4.Keck, P. E., et al., “Lycanthropy: Alive and Well in the Twentieth Century,” Psychological Medicine, 18(1), 1988, pp. 113–20.
5.Toyoshima, M., et al., “Analysis of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Carrying 22q11.2 Deletion,” Translational Psychiatry, 6, 2016, e934.
6.Frith, C. D., et al., “Abnormalities in the Awareness and Control of Action,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 355, 2000, pp. 1771–88.
7.Lemaitre, A.-L., et al., “Individuals with Pronounced Schizotypal Traits Are Particularly Successful in Tickling Themselves,” Consciousness and Cognition, 41, 2016, pp. 64–71.
8.Large, M., et al., “Homicide Due to Mental Disorder in England and Wales Over 50 Years,” British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(2), 2008, pp. 130–33.
9.The science writer Mo Costandi has written a wonderful description of Penfield’s life and work in his blog: “Wilder Penfield, Neural Cartographer,” www.neurophilosophy.wordpress.com, August 27, 2008.
10.McGeoch, P. D., et al., “Xenomelia: A New Right Parietal Lobe Syndrome,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 82(12), 2011, pp. 1314–19.
11.Case, L. K., et al., “Altered White Matter and Sensory Response to Bodily Sensation in Female-to-Male Transgender Individuals,” Archives of Sexual Behavior, pp. 1–15.
LOUISE
1.Amiel’s Journal: The Journal Intime of Henri-Frédéric Amiel, trans. Mrs. Humphrey Ward, A. L. Burt Company, 1900.
2.As recalled by Gerd Woll, senior curator at the Munch Museum, in Arthur Lubow’s Edvard Munch: Beyond The Scream, Smithsonian, 2006.
3.As translated by the Munch Museum, www.emunch.no.
4.http://www.dpselfhelp.com/forum.
5.Couto, B., et al., “The Man Who Feels Two Hearts: The Different Pathways of Interoception,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(9), 2014, pp. 1253–60.
6.Damasio, Antonio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain, Vintage Digital, 2008.
7.You can hear more from Damasio on this subject here: www.scientificamerican.com/article/feeling-our-emotions.
8.Medford, N., et al., “Emotional Experience and Awareness of Self: Functional MRI Studies of Depersonalization Disorder,” Frontiers in Psychology, 7(432), 2016, pp. 1–15.
9.Medford, N., “Emotion and the Unreal Self: Depersonalization Disorder and De-affectualization,” Emotion Review, 4(2), 2012, pp. 139–44.
10.Khalsa, S. S., et al., “Interoceptive Awareness in Experienced Meditators,” Psychophysiology, 45(4), 2007, pp. 671–77.
11.Ainley, V., et al., “Looking into Myself: Changes in Interoceptive Sensitivity during Mirror Self-Observation,” Psychophysiology, 49(11), 2012, pp. 1504–8.
GRAHAM
1.Pearn, J., and Gardner-Thorpe, C., “Jules Cotard (1840–1889): His Life and the Unique Syndrome which Bears His Name,” Neurology, 58, 2002, pp. 1400-3.
2.Ibid.
3.Cotard, J.-M., “Du Délire des Négations,” Archives de Neurologie, 4, 1882, pp. 152–70. (Thank you to Jennifer Halpern, who translated the chapter from French to English for me.)
4.Pearn and Gardner-Thorpe, “Jules Cotard.”
5.Clarke, Basil, Mental Disorder in Earlier Britain: Exploratory Studies, University of Wales Press, 1975.
6.Lemnius, Levinus, The Touchstone of Complexions, Marshe, 1581, title page.
7.Ibid.
8.Ibid., p. 152.
9.Owen, A. M., et al., “Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State,” Science, 313, 2006, p. 1402.
10.Yu, F., et al., “A New Case of Complete Primary Cerebellar Agenesis: Clinical and Imaging Findings in a Living Patient,” Brain, 138(6), 2015, e353.
11.Kelly Servick, “A Magnetic Trick to Define Consciousness,” Wired, August 15, 2013.
12.Casali, A. G., et al., “A Theoretically Based Index of Consciousness Independent of Sensory Processing and Behavior,” Science Translational Medicine, 5(198), 2013.
13.Koubeissi, M. Z., et al., “Electrical Stimulation of a Small Brain Area Reversibly Disrupts Consciousness,” Epilepsy & Behavior, 37, 2014, pp. 32–35.
