/15236/36
347 budget of £150,000: Lorne W. Gold, The Canadian Habbakuk Project (Cambridge: International Glaciological Society), 1993, p. 16
347–8 ‘when I tell you that’: C. J. Mackenzie to A. M. Laidlaw, 4 February 1943, ADM 1/15236/36
348 ‘the stimulus’: Max Perutz in Pyke and Medawar, Hitler’s Gift, p. xii
349 Perutz sent to Quebec: Perutz, I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier, p. 76
349 ‘doyen of the camp’s’: Ibid., p. 82
349 ‘Nobody wanted my help’: Ibid., p. 82
349 ‘gentle, persuasive voice’: Ibid.
349 ‘This time, he sized’: Ibid.
350 ‘It can be machined: Ibid., p. 89
350 ‘In honour of’: Ibid., p. 83
350 ‘a little crater’: Perutz, I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier, p. 83
351 ‘I have a block’: Lampe, Pyke, p. 137
351 Churchill complains his bath will get cold: Harrison, Mulberry, p. 143
351 Churchill in the bath: It would not have been out of character for Churchill to receive Mountbatten in the bath – he was happy to talk to President Roosevelt while wrapped in his bath-towel. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 442
351 ‘I must tell you about’: GP Diary, 2 Feb 1943
351 ‘win the war at one blow’: Ibid.
352 ‘both enthusiastic’: Louis Mountbatten to GP, 3 March 1943
352 ‘the most important’: Ibid., 12 February 1943
353 ‘Des became more and more silent’: Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords, p. 164
353 ‘Habbakuk, or rather Pyke’: Ibid., p. 161
353 ‘Bernal and Pyke’: C. J. Mackenzie, NRCC/CJM Diary, 1 March 1943
353 ‘He lands in this country’: Ibid.
353–4 ‘dressed like a tramp’: Ibid.
354 ‘Travelling with Pyke’: Ibid.
354 ‘I am still perfectly sure’: Ibid.
355 ‘They are working’: J. D. Bernal, ‘A Brief Summary of Progress of Research Work in Canada’, 13 March 1943, ADM 1/15236/49
355 ‘his principles had been violated’: A. J. Dick, interviewed for Bill Waiser, Park Prisoners (Saskatoon & Calgary: Fifth House), 1995, p. 163
356 ‘humorous talk’: ‘Ship of Ice’, documentary broadcast in December 2009, part of Clive Cussler’s Sea Hunters, Season 5, Episode 7
357 ‘The Lake Louise outfit’: C. J. Mackenzie, NRCC/CJM Diary, 8 March 1943
357 ‘Hope I live long enough’: GP, Earlswood Deary, 16 January 1942
357 ‘At ten o’clock’: C. J. Mackenzie, NRCC/CJM Diary, 9 March 1943
357 ‘the most grotesque’: Ibid., 1 March 1943
357–8 ‘We thought probably Pyke’: Ibid., 9 March 1943
358 ‘on a number of occasions’: J. D. Bernal, ‘A Brief Summary of Progress of Research Work in Canada’, 13 March 1943, ADM 1/15236/49
358 no major obstacles encountered: Ibid.
359 proposal to abandon convoys: Ben Wilson, Empire of the Deep (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson), 2013, p. 609
359 ‘the attempt would have been worth’: Vincent Massey to Louis Mountbatten, 20 March 1943, PREM 3/2/ 16/6
359 ‘I am very much interested’: Winston Churchill to Mackenzie King, 21 March 1943, PREM 3/2/ 16/6
360 ‘fundamentally, Habbakuk’: Meeting convened by the Dep. First Sea Lord and Director of Plans at the Admiralty, 27 March 1943, DEFE 2/1087, H696
360 ‘Mr Chamberlain has sent’: Perutz, I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier, p. 84
360 Pyke’s fly sticking: ‘p.s. I hope you have had no more trouble with your new “zipper” trousers!’ Louis Mountbatten to GP, 23 July 1942
360 shoddy Canadian engineering: Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords, p. 158
362 ‘at -15ºC.’: This work prefigured later discoveries about glacial flow. 4 May 1943, ADM 1/15236
362 Admiralty sends two men: 9 April 1943, ADM 1/15236
362 Mountbatten on sick leave: Louis Mountbatten to Winston Churchill (draft), to say that
he planned to have ‘a very small operation about the 10th April and expect to be on the sick list for about ten days.’ DEFE 2/844
362 ‘During the illness of CCO’: Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. 4 (London: Cassell & Co.), 1951, p. 848
362–3 ‘to design without . . . before’: GP and J. D. Bernal, 3 May 1943, ADM 1/15236.
363 GP and Bernal urge Mountbatten to wait: 5 May 1943, ADM 1/15236
363 ‘nightmare journey’: Bernal ‘A framework for his own autobiography’, JDB Papers, O.1.1.
