Walton, Calder. Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War, and the Twilight of Empire. London: William Collins, 2012. Kindle.
Warburg, Gabriel. “The Sudan, Egypt and Britain, 1899–1916.” Middle Eastern Studies 6, no. 2 (1970): 163–178.
Warner, Philip. Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier. London: Sphere, 1986.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Kindle.
Welchman, Gordon. “From Polish Bomba to British Bombe: The Birth of Ultra.” Intelligence and National Security 1, no. 1 (1986): 71–110.
. The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1982.
West, Nigel. GCHQ: The Secret Wireless War 1900–86. London: Coronet, 1987.
. Historical Dictionary of World War II Intelligence. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2008.
. The Sigint Secrets: The Signal Intelligence War, 1900 to Today, Including the Persecution of Gordon Welchman. New York: William Morrow, 1988.
Wichhart, Stefanie Katharine. “Intervention: Britain, Egypt and Iraq During World War II.” PhD diss., University of Texas, Austin, 2007.
Wilkinson, Patrick. Facets of a Life. Privately published, 1986.
Williams, Caroline. “Twentieth-Century Egyptian Art: The Pioneers, 1920–52.” In Re-envisioning Egypt: 1919–1952, edited by Arthur Goldschmidt Jr., Amy J. Johnson, and Barak A. Salmon, 426–447. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2005.
Winterbotham, F. W. The Ultra Secret. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
Woytak, Richard A. “A Conversation with Marian Rejewski.” Cryptologia 6, no. 1 (1982): 50–60.
Yapp, M. E., ed. Politics and Diplomacy in Egypt: The Diaries of Sir Miles Lampson, 1935–1937. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Young, Desmond. Rommel. London: Fontana, 1955.
Zerubavel, Yael. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1995.
NEWSPAPERS AND WIRE SERVICES
Al Aharam
Argus, Melbourne
Guardian, London
Haaretz, Tel Aviv
JTA Daily News Bulletin
Life
London Gazette
New York Times
People
Telegraph, London
Times, London
Washington Post
WEBSITES
Alan Turing: The Enigma: www.turing.org.uk
American President: millercenter.org/the-presidency
Ancestry: ancestry.co.uk
BBC: www.bbc.co.uk
Bletchley Park: www.bletchleypark.org.uk
Bonner Fellers: www.bonnerfellers.com
Central Intelligence Agency Library: www.cia.gov/library
Charles Lindbergh: www.charleslindbergh.com
Christos Military and Intelligence Corner: chris-intel-corner.blogspot.com
Churchill Society, London: www.churchill-society-london.org.uk
Crusader Project: rommelsriposte.com
Encyclopaedia Britannica: www.britannica.com
Find My Past: findmypast.com
Google, All Newspapers: news.google.com/newspapers
Hansard: hansard.parliament.uk
Holocaust Encyclopedia: encyclopedia.ushmm.org
Ibiblio: www.ibiblio.org
IMDB: www.imdb.com
International Churchill Society, speeches: winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches
Irgun Hahagana: www.irgon-haagana.co.il or hahagana.org.il
Shapell Manuscript Foundation: www.shapell.org
World War 2: www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2
World War II Today: ww2today.com
Yizkor: www.izkor.gov.il
INTERVIEWS AND CORRESPONDENCE
Alvarez, David
Avnery, Uri
Denzer, Tempe
Downes, Dorelle
Flemons, Pauline
Gouri, Haim
Hodsdon, James
Milvain, Lottie
Swinhoe, Nikki
Wiggin, Nicholas Fenn
Notes
ABBREVIATIONS
BPA: Bletchley Park Archive
CA: Churchill Archive
CD: Galeazzo Ciano, Diary 1937–1943 (New York: Enigma, 2002); by date
CUOH: Columbia University Oral History Research Office
DFP: Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D (1937–1945) (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1962); by volume and document number
FDR: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
FFP: Fellers Family Papers
FRUS: Foreign Relations of the United States, Office of the Historian, Department of State; by volume and document number
HBF: Bonner Frank Fellers papers, Hoover Institution Archives
IWM: Imperial War Museums archive; by digital catalogue document number
KCLH: Liddell Hart Military Archives, King’s College
KMC: Knox Mellon Collection, UCLA
MECA: Middle East Center Archive
MLD: Diary of Sir Miles Wedderburn Lampson, GB165-0176, Middle East Center Archive; by date
NCML: National Cryptological Museum Library
OH: oral history
PMA: Palmah Museum Archive
QDA: Qatar Digital Archive
RPP: Ranfurly Personal Papers
US NARA: United States National Archive and Records Administration
USSME: Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito
YTA: Yad Tabenkin Archive
YVA: Yad Vashem Archives
United Kingdom National Archives Reference Groups
ADM: Admiralty
CAB: Cabinet Office
DEFE 3: Ministry of Defence: Intelligence from Intercepted German, Italian, and Japanese Radio Communications, WWII
FO: Foreign Office records
HS: Special Operations Executive
HW: Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and its successor, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)
KV: MI5 (Security Service)
PREM: Prime Minister’s Office
WO: War Office
Ebooks are cited by page number or location number in editions in which those numbers are fixed and by chapter number in all other cases.