14.Charland-Verville, V., et al., “Brain Dead Yet Mind Alive: A Positron Emission Tomography Case Study of Brain Metabolism in Cotard’s Syndrome,” Cortex, 49(7), 2013, pp. 1997–99.
15.Lindén, T., and Helldén, A., “Cotard’s Syndrome as an Adverse Effect of Acyclovir Treatment in Renal Failure,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 333(1), 2013, e650.
16.As referred to by Hans Forstl and Barbara Beats in “Charles Bonnet’s Description of Cotard’s Delusion and Reduplicative Paramnesia in an Elderly Patient (1788),” British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1992, pp. 416–18.
17.Ryle, Gilbert, The Concept of Mind, Peregrine, 1949, pp. 186–89.
JOEL
1.di Pellegrino, G., et al., “Understanding Motor Events: A Neurophysiological Study,” Experimental Brain Research, 91(1), 1992, pp. 176–80.
2.Perry, A., et al., “Mirroring in the Human Brain: Deciphering the Spatial-Temporal Patterns of the Human Mirror Neuron System,” Cerebral Cortex, 2017, pp. 1–10.
3.Blakemore, S.-J., et al., “Somatosensory Activations during the Observation of Touch and a Case of Vision-Touch Synaesthesia,” Brain, 128(7), 2005, pp. 1571–83.
4.Banissy, M. J., et al., “Superior Facial Expression, but Not Identity Recognition, in Mirror-Touch Synaesthesia,” Journal of Neuroscience, 31(5), 2011, pp. 1820–24.
5.Ward, J., and Banissy, M. J., “Explaining Mirror-Touch Synesthesia,” Cognitive Neuroscience, 6(2–3), 2015, pp. 118–33.
6.Santiesteban, I., et al., “Mirror-Touch Synaesthesia: Difficulties Inhibiting the Other,” Cortex, 71, 2015, pp. 116–21.
7.Kramer, A. D. I., et al., “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks,” PNAS, 111(24), 2014, pp. 8788–90.
8.Meffert, H., et al., “Reduced Spontaneous but Relatively Normal Deliberate Vicarious Representations in Psychopathy,” Brain, 136(8), 2013, pp. 2550–62.
9.Singer, T., and Klimecki, O. M., “Empathy and Compassion,” Current Biology, 24(18), 2014, R875–78.
CONCLUSION
1.Beard, G., “Remarks upon Jumpers or Jumping Frenchmen,” Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 5, 1878, p. 526.
2.Beard, G., “Experiments with the Jumpers of Maine,” Popular Science Monthly, 18, 1880, pp. 170–78.
3.Saint-Hilaire, M.-H., et al., “Jumping Frenchmen of Maine,” Neurology, 36, 1986, p. 1269.
4.“The most easily scared guy in the world?”, December 14, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfQ4t2E7iAU.
Index
The pagination of this digital edition does not match the print edition from which the index was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your ebook reader’s search tools.
acquired savant syndrome, 8, 9
acyclovir, 209–210
agency, sense of, 153–155, 203
agreeableness (personality trait), 103
Ainley, Vivien, 187
alphabet synesthesia, 79, 80, 82, 220, 233, 237
Amiel, Henri Frédéric, 171–172
amnesia, 37–38
amputated limbs, 164–167, 226
amygdala, 8, 33
Andersen, Basse (Hans Christian), 246–249
anechoic chambers, 142–143
animals, turning into. See clinical lycanthropy
anorexia, 188
anterior insula, 183–184, 188
anxiety
autobiographical memory and, 35
clinical lycanthropy and, 157–158, 159–160, 168–170
depersonalization disorder and, 176, 185–187
empathy and, 230
mirror-touch synesthesia and, 230
neuroticism as, 103–104
Aristotle, 2–3, 187
artistic output, 118–123
asylums, 9–10
auditory hallucinations, 134–138, 140–146
A
ujayeb, Avinash, 129–130, 133–134
auras, 75–77. See also synesthesia
autobiographical memory, 17–44
background, 14, 17–19
case study, 23–24, 28–30, 33–36, 40–42, 44
coping mechanisms, 35–36
emotions and, 32–33
