student demonstrations, 81–83
wealth, 99–100, 148
Shanghai Club, 37, 275
Shanghai Gazette, 67, 101–2, 113, 119, 120
Shanghai Municipal Council, 71, 82, 103–4
Shanghai Post, 563
Shanghai Spectator, 341–42
Shanghai Star, 182
Shanghai Volunteer Corp, 149
Shantung, China, 59, 75, 160, 190, 204, 310
Sheean, Vincent, 145, 149, 152, 156–57, 158–59, 164, 315, 324
Sheng Hsuan-huai, 157, 693
Sheridan, James E., 75
Shiang, Howard, 678
Shih, General, 204–5
Sian Incident, 253–64, 270–71, 273, 350, 408, 534
Sills, Beverly, xvii, 668–70
silver, 32, 334, 342, 560
Simon, Paul, xvii, 672, 673, 681
Simpson, Alan, 672
Simpson, Wallis, 103
Simson, Henry L., 375
Sincere Company Department Store, 160
Singapore, 376
Sinkiang, China, 124
Sino-American Cooperation Organization (SACO), 458–59
Sino-American Military Committee, 499
Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 42, 49, 50, 107, 202–3, 221, 587
Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), 252, 256, 270, 273–75, 281–83, 284, 286, 287–91, 292–93, 297–98, 300, 302, 304, 306, 307–8, 309–12, 364, 388–89, 510–11, 528, 673, 679
American public’s overestimate of China’s ability in, 460–61
blockade of China in, 488, 497
Chiang’s diatribes against Communists, 617
Chiang’s inaction, 349, 366, 374, 383, 386–87, 401, 448
Chinese defeatism, 395
Fu-mei killed, 349
ICHIGO assault, 485–87
Japanese atrocities, 190, 281, 293–96, 298, 300, 302, 307–8
Japanese bombing raids, 226, 273–74, 276–77, 282–83, 289, 300, 310, 348, 354–56, 357–58, 449
Japanese germ warfare, 349, 485
Kweilin air base destroyed, 494–95
Lend-Lease in, 362, 363, 366, 368, 371, 372, 375, 395, 399–400, 401, 402, 403, 413, 418, 449, 461, 475, 496, 555, 611–13
Manchuria conquered and occupied, 222–27, 247, 331, 517
May-ling’s pleas for help from world in, 302, 304, 306, 308, 355–57
May-ling’s visits to front, 299–300, 348
New Fourth Army incident, 351–53
peace terms, 272, 273, 299, 312–13, 359
Peiping captured by Japan, 274
political prisoners, 272
Shanghai attacked, 225–27, 274–75, 276–80, 281, 286–87, 289, 292, 304, 339
Soong sisters’ radio broadcast, 356–57
Stalin’s desire for alliance with Chiang, 251, 364
Tai Li’s possible spying, 458–59
Tientsin attacked, 273–74
U.S. aid to Japan, 300–301, 306, 357
U.S. pilots, 362–63; see also Flying Tigers
Wanping attacked, 273
see also Burma; Stilwell, Joseph
Sino-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1937), 364
Sitwell, Osbert, 109–10
Sixth Suppression and Reconstruction Brigade, 560
Small Sword Society, 36
Smedley, Agnes, 210
Smith, L. K., 578–79
Smith, Walter Bedell, 123n
smuggling, 358–59, 452, 459, 460, 644
Sneevliet, Hendricus (Maring), xvi, 84, 122
Snow, Edgar, xvii, 34, 64, 65, 78, 157, 170, 192, 193, 221, 226–27, 231, 236, 255, 263n, 281, 314, 320, 322, 323
Society of Elder Brothers, 104, 482
Sokolsky, George E., xvii, 99, 115, 123, 179, 324, 332–33, 343, 461, 522, 618–19
Somervell, Brehon B., xvii, 446, 463
Sonne (businessman), 709
Soong, Charlie Jones (Han Chiao-shun), xvii, 1, 5–17, 67, 69–70, 83, 102–3, 674
Bibles published by, 15–16, 17
death of, 100–101
education of, 6, 7, 8–10, 19, 27
in Japan, 60, 61
marriage, 11–13
religion and missionary work, 6, 7–8, 10, 14–16, 17, 18, 38, 49, 56, 210
and Sun Yat-sen, 44, 47–50, 52, 54, 56, 64, 65
Soong, James, 671
Soong, Leo, 464, 634, 674–75
Soong, Ni Kwei-tseng (mother), xvii, 11–13, 16, 17, 67, 69, 82, 100, 102, 109, 112–13, 114, 159, 169, 196, 215–16, 217, 234, 345, 605
Soong, Tse-an (T.A.), xviii, 16, 113, 330, 436, 521, 522, 634, 645, 648, 674n, 675
Soong, Tse-liang (T.L.), xviii, 16, 113, 330, 359, 429, 693
