Meyer, D.E. 62
midbrain 146, 158
Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare) 204
Milne, A.A. 48
mind
becomes stuck in one mode or the other 96–7
beginner’s (shoshin) 198–9
current image of the mind 222–3
expanded theatre image 225
historic changes in view of 204–5
implicit identification with consciousness 115
shift in understanding of the 226
slow see slow mind
swinging flexibly between conscious thought and intuition 96, 99
as ‘the theatre of consciousness’ 222, 224–5
three different processing speeds 1–2
see also undermind
Mind of a Mnemonist, The (Luria) 153
mind-body dualism 223
mindfulness 165, 180–87, 193, 194, 219
Mintzberg, Henry 211
mnemonics 13
Moore, Henry 95
Morelli, Giovanni 165, 167
‘Moses of Michelangelo, The’ (Freud) 167
motivation 131
Mott, Sir Neville 57
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 94
Muller, Catherine (known as Helen Smith) 113–14
mutation 95
‘mutilated chessboard’ 35–6, 36, 55, 88
Native American Medicine Cards 1
near-death experiences 114
needs 17, 134, 145, 155
negative capability 174
Neill, A S. 188, 189
Neill, Mrs 188, 189
neocortex 158
neural Darwinism 95
neural networks 140, 141–3, 142, 151, 152, 161
neural pathways 151, 152
neuro-transmitters 135, 137
‘neuromodulation’ effect 146
neurons 136
and amines 146
in the brain 134
change in electrical communication bewteen 137
clusters of 138, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 154–5, 157
cortical 144
electrical impulses 134–5
‘extended family’ of 139
groups working in synchrony 145
reciprocal inhibition 145
response to subliminal stimuli 157–8
New York Times 71
Newton, Sir Isaac 58
NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor sites 137
Noddings, Nel 58
Norberg-Hodge, Helena 4–5
norepinephrine 146
observation 49, 210
d-mode values explanation over 7–8
developing powers of 218
limits to powers of 25
as a major learning vehicle 33
‘Ode to Immortality’ (Wordsworth) 175
‘old age’ 181–2
‘On “Having” a Poem’ (Skinner lecture) 68–9
opportunities 134
Organization of Behavior, The (Hebb) 137
out-of-body experiences 114
pain, relief of 124–5, 182, 183–4
paralinguistic cues 114
Pascal, Blaise 224
passivity 197
past lives, reversion to 113–14
patience
cultivating 84
focusing and 172
and intuition 49, 57–8
Patton, CJ. 108
perception(s) 182, 193
coarsening of 131–2
and consciousness 106, 126–7
d-mode treats as unproblematic 7
degraded 19
as diagnostic in d-mode 164
effects of ‘backward’ and ‘lateral masking’ on 121–2
and imagination 81
inability to articulate 44
information and 38
and intuition 130
power of subliminal forces on 204
seeking perceptual intensity 186–7
skimping on 179–80
subliminal 100, 101, 107, 108, 117, 119–20, 150–51
unconscious 100–115, 117, 150
visual 101, 104
perceptual defence 117
Peters, Tom 209
philosophy 3, 4, 226
Piaget, Jean 21
Picasso, Pablo 84
Pierce, C.S. 105, 106, 113
pineal gland 157
Pinel, Alain 209
Pittman, Thane 101, 104, 107, 108, 111
Planck, Max 79
Planck’s dictum 79
Platform Sutra 199
Plato 203
Plotinus 204
poetic sensibility 165–9, 193
poetry 4, 99, 176–9, 206
Coleridge and composition 59–60
d-mode and 10, 94–6, 226
Housman on 69–70
and intelligence 17
Lowell on composition 67
and slow knowing 3, 176
Poetzl, Otto 106, 107
Poincare, Henry 60, 93–4
polar planimeter 39–40, 40, 43
Postman, Neil 5, 206
practice, as a major learning vehicle 33
prajna (wisdom) 199–200
premature cognitive commitments 182
preparation
and creativity 94, 149
unconscious 104
Price, Mark 106–7
Priestley, Joseph 85
Prince, George 77, 78
prosopagnosia 157
psyche 203
psychoanalysis 129–30, 166, 167
psychology 9
psychotherapy 3, 9, 169–70, 193, 224
reactions, quick 51
reality
conscious interpretation as 112
hallucinations 124, 180
language and 46
a play and 225
reason 95, 203, 204, 205, 226