false memories, 38–40
memorizing strategies, 22–23, 25–28
memory storage, 19–21, 32, 34–38, 40–44
nature of memories, 21–28
neurological explanation, 31–32, 37, 42–44
obsessive compulsive tendencies and, 41–44
synesthesia and, 22
vivid memories and, 32–34, 35–36
aviators, 140
Banissy, Michael, 225–226
Barton, Jason, 49
Barton, Robert, 84–85
Bauer, Patricia, 37
Beard, George Miller, 12, 242–243
Bethlem (Bedlam) Hospital, 9
Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, 217
Blom, Jan Dirk, 149
body illusions. See clinical lycanthropy; phantom limb; xenomelia
Bonnet, Charles, 132–133, 211
Bor, Daniel, 80
border cells, 56
bottom brain, 113–115, 126–128
brain and brain disorders
auras, 73–97. See also synesthesia
autobiographical memory, 17–44. See also autobiographical memory
case study approach to, 7–8, 12–15, 249–251
clinical lycanthropy, 147–170. See also clinical lycanthropy
Cotard’s syndrome, 189–214. See also Cotard’s syndrome
creativity and, 8, 9, 114, 118–121, 122
depersonalization disorder, 171–188. See also depersonalization disorder
description of, 1–2, 6–7
developmental topographical disorientation disorder, 45–72. See also developmental topographical disorientation disorder
hallucinations, 129–146. See also hallucinations
historical study of, 2–6
mental illness and, 9–11. See also mental illness
personality changes, 99–128. See also personality and personality changes
schizophrenia. See schizophrenia
startle response, 12–13, 242–249
synesthesias, 73–97, 215–239. See also mirror-touch synesthesia; synesthesia
Brain (journal), on mirror-touch synesthesia, 217
brain stem, 7
Brunelle, François, 105
Buddhist monks, 231–232
Buñuel, Luis, 21
cab drivers, 54, 59
Casali, Adenauer, 201
Case, Laura, 166–167
case study approaches, 7–8, 12–15, 249–251
caudate nucleus, 42–43
Caviedes, Rubén Díaz, 74–75, 77–78, 82–83, 85–90, 92–97. See also synesthesia
central sulcus, 162
cerebellum, 5, 7, 201
cerebral cortex (cortex), 6–7, 32, 117, 201
Charles Bonnet syndrome, 132–133, 144
Charles I (king), 4
Cicoria, Tony, 121
Clarke, Basil, 196
claustrum, 202–203
Clemons, Alonzo, 8, 9
clinical lycanthropy, 147–170
background, 14, 147–150
case study, 150–153, 156–161, 167, 168–170
coping mechanisms, 152–153, 169
neurological explanation, 161–168
schizophrenia and, 149, 152–153, 161, 167–168
CMMG (molecule), 209–210
cognitive maps, 25–28, 44, 52–53, 55–57, 67–69, 70–71
color blindness, 88–90, 91–95
colors
of auras, 73–77
behaviors influenced by, 83–85, 169
perception of, 88, 90–95
synesthesia and, 78–79, 82–83, 86–89, 92–97, 220–224
compassionate meditation, 231–232
cones (photoreceptors), 88, 91, 94
conscientiousness, 103
consciousness, 140–141, 183–185, 199–203, 213–214
Corkin, Suzanne, 20–21
corpus callosum, 112, 206
Correa, Angela, 39
cortex (cerebral cortex), 6–7, 32, 117, 201
Cortex (journal), on hallucination investigations, 139
cortical maps, 162–164
Cotard, Jules, 191–192
Cotard’s syndrome, 189–214
background, 190–193
case study, 189–190, 193–195, 197–199, 203–205, 207–208, 211–214
coping mechanisms, 195, 208
neurological explanation, 199–203, 205–207, 208–213
creativity, 8, 9, 114, 118–121, 122
Crick, Francis, 202–203
Cunningham, Steven, 39
Damasio, Antonio, 182–183, 220
dead, experience of being. See Cotard’s syndrome
deafness, 135–136, 141–143
default mode network, 205–206
délire des négations, 191–192
delusions of becoming an animal. See clinical lycanthropy
depersonalization disorder, 171–188
background, 171–173
case study, 173–179, 185–187
coping mechanisms, 174, 186–187
neurological explanation, 180–185