Soong, Tse-ven (T.V.), xviii, 16, 24, 25, 60n, 67, 101, 113, 114–15, 138, 145, 147, 169, 170, 182, 183, 186, 188, 191–92, 196, 214, 217, 275, 292n, 314, 317n, 329–34, 356, 359, 361, 362, 364, 369, 370, 372, 378, 380, 398, 400–401, 413, 416, 447, 457–58, 481, 497, 521, 535, 536, 537, 538, 548, 551, 622n, 634
air force organized by, 283–84
air route over Himalayas sought by, 375–76
American aid solicited and secured by, 362, 363, 395, 396, 418, 448, 450, 496, 553, 555–56, 580, 680
attempted assassination of, 216, 345
central bank organized by, 157–58
as Chiang’s representative to FDR, 339–40
congressional friends of, 577–78
corruption accusation against, 709–10
death of, 647, 648
education of, 66
governorship of Taiwan refused by, 590
and H. H. Kung, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 361, 522, 535, 645
Hurley’s proposals for coalition government rejected by, 513–14
inflation fought by, 524, 536, 552, 553, 559–60
informed of Yalta Agreement, 525
letters from FDR to Chiang altered by, 400
Mao’s denunciation of, 570
and May-ling’s U.S. visit, 430, 439
military restructured by, 199–200
Nixon praised by, 638n–39n
opium policy of, 344–45
resignations of, 239, 331, 332–33, 552–53
at San Francisco Conference, 518
at Sian, 258, 260, 261–62, 263, 264
as speculator, 577–78, 693
and Stalin, 525–27, 534
and Stilwell, 398, 401, 404, 461–62, 464–65, 498, 500
U.S. gold acquired by, 524
wealth of, 600, 648–49
Soong, Tse-ven (T.V.), Madame, 417
Soong Dynasty, The (Sterling Seagrave), 649n
South China Morning Post, 249
Southeast Asia Command (SEAC), 457, 461, 474, 492
Southeast Asian Defense Treaty, 618
Southern Methodist Mission, 7, 9, 10, 12–13, 15, 21, 38
South Korea, 600
South Manchurian Railway, 223
Soviet-Japanese neutrality agreement, 363–64
Soviet Russia in China (Chiang), 616–18, 619
Soviet Union, 83, 84, 121, 122–23, 124–25, 127, 138, 154, 164, 300, 340, 363–64, 365, 368n, 457, 469, 515, 516, 577, 603, 604n
Chinese Communists supported by, 525, 547
and China, 515, 523, 525–27, 529–30, 533–34, 541, 557, 616–18
in detente with U.S., 652–53
Mao’s relationship with, 599
North Korea occupied by, 601
Red China’s break with, 637, 640
war with Japan entered by, 527
Special Services Department (secret service), 219, 262, 460, 544
Special Warfare Center, 633
Spence, Jonathan, 50, 59
spitting, 232, 316
Stalin, Josef, 84, 121n, 138, 162, 164, 197, 198n, 246, 247, 251, 263n, 272, 291, 352, 365, 370, 415, 475, 490, 515–16, 517, 523, 525, 526–27, 534, 541, 557
at Tehran Conference, 469
Standa
rd Oil, 327n, 337
State Department, U.S., 450, 473, 515, 516, 518, 523, 532, 533, 543, 557, 578, 579, 581, 600, 601, 602, 603, 631–32, 666
Stettinius, Edward, 418
Stilwell, Joseph, xviii, 1, 188, 372–73, 376, 379–80, 386–89, 393, 404, 405, 406, 413, 437, 450, 465, 469, 472, 487, 493, 494, 530
in advance on Myitkyina, 491–94
and assassination plot, 483–85
assigned to Chungking, 371–72, 374–75
Burma invasion plans of, 383–84, 446, 447, 449, 451
in Burma victory, 530
at Cairo Conference, 471, 472, 474, 483
Chennault’s criticism of, 519–20
and Chiang Kai-shek, 390, 391, 392n, 394–95, 396–97, 401, 403, 404, 448, 455, 460–65, 469, 491, 497–99, 521, 617–18
Chinese troops trained by, 402, 403
closes brothels, 453
considered for command of Chinese army, 490–91, 496, 497–99
dismissal of, 463–64, 499, 501, 508–9, 517n, 519, 522, 524
escape from Burma, 390–92, 396, 450
FDR’s meeting on Burma with, 475–76
personality of, 372–73
Stimson, Henry, xviii, 371, 372, 386, 404, 479, 499
Stowe, Leland, 555–56