Reber, Arthur 26
rebus problems 60–61
receptivity 57, 170, 175
recognising faces 92, 93
‘Recommendations to physicians practising psychoanalysis’ (Freud) 129–30
‘Reflections’ (Kafka) 175–6
reflexes 17
reframing 182, 189, 194
Reiser, Stanley 167–8
repression 161
resilience, learning 216–17, 218
resourcefulness 218, 221
retrograde amnesia 118–19
Rilke, Rainer Maria 176
Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, The (Mintzberg) 211
Rogers, Carl 193
Rokeach, Milton 52, 75–6
Rorschach ink-blot test 77
Rosli, Philop Kapleau 164
Ross, Doug 201–2, 215
Rowan, Roy 210, 211
Royal Society of Arts 202
Rubik cube 28–30, 29
rules of thumb 37
rumination 45–6, 47, 49, 206, 209
Ruskin,John 166
saccades 104
Sacks, Oliver 179
Sahn Sunim, Seung 199
Sartre, Jean-Paul 78
Schiller, Johann von 78
scholastic fallacy 41
Schon, Donald 75
Schooler, Jonathan 86, 88, 90–93
science 226
the creative stimulus 70
the imaginative stimulus 70
inertia of 79
intuition in 56–8, 219
and slow learning 9
Scientific Monthly, The 67
Scott, Nathan 201
self
being unconscious of 196
changing the sense of self 126
conscious 223
self-consciousness 116–32, 158–9
self-image 126, 159
self-monitoring 110
‘Self-reliance’ (Emerson) 81
Selzer, Richard 168, 169
sensory deprivation 19
serotonin 146
Shakespeare, William 204
shoshin (beginne
r’s mind) 198–9
Sidis, B. 105
Singer, Jerome 131
Singer, Wolf 144
sixth sense 113
Skinner, B.F. 68
Skynner, Robin 192–3
slow mind
associated with creativity or ‘wisdom’ 3
decline of slow thinking 4–7
defined 2
used for intricate, shadowy or ill defined situations 3
as vital 2
slow ways of knowing see under knowing
Smith, Helen (Catherine Muller) 113–14
Smith, Steven 60, 61–2, 63
‘snap judgements’ 51, 92
Social Statics (Spencer) 48
soul, the 99, 157, 174, 204, 224
special relativity theory 56
speculation 77–8
Spence 150–51
Spencer Brown, George 58
Spencer, Herbert 48–9, 50, 56
Spender, Stephen 71, 78
Spinoza, Benedict 3
‘split brain’ patients 127
Spoils of Poynton, The (James) 70
Stein, Gertrude 68
stereotypes 109, 110–11, 111, 195
Sternberg, Robert 20, 194
stress 76, 130–31
‘study skills’ programmes 221–2
subconscious 223
subliminal advertising 100
subliminal perception see under perception
Summerhill school 188, 189
Sur I’Intelligence (Taine) 224–5
Suzuki, D.T. 172, 199–200
Suzuki Roshi, Shunryu 198–9
synapses 134, 135, 137, 146
‘Synectics’ programme 77
Taine, H.A. 224–5
Tao Te Ching 3, 84
Tauler, Johannes 196–7, 200
Taylor, Charles 76
Teasdale, John 184–5
technology 223
and a sense of urgency 9
and technopoly 5
technopoly 5, 7, 206
telepathy 105, 113, 114
Temple, Archbishop William 219
Tender is the Sight (Fitzgerald) 113
thalamus 158
Theories of Everything 6
theta waves 148
thinking
calculative 207, 208
and consciousness 206
drawbacks of analytical thinking 86–8
and ideas 206
and information 206
and intuition 86, 148, 214
lateral 212
low-focus 148
meditative 207, 208
scientific 223
slow 5, 214
Spencer’s mode of 48–9
thinking fast 52
thinking freshly 51
thinking too little 94
thinking too much 85, 94
thinking what is thinkable 91
thought(s)
d-mode and 7, 10
fleeting 80
and intuition 96
logical 42
and the mind’s three different processing speeds 1–2
pattern of thought gradually forming itself 48–9
perversion of 49
sudden insight 56–7
threats 17, 134, 145, 155, 161, 213
thymos 172
time
changing conception of and attitude towards 4–5
and creativity 52, 75, 76–7
‘saving’ 5
‘tip-of-the-tongue’ (TOT) state 61–2, 64, 151
trial and error 32, 42
tunnel vision 130
Tversky, Amos 55
Tyrol, Duchess of 191
‘Unborn’ 3
uncertainty
and intuition 74–5
learning and 6, 17–18
unconscious
accomplishment of tasks 4
and conscious/consciousness 18–19, 37, 63, 72, 116–17, 124, 199–200, 204, 226
and consciousness 64, 66, 223–4
history of the 197
misleading about an experience 109