vs. schizophrenia, 176–177
depression
autobiographic memory and, 35
clinical lycanthropy and, 167
Cotard’s syndrome and, 193–194, 197, 210–213
depersonalization disorder and, 178–179, 186–187, 188
interoceptive awareness and, 188
topographical disorientation disorder and, 64, 72
Descartes, René, 4
Deskovic, Jeffrey, 39
developmental topographical disorientation disorder, 45–72
background, 49–51
case study, 45–52, 59–66, 69–71
coping mechanisms, 46–47, 50, 51–52, 60–62, 69, 71
defined, 50
genetic link, 68–70
landmarks and, 57–58
neurological explanation, 25–28, 44, 53–59, 66–69, 70–71
disinhibition, with dopamine, 122–123
disorientation. See developmental topographical disorientation disorder
dopamine, 122–123
doppelgängers, 105
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 207
dualism, 4
Duchaine, Brad, 66
early memories, 36–38
Edwin Smith Papyrus, 2
Egyptians (ancient), 2
Elliot, Andrew, 84
emotional contagion, 230–232
emotion-color synesthesia, 82–83
emotions
colors and, 82–85, 86–87, 95–96
defined, 182–183
vs. feelings, 182–183
memory and, 32–33
numbing of, 179–180
strokes and, 108–111
synesthesia and, 82–83, 219–220
empathy, 182, 216, 227–228, 230–232
entorhinal cortex, 55–56
epilepsy, 167
Erasistratus, 3
Esquirol, Jean-Étienne, 130
excitatory neuronal activity, 143–144
extroverts, 103, 117–118
Eysenck, Hans, 117–118
face-recognition cells, 132
false confessions and memories, 38–40
fear, lack of, 8–9
feelings vs. emotions, 182–183
Ffytche, Dominic, 131–132
Flaherty, Alice, 116, 120, 122–123
Foer, Joshua, 25
foreshortening, 34–36
Frankland, Paul, 37
Freud, Sigmund, 37
Frith, Chris, 141, 154
frontal cortex, 6, 67, 113, 115
frontal lobe, 116–118, 141
frontoparietal network, 202, 205–206
fusiform gyrus, 132
Gage, Phineas, 8, 9, 114–115
Galen, Claudius, 3–4
Gall, Franz Joseph, 5
Galton, Francis, 79
ganzfeld technique, 139, 143
genes and gene mutations
developmental topographical disorientation and, 68–69
nature vs. nurture debate, 104–106
research on, 9
schizophrenia and, 153
synesthesia and, 80
George III (king), 10
Giffords, Gabrielle, 158
Gissurarson, Loftur, 75–77
Gómez, Emilio, 89–90, 91–93
grapheme-color synesthesia, 220–221
Greeks (ancient), 2–3
Grenier, Jean, 148
grid cells, 55–56
Griffiths, Timothy, 141–142
Gunnarsson, Ásgeir, 76–77
hallucinations, 129–146
background, 129–131
case study, 134–138, 141–142, 145–146
with clinical lycanthropy, 152. See also clinical lycanthropy
coping mechanisms, 138, 144, 145–146
defined, 130
induced, 138–140, 148
of music, 130, 134–138, 141–146
neurological explanation, 131–132, 140–144
overview, 14
prevalence of, 137–138
schizophrenia and, 137, 144
Hallucinations (Sacks), 130
Hamdy (Moselhy), 149–150, 152, 156–161, 167–169
Hannesson, Gudmundur, 76
head direction cells, 56, 69
hearing loss, 135–136, 141–143
heart, as source of the mind, 2–3
heart rate assessment, 93, 181–183
Helldén, Anders, 209–210
henbane, 148
Herophilus, 3
Heslin, Patrick, 180
highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM), 28–29, 34–35, 42–43
Hightower, William, 180–181
hippocampus, 20, 31, 32, 37, 49, 54–55, 67
homunculus, 163–164
hypergraphia, 120
hypnopompic hallucination, 131
Iaria, Giuseppe, 49–50, 66–69, 70–71
Indridason, Indridi, 76
infantile amnesia, 37–38
inhibitory neuronal activity, 81, 85, 143–144
Innocence Project, 39–40
insula, 183–184, 188, 231
interoception, 181–185, 187–188
introverts, 117–118
Jahan, Spike, 94
James, William, 34–35, 182
Jay, Mike, 9
Jenkins, William, 111–112
Jim twins study, 104–105
Jumping Frenchmen, 12, 242–245, 247