business cycles, 276–77. See also Kitchin business cycles
Byzantine Empire, 40, 57, 438
Caboche, Simon, 52
Caffa, 41
Calcutta, India, 110, 308
Calomiris, Charles W., 426
Calvinism, 101
Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, 303
Cameron, Rondo, 413–14
Canada, 121, 150, 152, 153, 168, 184, 375, 399
candy bars, 202–3
capacity utilization, 193, 204–5, 206, 213, 215, 233
capital. See Returns to capital
capitalism, 243, 247, 295, 298, 303, 304, 310, 323n20
Caribbean Islands, 270
caristia, 23
Carter (Jimmy) administration, 210, 212, 236
Cartier, M., 267, 268
Casimir IV (king of Poland), 56
Castile, 56, 263
Catalonia, 40, 97
catastrophes, 241, 435
Catherine the Great, 112
Catholicism, 77, 86, 87, 101
Chabert, M. A., 409
Chaloner, W. H., 364
Chamberlain, Neville, 195
Charles I (king of England), 269, 270
Charles V (king of Spain), 91
Charles VI (king of France), 52
Charles VII (king of France), 55
Charleston, South Carolina, 272
Chartres, France, 10, 11–13, 16–17, 318–19n2, 448
Chaunu, Pierre, 95, 276, 419
Chesapeake school, 370
Chicago, Illinois, 172, 176, 308
Chile, 104, 232, 271, 375–76, 399
China: bibliography, 267–68, 376–77, 399, 453, 473–74, 499
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120
in fourteenth century, 265, 267–68, 453
grain prices in, 120
Ming dynasty in, 269
population of, 265, 266, 269
in seventeenth century, 269, 473–74
and twentieth century price revolution, 195, 499
Chmielnicki’s Rebellion, 101
Christianity, 45, 86, 138
Christopher II (king of Denmark), 40
Ch’uan Han-sheng, 268
Cipolla, Carlo, 25, 332n14, 411–12
classical economics, 168
Cleary, M. N., 274
climate: bibliography, 268, 422–23, 448, 450, 465, 475, 495
and causes of price revolutions, 245–46
and eighteenth century price revolution, 142, 148, 155, 156, 245–46
in eleventh century, 267
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 107
in fourteenth century, 35, 245, 266–67, 448, 450
and medieval price revolution, 31, 35, 245–46, 267, 324–25n31
and Renaissance equilibrium, 330n17
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 245
and sixteenth century price revolution, 93, 465
in tenth century, 267
in twelfth century, 267
and twentieth century price revolution, 245, 246
and Victorian equilibrium, 157, 169, 171, 495
“cliometric school, ” 315
Coatsworth, John, 121, 271
coefficient of variation, 291
coefficients of correlation, 338n43
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 116
Cole, Arthur H., 272, 367, 368
Colebrooke, George, 140, 214
collective action, 257–58
Cologne, Germany, 120
Colombia, 202
colonies, 110, 121, 149, 271. See also American colonies
commerce, 168. See also Trade
commodity prices: in ancient world, 259
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 121, 123, 132, 134–35
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 105
and medieval price revolution, 25
and population, 132
and Renaissance equilibrium, 49
and similarities among price revolutions, 238
and sixteenth century price revolution, 69, 82
and twentieth century price revolution, 181, 193, 198, 209, 215, 216
and Victorian equilibrium, 158
communism, 212, 229–30, 499
Comoro Islands, 149
“competitive inflation, ” 202–3
Congo (Democratic Republic), 377
Constantinople, 30, 155
consumer prices: and eighteenth century price revolution, 125, 152, 228
and equilibrium, 228
and seventeenth century crisis, 92
and sixteenth century price revolution, 72, 90, 92, 228
and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 183, 187, 198, 199, 200, 204, 205, 209, 210, 211, 215–16, 217, 220, 226, 228, 228
and Victorian equilibrium, 158, 170
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 84