neglect of 6–7
new conception of 223
regarded as wild and unruly rather than as a valuable resource 7
relationship with one’s 3
unconscious perception 100–115, 117, 150
unconsciousness, tactical 122
undermind
ability to register events and make connections 113
accessing information in the 117–19
acquires knowledge 37
ambivalent relationship with 203–4
becomes active 116
concerned with survival and wellbeing 119
and consciousness 37–8, 81, 107, 116, 124
and déjà vu experiences 109
evidence for 67
and ideas 95
and information 25
and intuition 50, 53
key to the 13–14
makes adjustments to the data it receives 104
neglected by modern Western culture 7
news flashes by 103
and problem-solving 63
promptings of the 72
relocation of the centre of identity and intelligence to 198
research on cognitive capacity of 226
respecting the powers of the 114
and self-consciousness 128
and subliminal knowledge 62
and wisdom 195
understanding
‘articulated’ 43
d-mode and 7
and language complexity 11–12
University of Birmingham (‘Brains, Minds and Consciousness’ symposium) 133
University of Edinburgh Psychology Department 104
Valéry, Paul 28, 177
verbalisation 90, 91, 92, 120
verification 94, 149, 150
Viesti, Carl 79–80
vision
impaired night vision 130
peripheral 131
visual acuity, and sense of self 126
visualisation 13, 219
Voltaire 195
Wallas, Graham 94
Wason, Peter 31–2
Watzlawick, Paul 23
Weil, Simone 99
Weiskrantz, Lawrence 127
Westcott, Malcolm 72–5
Whalley, George 177
Whistler, J.M. 166
Whitehead, A.N. 15
Whyte, Lancelot Law 148, 197–8, 205, 223
Winner, Ellen 175
wisdom
acting with knowledge while doubting 195
allowing oneself time 192–3
Buddhism and 198
concept of prajna 199–200
and d-mode 191, 195
defined 188, 191
and fundamental values 190–91
icons of 4
seeing through the apparent issue to the real issue underlying it 189, 190
and the slow mind 3
and the undermind 195
the wise individual 194
works with ‘the big picture’ 190
‘wits’ 2, 6, 21, 30, 43
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 52
Women’s Ways of Knowing (Belenky et al) 97
word association 64–5
wordscape 153–6, 154
Wordsworth, William 94–5, 175
Yale Medical School 168
Yaniv, I. 62
Zajonc 118
Zeki, Semir 158
Zen and Japanese Culture (Suzuki) 172
Zen Buddhism 191, 198–9
About the Author
GUY CLAXTON is the author of Wholly Human, The Heart of Buddhism: Practical Wisdom for an Agitated World, and Noises from the Darkroom: The Science and Mystery of the Mind. He lives in England.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
Credits
Cover design by Tom Lau
Cover photographs © 2000 by Cordon Wiltsle (hare), Lee Foster (tortoise), and Phil Banko (suit and tie)
Copyright
First published in Great Britain in 1997 by Fourth Estate Limited.
A hardcover edition of this book was published in 1999 by The Ecco Press.
HARE BRAIN, TORTOISE MIND. Copyright © 1997 by Guy Claxton. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
First HarperPerennial edition published 2000
Text figures drawn by Carole Vincer
ISBN 0-06-095541-4 (pbk.)
EPub Edition April 2016 ISBN 9780062032119
13 14 15 RRD 20 19
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers Australia Pty. Ltd.
Level 13, 201 Elizabeth Street
Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
www.harpercollins.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Canada
2 Bloor Street East - 20th Floor
Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
www.harpercollins.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers New Zealand
Unit D1, 63 Apollo Drive
Rosedale 0632
Auckland, New Zealand
www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
1 London Bridge Street
London SE1 9GF, UK
www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
195 Broadway
New York, NY 10007
www.harpercollins.com