Diaries, published and unpublished, are cited by date.
For works in languages other than English, I have given translations of the titles only when they are provided by the publisher.
CURTAIN RISING: LAST TRAIN FROM CAIRO
1. Key sources on the “Flap” in Cairo include: Alan Moorehead, African Trilogy (Melbourne: Text, 1997), 383–389; Cecil Beaton, Near East (London: B. T. Batsford, 1943), 127–133; IWM, Document 1798, E. J. F. Watkins, Underage and Overseas (unpublished memoir, undated), chap. 1; IWM, Document 12979, diary of Lieutenant General Sir Charles Gairdner, July 3, 1942; W. J. M. Mackenzie, The Secret History of SOE: The Special Operations Executive, 1940–1945 (London: St. Ermin’s, 2000), 187; Artemis Cooper, Cairo in the War, 1939–1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989), 192–197. Additional sources listed below.
2. IWM, Document 1798, E. J. F. Watkins, Underage and Overseas, chap. 1.
3. Beaton, Near East, 130; Cooper, Cairo, 195; IWM, Document 12979, diary of Lieutenant General Sir Charles Gairdner, July 3, 1942.
4. FO 371-31573, Lampson to Foreign Office, July 4, 1942. Cooper (Cairo, 197–198), citing The National Bank of Egypt: A Short History, Produced on the 50th Anniversary of Its Foundation, writes that the board of the Bank of Egypt decided on July 2, 1942, to meet the demand for cash by having the government Survey Office print banknotes. Watkins’s account shows that before this date, banks were giving customers worn-out banknotes.
5. FO 954/5B, Appendix, Evacuation Policy, July 7, 1942, 2, notes the evacuation of the South African women soldiers and says that evacuation of female British soldiers was to take place only at the last minute. Watkins’s account says that, in practice, many B
ritish women in uniform were evacuated. The official report to London appears to have understated the actions of the military in expectation of the possible fall of Cairo.
6. Beaton, Near East, 130.
7. Caroline Williams, “Twentieth-Century Egyptian Art: The Pioneers, 1920–52,” in Re-envisioning Egypt: 1919–1952, ed. Arthur Goldschmidt Jr., Amy J. Johnson, and Barak A. Salmon (Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2005), 428–429; Lesley Lababidi, “Nahdat Misr—Egypt’s Awakening,” in Cairo’s Street Stories: Exploring the City’s Statues, Squares, Bridges, Gardens, and Sidewalk Cafés (Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2007), iBook; Mohamed Elshahed, “Saving Cairo Station,” Egypt Independent, May 2, 2011, www.egyptindependent.com/node/421491 (accessed March 10, 2015).
8. Nadania Idriss, “Architecture as an Expression of Identity: Abbas Hilmi II and the Neo-Mamluk Style,” International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics 1 (2010): 1–6, https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icrageesd/05icrageesd/session11/1 (accessed August 6, 2018).
9. FO 954/5B, “Appendix, Evacuation Policy,” July 7, 1942; “Evacuation of British and Allied Civilian Personnel,” July 9, 1942. HW 12/278, Japanese Minister, Lisbon to Foreign Minister, July 14, 1942, carries a report from Mozambique of a single French steamer carrying four thousand refugees from Egypt to South Africa.
10. Ron Testro, “Cairo-Jerusalem Express in War Has Oppenheim Flavour,” Argus (Melbourne), October 3, 1942, 3S, trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/11998336 (accessed March 10, 2015).
11. FO 371/31573, Weekly Appreciation, Lampson to Foreign Office, June 29, 1942; Moorehead, African Trilogy, 383.
12. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims (New York: Vintage, 2001), 158.