Corfu, 58
Corsica, 41, 141
cost-push inflation, 126, 278, 280, 428
Cracow, Poland, 75
Crandall, Ruth, 368
Crash of 1987, 215
Crete, 58
crime: and capitalism, 310
causes of, 309–11
control of, 309–11
and eighteenth century price revolution, 144, 145, 146–47, 305, 306, 306, 308
empirical evidence about, 311
and “enforcement waves, ” 310
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 110, 111
and equilibrium, 225, 239, 309
and food prices, 94
in fourteenth century, 35–36, 37, 38, 306, 306
and inequalities, 309
and medieval price revolution, 35–36, 36, 37, 305, 306, 306
and price revolutions, 248, 250, 305–11, 306, 309
secular trends in, 305–6, 306
and seventeenth century crisis, 94, 306
and similarities among price revolutions, 238, 239
and sixteenth century price revolution, 94, 94, 305, 306
and twentieth century price revolution, 225, 226, 230, 305, 306, 306, 308, 310
and Victorian equilibrium, 172, 176, 308
and wages, 309
and wars, 145
waves of, 306–8, 311
Crimea, 41, 57, 162, 171
Crusades, 13
Cuba, 232, 377
cultural issues: in ancient world, 259
bibliography, 426, 447–48, 459, 468, 469–70, 478, 485, 496, 501
and causes of price revolutions, 243, 246–51
and consequences of price revolutions, 250–51
and differences among price revolutions, 240, 241
and eighteenth century price revolution, 118, 154–55, 485
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 113, 239, 478
and equilibrium, 239, 249
and fourteenth century crisis, 45
and inequalities, 294
and Marxism, 243
and medieval price revolution, 45, 447–48
and Renaissance equilibrium, 239, 459
and seventeenth century crisis, 100–101, 469–70
and similarities among price revolutions, 237, 238, 239
and sixteenth century price revolution, 75–76, 468
and twentieth century price revolution, 501
and Victorian equilibrium, 174–75, 239, 496. See also art and architecture; Family disintegration; literature; music; Social issues
cycles, 9, 158, 273–77, 318n7, 415–19 See also specific cycle
Cyprus, 58
Czechoslovakia, 377, 400
Daiches, David, 110
Dakin, E. F., 277
Danish War (1864), 157
Darwinism, 177
data: need for, 254–55
Dati, Gregorio, 331n24
Davis, Lance, 414
Day, John, 48, 315, 369–70
Day, Richard B., 273
De Beers syndicate, 202
Deane, Phyllis, 413
debasements: and Enlightenment equilibrium, 109
and medieval price revolution, 25, 26, 32, 34, 285–86
purpose of, 285–86
and sixteenth century price revolution, 86, 89, 90, 90, 337n38
debt, 223, 238, 248. See also Debasements; Politics; Recoinages
deep change, xv
deflation, 192–93, 196, 232, 238, 249, 429
Delbeke, Joseph, 274
demand-caused inflation, 23, 126, 244–45, 247, 249, 280, 428. See also Population
demographics. See Family disintegration; Population
Denmark: bibliography, 377–78, 400
and eighteenth century price revolution, 131, 132
farm abandonment in, 47
fiscal crisis in, 100
and fourteenth century crisis, 40, 47
medieval price revolution in, 40
population in, 47
and Renaissance equilibrium, 47
returns to land in, 131
and seventeenth century crisis, 100
and sixteenth century price revolution, 88, 100
social unrest in, 40, 100
and Victorian equilibrium, 171
wages in, 132
and wars, 171. See also Scandinavia
deregulation, 210, 224
Descartes, René, 101
Despenser family, 39
detrending, 5, 9, 277
Dewey, E. R., 277
dialectical models of inequalities, 295–96
diamonds, 202
disease: bibliography, 451–52
and differences among price revolutions, 240
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 110
and fourteenth century crisis, 41, 45–46, 240, 451–52
and medieval price revolution, 240
and population, 41, 44–45
and Renaissance equilibrium, 45–46, 48, 53
