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TheCourt
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Evening Star
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Freeman’s Journal
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London Daily News
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Maidstone Telegraph
Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser
Manchester Guardian
Manchester Weekly Times
Manitoba Daily Free Press
Morning Advertiser
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North London News
Pall Mall Gazette
Penny Illustrated Paper
ThePeople
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Reynolds’ Newspaper
Sheerness Guardian and East Kent Advertiser
Sheerness Times and General Advertiser
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Sheffield Independent
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TheStar
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Footnotes
Joseph O’Neill, The Secret World of the Victorian Lodging House(Barnsley, 2014), p. 117. Women were believed to make up under half of the total lodging-house population in London.
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* The printing trade relied heavily on the skills of blacksmiths for its machinery and typeface, and it is likely that Walker moved the family to the area for this reason.
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* By 1861, Walker was describing himself as a blacksmith and engineer—one involved in the creation of much larger machinery—possibly, given the family’s location, equipment used in printing.
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* Following Caroline’s death, a Mary, along with Edward, is cited in Frederick’s baptismal record as being his “parent.” It is also possible that Edward, as a widower, may have formed a temporary relationship with another woman of this name, though he was not known to have any further children, nor is there any record to indicate that he lived with another woman.
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* Henry Alfred would be her fifth child to survive.
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* It has been suggested that Eliza Sarah was born in 3 J block, but this is a misreading of the faded handwritten script on her birth certificate, which reads 3 D block.
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* Although this census record cites her age as four years older than she actually was, her place of birth, in the Finsbury Ward of London, accords with someone who claimed she was born near Shoe Lane. Age discrepancies are common on census returns.
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* It is possible this strike-through was made after Nichols’s private affairs were made public over the course of the inquest into his wife’s death.
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* See Peter Higginbotham, The Workhouse Encyclopedia(London, 2012), p. 254. The etymology of the word spikeas a term for the casual ward is debatable. Peter Higginbotham offers a number of possibilities, including reference to the spiked implement that was used for picking oakum, the spike on which one’s admission ticket to the workhouse was placed upon entry, or the word spiniken,the tramps’ name for the workhouse.