13. JTA Daily News Bulletin, June 30, 1942, pdfs.jta.org/1942/1942-06-30_148.pdf (accessed August 1, 2018).
14. HW 12/278, 106449, Turkish Minister Cairo to Minister for Foreign Affairs, Angora, July 3, 1942; 106678, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Angora to Turkish Minister Cairo, July 6, 1942.
15. FO 954/5B, “Evacuation of British and Allied Civilian Personnel,” July 9, 1942.
16. Christopher Sykes, Crossroads to Israel (London: Collins, 1965), 256. Sykes was a Special Operations Executive officer at the time of the events. He was stationed in Persia, but Beaton (Near East, 102) reports Sykes flying westward at least as far as Habbaniya in Iraq in early June 1942. It is not clear whether he was in Cairo on July 1 or later heard of the incident when he was reassigned to SOE in Cairo in November 1942. One detail of his account suggests he heard about it after the fact: he describes the officer as making “some dozen… journeys between Cairo and Jerusalem in the course of two days” by car. Given the distance, this was physically impossible. However, SOE records show that the officer he identifies, Captain Albert (aka Alexander) Nacamuli was in fact head of the SOE Italian section in Alexandria in 1942. In that capacity, he would almost certainly have worked with Italian Jews employed by the SOE and felt personally responsible for their safety. Moreover, Nacamuli himself appears to have been an Alexandrian Jew, recruited locally by SOE. The broad outlines of Sykes’s account can therefore be taken as solidly factual. See HS 9/1083/2, Alexander Nacamuli personnel file; HS 9/1433/9, Christopher Sykes personnel file; “Prominent Sephardic Jews Living in Egypt in 1942 & 1943,” www.sephardicstudies.org/pdf/egyptjews.pdf (accessed December 3, 2018).
17. HW 12/278, 106185, The King, Riyadh, to Saudi Arabian Minister, June 29, 1942; 106272, Persian Legation, Cairo to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, June 30, 1942; 106681, Turkish Minister, Cairo to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Angora, July 6, 1942.
18. HS 3/123, SOE/Egypt 2: Policy and the 1942 Evacuation, passim.
19. Hermione Ranfurly, To War with Whitaker (Basingstoke, UK: Pan Macmillan, 2014), Kindle: June 26–July 6, 1942; Haviv Caanan, Matayim Yemei Haredah (Tel Aviv: Mol Art, 5734 [1973–1974]), 139.
20. JTA Daily News Bulletin, June 29, 1942, pdfs.jta.org/1942/1942-06-29_147.pdf; July 1, 1942, http://pdfs.jta.org/1942/1942-07-01_149.pdf (both accessed August 1, 2018).
21. JTA Daily News Bulletin, June 26, 1942, pdfs.jta.org/1942/1942-06-26_145.pdf (accessed August 1, 2018).
23. Niall Barr, Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein (London: Jonathan Cape, 2004), 70, Kindle; Philip Warner, Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier (London: Sphere, 1986), 206–207.
24. FO 371/31573, Lampson to Foreign Office, June 25, 1942; Lampson to Foreign Office, June 29, 1942; Lampson to Foreign Office, July 1, 1942.
25. US NARA, RG 319 270/5/18/7, Box 380, File 370.2, June 28, 1942, Cable 1176.
26. WO 208/1561, Security Summary Middle East No. 58, June 30, 1942.
27. FO 371/31573, Lampson to Foreign Office, June 22, 1942; Foreign Office to Lampson, June 23, 1942; Weekly Appreciation, Lampson to Foreign Office, June 29, 1942; Lampson to Foreign Office, July 2, 1942.
28. Barr, Pendulum, 10.
29. Barr, Pendulum, 45; Moorehead, African Trilogy, 192.
30. Barr, Pendulum, 16; David Fraser, Knight’s Cross: A Life of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (New York: Harper, 1995), 337–338; Warner, Auchinleck, 188. Sources vary on the number of soldiers taken prisoner at Tobruk, especially in early reports. I have relied here on Barr’s figures.
31. Moorehead, African Trilogy, 370–371; B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (London: Cassell, 1970), 277; Barr, Pendulum, 34.
32. Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (London: Cassell, 1951), 344.
33. PREM 3/290/6, Auchinleck to Prime Minister, June 21, 1942; Churchill to Auchinleck, June 22, 1942; Auchinleck to Prime Minister, June 24, 1942.
34. Barr, Pendulum, 23–26; Warner, Auchinleck, 191; FDR, Map Room, Box 93, File MR300, Sec. 1, Maxwell Cable No. 29, June 27, 1942.