Stratemeyer, George E., 534
Straus, Roger, 619
Streams in the Desert, 655
Stuart, John Leighton, xviii, 394, 548, 550, 551, 553, 568, 574, 590, 599–600
Sues, Ilona Ralf, 207–8
Sulzberger, Arthur, 307
Sumatra, 66
Summer Palace, 35
Sun, Annie, 63
Sun, Soong Ching-ling (Rosamonde), 19, 54, 63–65, 78, 80, 116, 120, 123–24, 145, 147, 158, 161, 163, 165, 213, 275, 300, 322, 325, 330, 370, 411, 427n, 444, 455–56, 500, 512, 536–37, 549, 581–82, 645, 647–48, 650
alternative government sought by, 322–23
in American radio broadcast, 356
appearance, 321
appendectomy, 249
article on revolution, 60
birth of, 16
Chiang condemned and criticized by, 163–64, 322, 323, 536
Chiang’s alleged proposal to, 170–71
as Communist Party icon, 156–57
at congress of KMT, 137, 138
in Cultural Revolution, 636–37
death of, 662–63
education of, 23, 24, 60
escape from Canton, 95–97
escape from Hong Kong, 369
at Mao’s proclamation of Republic of China, 581–82
marriage, 63–65, 66, 321
in meeting with Feng, 162
in negotiations over Ching-kuo, 247
speech on women’s rights by, 130
at Sun’s burial, 210–12
at Sun’s death, 131
as Sun’s secretary, 62, 63
Sun Chuan-fang, xviii, 77, 141, 149
Sun Fo, xviii, 145, 156, 161, 162, 211, 487, 558, 574
Sung Chiao-jen, 58
Sung Dynasty, 15, 674
Sun Tzu, 89
Sun Yat-sen, xviii, 15, 16, 44, 47–56, 58, 62, 63, 90, 93, 121, 126, 129, 130, 135, 144, 148, 152, 157, 163–64, 169, 170, 171, 172, 182, 183, 194, 196, 199, 223, 256, 272, 318, 445, 487, 514, 558, 636, 663
and Ai-Ling, 56
in Canton, 128–30
and Hakka General, 95–98, 120, 125, 129
illness and death, 130–32, 133, 136, 137, 143, 158
imprisonment in England, 51–52
inauguration, 54, 150
marriages, 56, 63–65, 66, 321
public speaking, 123–24
religion of, 47, 49, 51, 56, 65
southern government set up by, 78, 80, 84, 85, 115–16
Soviet relations with, 84, 121, 122, 123–25
state burial, 204, 210–12
and Shih-kai, Yuan, 54–55, 57, 58, 59, 62
Sun Yat-sen University, 246
Supreme National Defense Council, 513
Sutterle (businessman), 709–10
Su Tung-chi, 625
Swanberg, W. A., 578n
Sydney Daily Telegraph, 223
Tai Chi-tao, 95n
Tai Li, xviii, 219, 260, 262, 269, 368n, 380, 458–59, 460, 482, 544
Taipan, 36–37
Taipei, 614
Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, 677
Taipei Times, 679–80
Taiping Rebellion, 42, 205
Taiwan, 42, 561, 564, 570–71, 587–88, 591, 601, 654–56, 664
anti-Chiang demonstrations on, 667
capital of Nationalist government moved to, 582
and Carter, 664
as center of U.S. intelligence in Korean War, 603
corruption, 588–89, 611–13
economy, 589, 618, 664
elections, 630, 667n
history, 587–88
industry, 664
land reform, 596–97
political repression on, 589–90, 607, 609, 611, 614, 624–25, 630, 667, 680
U.S. aid to, 603, 604, 629, 643
Taiwanese National Security Council, 664
Taiwan Liberation League, 598
Taiwan Missionary Fellowship, 655
Taiwan Power Company, 634
Taiwan Sugar Corporation, 593
Ta Kung Pao, 170–71, 445, 578n
Talmey, Allene, 421
Tamshui, China, 133–34
Tan, May, 73–74
Tanaka, Giichi, 222
Tang En-po, 485
Tangku Agreement, 228–29
Tang Sheng-chich, xviii, 144–45, 146, 292, 293
Tang Yu-lin, 227
Tartar City, 31, 32
TASS, 355
Taylor, Jay, 246–47, 248–49, 597, 641, 645, 667
Teh, Prince of Mongolia, 242
Tehran Conference, 469, 478
Teng Tien-tse, 672
Teng Yen-ta, 163, 165, 322
Teng Ying-chao (Madame Chou En-lai), xviii, 581, 645, 663
Ten Rules of Reform, 644
Texas Monthly, 580
Thailand, 622
Third International, 147, 148, 489
Thomas, Dorothy, 614–15, 614n
Thomas, Lowell, 123n
“Three Demands,” 399
Three Love Principle, 77