363 ‘I wish I could tell you’: ‘Sealed Lips’, Evening Standard, 24 May 1943
363 ‘arrived rather tipsy’: Diaries Waugh, p. 538
363 berg-ship not going to be ready: ‘Minutes of COS (43) 51st Meeting’, 22 March 1943, CAB 78/11
365 account of Churchill and Mountbatten meeting: C. J. Mackenzie, NRCC/CJM Diary, 10 June 1943
365 ‘fundamentally fallacious’: GP to Louis Mountbatten, ‘Jupiter-Habbakuk’, 1 July 1943
365 ‘then Operation Jupiter’: Winston Churchill, “HABBAKUK” Prime Minister’s Personal Minute, 19 July 1943, D.134/3, CAB 121/154/1
365–6 ‘“HABBAKUK” is one of’: Ibid.
366 Churchill asks for his note to be passed on: 22 July 1943, CAB 121/154/8a
366 Ismay’s response: Hastings Ismay to Winston Churchill, C.O.S. (43) 170th Meeting. (0), Min. Y., 23 July 1943, CAB 121/154/7
367 September 1943 shipping losses: Costello and Hughes, The Battle of the Atlantic, pp. 304–305
369 Arnold spits on hands: Harrison, Mulberry, p. 144
369 ‘we all rose’: Brooke, War Diaries, pp. 445–446
369 Churchill’s account: Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. 5: Closing the Ring (London: Cassell & Co.) 1952, p. 81
369 ‘collided, skull to skull’: Harrison, Mulberry, p. 144
369 ‘Dickie, for God’s sake’: Ibid.
369 ‘The waiting officers’: Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. 5, p. 81
370 Habbakuk seen as most realistic prospect: Harrison, Mulberry, p. 145
How to Survive
372 Mountbatten tries to corner Pound: Hough, Mountbatten, p. 162
372 ‘I followed him’: Mountbatten quoted in Hough, Ibid.
373 ‘We are both so sorry’: Louis Mountbatten to GP, September 1943
373 GP’s connection becomes known to Americans: Wernher, World War II, p. 27
373 ‘I think it is the bunk’: Bush, Pieces of the Action, p. 124
373–4 ‘Mountbatten and Pyke walked’: Ibid.
374 Superman cartoon: By late March 1943, when the storyline appears, Jack Schiff was playing a more prominent role in choosing the storylines and the principal writer, Jerry Siegel, had been drafted into the US Army. Wayne Boring was one of the ghost artists around this time
375 cartoons sent to Mackenzie: A.E. Macdonald to Jack Mackenzie, 5 April 1943
376 ‘you must not bring’: Louis Mountbatten, ‘Memories of Desmond Bernal’, in D. M. C. Hodgkin, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 26, 1980, p. 193
376 ‘If professional historians’: GP to Godfrey Wildman-Lushington, 18 December 1943
377 ‘Like Plough, but unlike Habbakuk’: 8 June 1944, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/C209
377 ‘perhaps not so obviously’: Godfrey Wildman-Lushington to GP, 7 July 1944, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/C209
378 ‘Do the old terms still apply?’: GP to Louis Mountbatten, 8 June 1944, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/C209
378 ‘a brain twenty’: Louis Mountbatten to Charles Lambe, 26 June 1943
378 ‘in fullest touch’: Ibid., 2 October 1943
378 Mountbatten rejects GP for South-East Asian Command: Mountbatten Papers, MB1/C51/8
378 ‘I do not think you want’: He went on to say: ‘I must confess that I’m not too happy about the revival of this connection. I am afraid if the First Sea Lord gets hold of it that this may tend to discredit you in his eyes and I do not think you can afford to lay yourself open, gratuitously, to his ridicule.’ Godfrey Wildman-Lushington to Louis Mountbatten, 7 July 1944, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/C209
378 ‘an awkward cuss’: Harrison, Mulberry, p. 39
378 ‘I share with Professor Bernal’: Louis Mountbatten to GP, 17 June 1943
378–80 Obituary Notice quotes: GP, Mountbatten Obituary, 13 June 1943
380 ‘I have always been’: GP to Louis Mountbatten, 30 July 1943
382 ‘Though – damn it – I want’: Ibid., 14 July 1944, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/C209
382 Mountbatten asks Lloyd for pipeline: Interview between Geoffrey Lloyd and Robin Tousfield, Transcripts, Vol. II, pp. 60–61; A. J. Clements, Operation ‘Pluto’ 1942–45 (Porthcurno: Cable and Wireless Porthcurno and Collections Trust), 2005, p. 3
382 GP had idea in 1934: ‘I do remember your Pluto scheme for the Atlantic. I think the date must have been 1934/5’ – Jack Beddington to GP, 24 January 1946
382 ‘I put it up to one’: GP to Ray Murphy, 25 July 1946
382 ‘group of individualists’: Adleman and Walton, The Devil’s Brigade, p. 21
382 ‘probably the most bold’: Louis Mountbatten to GP, undated farewell letter on his departure from COHQ