and seventeenth century crisis, 94–95, 341n1
and sixteenth century price revolution, 68, 87, 94–95
and twentieth century price revolution, 186, 191, 229
and war, 41. See also Black Death
disettes, 31, 53, 107
Disraeli, Benjamin, 164
Dobb, Maurice, 434
Dornbusch, Rudiger, 426
Dracul, Vlad, 57
Drake, Francis, 91
Dretske, Fred, 314–15
drugs, 225, 227, 228, 239, 248
Dublin, Ireland, 110
Duncan-Jones, Richard, 261, 262
Dunn, Marshall, 287
Dutch tulip mania, 280
Dyer, Christopher, 290
Eastern Europe: bibliography, 444–45, 464, 473, 480, 498
and eighteenth century price revolution, 124, 132, 480
hyperinflation in, 193, 499
and late twentieth century crisis, 229, 230, 233
and medieval price revolution, 444–45
money in, 193, 283
politics in, 229–30, 240–41
population in, 72, 124, 233
price controls/rationing in, 212
and seventeenth century crisis, 473
and sixteenth century price revolution, 72, 464
social unrest in, 473
Teutonic Knights in, 13
and twentieth century price revolution, 193, 198, 212, 229, 230, 233, 499
wages in, 132. See also specific nation
ecology, 8, 23, 241, 245–46, 294–95, 422–23, 450–51, 469. See also Climate
economic growth: bibliography, 423
economic theory, 312–16, 426–32. See also specific person or theory
economic wars, 153
economics: as academic discipline, 426
classical, 168
and “cliometric school, ” 315
and Enlightenment, 116
ethics of, 447
and history, 245, 281, 312–16
laisser faire, 116
macro-/micro-, 426
and problematiques, 315–16, 369–70, 434
science of, 116
theory-centered thinking in, 312–16
and Victorian equilibrium, 177. See also Annales school; specific model
Ecorcheurs, Rebellion of, 53
Edinburgh, Scotland, 110
Edward I (king of England), 32
Edward II (king of England), 35, 36–37, 39–40
Edward III (king of England), 285
Edward IV (king of England), 285
Edward VI (king of England), 337n38
Edwards, Jonathan, 113
Egypt, 155, 231, 259, 262, 436
Ehrard, Jean, 116
eighteenth century price revolution: beginning of, 120–26
bibliography, 478–85
causes of, 245–46, 249
cultural response to, 126–34
dates of, 4, 346n3, 346n4
and instability, 134–42
and medieval price revolution, 132, 152
revolutionary crisis in, 142–56
and sequential differences among price revolutions, 239–46
sixteenth century price revolution compared with, 152, 352n16
and structural similarities among revolutions, 236–39
and Victorian equilibrium, 156–77. See also specific topic, nation or geographical area
Einaudi, Luigi, 368, 408
Eklund, K., 275
Eleanor (queen of England), 29
Elizabeth I (queen of England), 49, 92
Elliott, J. H., 91
Elvin, Mark, 265, 267
empirical evidence, 297–98, 300, 311
energy prices: bibliography, 425
and causes of price revolutions, 247
and eighteenth century price revolution, 123, 123, 124, 126, 153, 352n18
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 347n9
and medieval price revolution, 21, 35
and similarities among price revolutions, 237
and sixteenth century price revolution, 74, 75, 76, 92, 334n22
and twentieth century price revolution, 208–9, 209, 210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218, 218
England: banking in, 110
beginning of medieval price revolution in, 11, 18, 19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23
climate in, 93
commodity prices in, 121
consumable prices in, 3, 4, 72, 90, 92, 125, 158
crime in, 36, 94, 111, 145, 305, 306, 306, 308, 309
debasements in, 26, 285, 286, 337n38
disease in, 41, 44, 87, 89, 95, 451–52
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 121, 123–24, 125, 129, 131, 132, 133, 141, 144, 145, 153, 155, 282, 479
emergence of market economy in, 263
energy prices in, 21, 74, 75