Three Principles of the People Doctrine, 52, 143, 144, 196, 272, 445
Thurmond, Strom, 672
Tiananmen Square massacre (1989), 670
Tibet, 31n, 124
Tientsin, China, 81, 273, 274, 570
Tientsin, Treaty of (1860), 34
Time, 225, 241, 248, 270, 278, 309, 331, 344, 430, 443–44, 487, 529, 552, 563, 601, 607, 616
Times (London), 103, 623
Tokyo, 625
Tong, Hollington, xviii, 89, 200, 224, 297, 302, 379, 406, 441, 445, 546
Topping, Seymour, 569, 636, 643
Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution, The (Isaacs), 161
Treasury, U.S., 477, 479
Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 527
treaty ports, 34, 35, 42, 97, 221, 296
Triad, 104
TRIDENT Conference, 447, 448, 449–50
Trinity College, 7, 8
Trotsky, Leon, 98, 121n, 122, 154, 161, 164
Truman, Harry S., 523, 525, 526, 527, 529, 533, 541, 545, 550, 562, 564, 566, 567, 581, 599, 600, 601, 603, 631, 672, 736
Truman Doctrine, 552, 553
T’sai T’ing-k’ai, 227
Tsao, Lionel, 648n
Tsinan Incident, 190–91, 192
Tu, General, 385–86, 387
Tuchman, Barbara, 151, 274–75, 276–77, 281, 299, 362, 363, 371, 374, 375, 383, 389, 390, 391, 392, 397, 400, 403, 404n, 409, 420, 426, 443, 452, 457, 460, 461, 474, 492, 493, 497, 509
Tuell, Miss, 24, 25–26
Tully, Grace, 425–26
Turkistan, 31n
Tu Yu-ming, 569
Twenty-one Demands, 59
Tydings Commit
tee, 730, 731
Tzau, General, 290
Union, 679
United China Relief, 364–65, 431n
United Nations, 405, 516, 527, 536, 580, 604, 641
Red China kept out of, 631, 632
Red China seated in, 641–42, 652
Taiwan recognized in, 626
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 480–81, 536
United Press, 355, 508, 594
United Services to China, 629
United States, 14, 75, 122, 147, 275, 280, 283, 334, 337, 359, 415, 436, 515
aid to China from, 2, 339–40, 357, 360, 361–62, 366, 368, 375, 379, 395, 396, 398–99, 402, 403, 418, 446, 477–78, 492, 513, 530, 549, 553, 555, 580, 680
bad press on China in, 545
Chinese trade with, 437
in detente with U.S., 652–53
immigration into, 13–14, 20
Japan aided by, 300–301, 306, 357
Red China’s detente with, 652–53
South Korea occupied by, 601
in standoffs at Chinese ports, 533–34
Taiwan aided by, 603, 604, 629, 643
United States Relations with China (T.V. Soong), 581
United Tanker Corporation, 579
USA Today, 675
Uses of Agriculture, The (Sun), 48
U.S. News & World Report, 602
Utley, Freda, xviii, 300
Vanderbilt University, 8, 10
Vargas, Getúlio, 504n
Vautrin, Wilhemina, 296
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 80, 81, 190, 236n
Victoria, Queen of England, 33, 34, 39
Vietnam War, 626–27, 629, 631, 633, 635, 636, 638, 641, 661
Vincent, John Carter, xviii, 320–21, 489, 518n, 731
Vladivostok, 516
Vogue, 421
Wallace, Henry, xviii, 418, 488–90, 491, 512
Wall Street Journal, 648–49
Wang, Becky, 139
Wang Ching-wei, xviii, 128, 131, 133, 136, 139, 140, 145, 153, 156, 161, 162, 201, 225, 259, 284, 312–13, 331, 334, 344, 349, 350, 359, 500–501, 530
Wang Ming, 247–48
Wang Shih-chieh, 513, 526–27
Wang Tao, 48
Wanping, China, 273
Ward, Angus, 600
War Department, Chinese, 443
War Department, U.S., 454, 494
Warlords’ Council, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205
War Ministry, Chinese, 521
Washington, George, 48, 227
Washington Post, 506, 611, 612, 655, 662, 665, 679
Watson, Edwin M. “Pa,” 517
Wavell, Archibald, xix, 371
Wedemeyer, Albert Coady, xix, 489, 499, 508, 518, 519–21, 522, 524, 531, 532, 533, 534, 537–38, 548, 553, 579, 580, 655
Wei Li-huang, 562
Weinberger, Caspar, 672
Weisskopf, Michael, 662
Wellesley College, 24, 68, 114, 196, 207, 214, 230, 297, 298, 301–3, 304, 378, 434–35, 566, 576, 627, 630, 638