383 FSSF unit: Brett Werner, First Special Service Force 1942–44 (New York: Osprey), 2006, p. 13
383 ‘the worst is still to come’: Ibid., p. 22
383 ‘We never hear these black devils’: Ibid., p. 23
383 M-29 Tracked Cargo Carrier considered a success: While it did not live up to Pyke’s original expectations the Weasel was faster on snow than he had thought it might be. When the OSRD set up a race between a pack of Weasels and skiers from the 87th Mountain Infantry in the hills above, the skiers did not catch the Weasels over three miles. From OSRD Confidential History – US National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 227/NC-138/Entry 106/Box 8, Chapter 4: ‘The Weasel’
383 ‘accomplished fine things’: Bush, Pieces of the Action, p. 127
383 ‘We realise that much’: Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 215
384 ‘It is true to say’: Papers of John Hughes-Hallett, Churchill Archives Centre, HHLT, p. 145
385 ‘the original thoughts’: Louis Mountbatten to GP, undated farewell letter on his departure from COHQ
How to Live
388 ‘He was a clever and articulate’: Canetti, Party in the Blitz, p. 182
388 ‘There would be a torrent’: Ibid., pp. 181–3
388 ‘the handsomest woman’: GP Notebook, 1943
389 ‘something which compels . . . for ever’: Ibid. September 1940
389 ‘I now restrict myself’: GP to Gordon Schaffer, early 1946
389 ‘Several times I had’: GP to Elsie Myers, 17 February 1946, L. H. Myers Papers, MS 447/01
390 ‘the greatest inventive’: Canetti, Party in the Blitz, p. 180
390 ‘“telling stories” about my past’: GP to J. D. Bernal, 16 February 1946
390 Bernal changes lock on shed: Brown, J. D. Bernal, p. 293
390 ‘I have a very vivid picture’: Margaret Gardiner to GP, c. 1945
390 ‘It is out of the question’: GP to Margaret Gardiner, c. 1944
391 ‘on which the world wholly relied’: GP, ‘The Mobilisation of Muscle’, Economist, 11 August 1945
392 letter: GP, The Times, 21 September 1945
392 trio of articles: GP, ‘Europe’s Coal Famine: The Problem Analysed’, 20 August 1945, ‘Europe’s Coal Famine: A Solution Outlined’, 21 August 1945, ‘Europe’s Coal Famine: The Organisation of Muscle-Power’, 24 September 1945, Manchester Guardian
392 several articles: GP, ‘Utilisation of Muscle’, Cycling, 5 September 1945
392 interview: Daily Mail, 22 September 1945
392 ‘the uphill task of innovation’: GP to Betty Behrens, 23 Jan 1946
393 ‘The truth is that the Society’: Bosworth Monck to GP, 20 August 1946
393 ‘What’s the use’: GP Notebook, c. 1939
393 newspaper reports: Press release issued by the Admiralty on 28 February 1946 in Washington, Ottawa, and London
394 ‘national disaster’: Lancet, 1945, vol 2, p. 413
395 ‘tired, suffering from’: GP to Elsie Myers, 17 February 1946, L. H. Myers Papers, MS 447/01
395–6 ‘Unless our document’: John Cohen to GP, 5 January 1948
396 ‘I have thrown everything’: GP to John Cohen, c. January 1948
396 ‘I can see only one’: Edward Glover to GP, 9 January 1948
397–8 ‘Bad manners . . . mistakes’: Transcript for ‘The Dynamics of Innovation’, part of ‘We Beg to Differ’, BBC, 25 September 1947
398 ‘We have the decency’: GP, The Times, 3 December 1947
399 ‘Actions like this’: Ibid., 18 January 1948
399 ‘What is wrong with Pyke?’: Donald Tyerman to GP, 23 February 1948
402 GP’s waiting deteriorates: The Times, 26 February 1948
402 ‘Pyke of the Back-room’: ‘Pyke of the ‘Pyke of Habbakuk’, Evening Standard, 24 February 1948
402 ‘one of the most famous’: ‘Last Idea of Mr Pyke, the “Boffin”’, Daily Graphic, 26 February 1948
402 article: New York Times, 26 February 1948
402 ‘one of the most original’: M. F. Perutz, ‘An Inventor of Supreme Imagination’, Discovery, May 1948
402 ‘not only free from’: Manchester Guardian, 24 February 1948
402–3 BBC broadcast: Whyte, Focus and Diversions, p. 93
403 ‘an act of intellectual’: Lampe, Pyke, p. 213
404 ‘If all of Pyke’: David Lampe to Nathan Isaacs, 11 January 1960, Institute of Education, London – N1/D/3
404 fellow endocrinologists: These include Dr Amir H. Sam MRCP, PhD, Director of Clinical Studies at Charing Cross Hospital and his colleagues there. Professor John Monson also took the time to look at what we know of Pyke’s medical history and discuss this over the phone.
404 ‘I was more subject’: GP, unpublished manuscript, 12 June 1941
405 ‘those of a man relieved’: GP, note on depression, 30 August 1947
405 GP as Marxist who has lost faith: GP to John Lloyd Lampe, Pyke in, p. 198
405 ‘Communist Russia has not yet’: GP, ‘Russell’, c. 1936
Pyke Hunt, Part 6