35. Barr, Pendulum, 27–30; Warner, Auchinleck, 191–194.
36. MLD, June 29, 1942.
37. Ian F. W. Beckett, ed., Rommel: A Reappraisal (London: Pen & Sword Military, 2013), chap. 3, iBook.
38. WO 208/1561, Security Summary Middle East No. 57, June 25, 1942.
39. House of Commons Official Report, January 27, 1942, www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/420127a.html (accessed July 30, 2018).
40. Desmond Young, Rommel (London: Fontana, 1955), 23.
41. Beckett, Rommel, chap. 7. Praise of Rommel’s extraordinary insight into the mind of his enemy continued and even increased after the war. A good example is B. H. Liddell Hart’s introduction to The Rommel Papers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1953), xix.
42. FDR, Map Room, Box 93, File MR300, Sec. 1, June 21, 1942, Fellers Cable 1156. The cable was sent in six sections. Time stamps on sections two through six show they were sent after Fellers Cable 1157 on the fall of Tobruk. Wording quoted here is from the language of the cable as deciphered and distributed at the War Department. Cables were paraphrased when deciphered, so the language was slightly different from what Fellers sent from Cairo and sometimes less precise.
43. Liddell Hart, Rommel Papers, 239.
44. CD, June 29, 1942; Paolo Monelli, Mussolini: The Intimate Life of a Demagogue (New York: Vanguard, 1954), 9–10; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 277.
45. Fraser, Knight’s Cross, 220, 342.
ACT I. CHAPTER 1. “REPORT FOR DUTY, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INSTRUCTIONS YOU HAVE RECEIVED”
1. Audio of Chamberlain announcement: “Britain Declares War on Germany,” BBC Archive, www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7917.shtml (accessed August 22, 2018). Prepared text: www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7957.shtml (accessed August 22, 2018). The actual speech included a few words not in the prepared text.
2. Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), chap. 1, Kindle.
3. “Evacuees Depart from Waterloo Station,” BBC Archive, www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2ou
tbreak/7921.shtml (accessed August 21, 2018).
4. The closing of places of entertainment and prohibition on public gatherings was announced on the BBC immediately after Chamberlain’s announcement (“Britain Declares War on Germany”).
5. Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1982), 7–13; Joel Greenberg, Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park’s Architect of Ultra Intelligence (London: Frontline, 2014), 5–14, and front jacket cover photo of Welchman.
6. BPA, Patrick Wilkinson, Facets of a Life (privately published memoir, 1986), 131.
7. Welchman, Hut Six, 12.
8. Peter Hoffman, Hitler’s Personal Security: Protecting the Führer, 1921–1945 (Boston: Da Capo, 2000), 135–138; Fraser, Knight’s Cross, 141–142.
9. Beckett, Rommel, chap. 1; Ralf Georg Reuth, Rommel: The End of a Legend (London: Haus, 2008), 37–38.
10. Young, Rommel, 10. Erwin Rommel’s son, Manfred Rommel, wrote in his introduction to Liddell Hart (Rommel Papers, xviii) that the United States returned to Rommel’s wife the letters he had written to her. He notes that some remained missing. However, the letters to Lucie Rommel cited by Reuth (Rommel, 37–38) were found in the microfilm collection of captured German papers in the US National Archives, and the originals were likely among those returned to the family. Liddell Hart did not include material from before May 1940 in The Rommel Papers.
11. John Pimlott, ed., Rommel and His Art of War (London: Greenhill, 2003), 29; Reuth, Rommel, 33–36; Fraser, Knight’s Cross, 98; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 3.
12. Welchman, Hut Six, 19–20.
13. “September 3, 1939: Fireside Chat 14: On the European War,” Miller Center, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/september-3-1939-fireside-chat-14-european-war (accessed December 24, 2018). On the ranking of the US Army, see Peace and War, United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1943), 55, www.ibiblio.org/pha/paw/Peace%20and%20War.html (accessed December 24, 2018).
14. Jean Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), chap 20, Kindle; Charles A. Lindbergh, “Let Us Look to Our Own Defense,” ibiblio, www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/1939-09-15a.html (accessed December 25, 2018).
15. The main source on Rauff is Martin Cüppers, Walther Rauff—In deutschen Diensten: Vom Naziverbrecher zum BND-Spion (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2013). Additional information is found in Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers, “‘Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine’: The Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa, 1942,” Yad Vashem, www1.yadvashem.org/about_HOLocaust/studies/vol35/Mallmann-Cuppers2.pdf (accessed May 26, 2013), 4–5.