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 111, 112, 113, 344n9, 347n9, 348n13
family disintegration in, 302, 303
famine in, 89
food prices in, 74, 75
and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 36–37, 36, 38, 39–40, 44, 44, 306, 451–52
grain prices in, 6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 35, 50, 51, 74–75, 74, 77, 87, 89, 92, 94, 143, 328–29n6, 34052, 344n9, 347n9
inequalities in, 36–37, 80, 86, 108, 144, 165, 300
interest rates in, 104, 105, 107, 162, 164
and international exchange, 32–33
manufactured goods in, 74–75, 74, 75
medieval price revolution in, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 33, 35, 36–37, 36, 38, 39–40, 44, 305, 319n8, 321n12, 323n21, 442–44
money in, 24, 26, 32, 82, 89–91, 90, 91, 104, 109, 263, 282, 283, 285–86, 337n38, 466
peasants in, 28–29, 49, 55
politics in, 56, 111, 112
population in, 20, 20, 44, 44, 72–73, 72, 73, 85, 87, 110, 123–24, 125, 167, 321n12, 333n17, 348n13
price controls in, 35
primary sources about, 392–94
recoinages in, 26, 337n38
religion in, 87, 101
and Renaissance equilibrium, 46–47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 55, 328–29n6, 457
rents in, 77, 79, 79, 104, 105, 130, 131, 161
returns to capital in, 107, 108, 162, 164
returns to labor in, 27, 53, 104, 133, 160
returns to land in, 126, 131, 161, 164
romanticism in, 155
secondary sources about, 442–44, 451–52, 457, 462–63, 466, 472–73, 479, 487, 490–91
and seventeenth century crisis, 91–92, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 472–73
silver in, 24, 81, 263, 333n15
and sixteenth century price revolution, 69, 70, 72–73, 72, 74, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 87, 89–92, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 101, 333n15 335n27, 337n38 34052, 462–63, 466
social unrest in, 39–40, 49, 55, 77, 79, 97, 111, 141, 472–73, 487, 490–91
trade in, 23, 323n21
and Victorian equilibrium, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 172
wages in, 27, 53, 55, 74, 78, 104, 104, 108, 132, 133, 153, 159, 160, 335n27
and wars, 38, 46–47, 52–53, 55, 97, 121, 145
welfare in, 153. See also Britain; London, England
Enlightenment, 112–13, 114–15, 116, 138, 154, 345–46n23. See also Enlightenment equilibrium
Enlightenment equilibrium, 5, 102–16, 120, 128, 160, 166, 239, 251, 252, 303, 474–78. See also specific nation or topic
environment. See Climate; Ecology
equilibrium, 168, 225, 228, 238–39, 246–47, 252, 259, 323n20. See also Enlightenment equilibrium; Renaissance equilibrium: Victorian equilibrium
Erzberger, Mattias, 193
Escudier, Jean-Louis, 274
Etz, Donald V., 274
Europe: America price movements compared with, 271–72
in eighteenth century, 271–72
grain prices in, 6
historical compilations about, 371–72
inequalities in, 257, 300
money in, 283, 284
politics in, 240
population in, 13, 19, 44–45, 96, 166
revolutionary crisis in, 151, 240. See also Old World; specific nation or geographical area
European Economic Community, 213
Everdon, John de, 32
exchange, money of, 282–84
Fair Labor Standards Act (U.S.), 201
family disintegration: and capitalism, 303, 304
causes of, 301–2, 304
and causes of price revolutions, 248
and consequences of price revolutions, 250
and eighteenth century price revolution, 136, 137, 173, 302, 303, 304
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 303
and grain prices, 173
overview of, 239, 301–4, 303
in seventeenth century, 302, 304
and similarities among price revolutions, 238, 239
and sixteenth century price revolution, 302, 303, 304
and twentieth century price revolution, 173, 228, 228, 302, 303, 304
and Victorian equilibrium, 173, 176, 302, 303, 303, 304