Ch’oe Pu, 211–13, 215, 228–30
Christianity
in Canary Island conquest, 280–81, 283
compared to other religions, 320
competition with Islam for Africa, 75, 77, 81, 83, 86
in Ethiopia, 81–83
introduction into West Africa, 75–81
Jewish conversion to, 96–97, 99
significance of Constantinople, 30, 166–70
spread of Islam inspiring conquests, 4, 9–10, 52–53
Cisneros, Cardinal, 40–43
classicism, 11, 122–24, 128–30, 141–43
Cobo, Bernabé, 308
Codex Mendoza (document; Aztec), 293, 294, 298
Columbus, Christopher
account of natives, 192–94, 196
belief in small earth, 12, 20, 186–87
China as aim of, 187, 188, 206–8, 210, 238
exploring the New World, 192–98, 288
factors behind voyage proposal, 177–79, 183–87
feeding “Last Emperor” beliefs, 10, 185
first transatlantic voyage, 189–92, 198–200
hope of Hispaniola colonization, 195–97
influences on, 180–81, 183–85
potential opened up by, 4, 5, 21, 200–201, 203–4, 308–9
religiousness of, 184, 185, 190, 198
sea voyage navigation, 188–89
second voyage of, 200
support of Ferdinand and Isabella, 177–78, 187–88, 199
use of Atlantic wind system, 3, 179–80
Confucianism, 204, 213–19, 222, 226–30, 247–48, 265–66
Constantinople, 30, 106, 107, 166–71
Conti, Niccolò, 251–55
convergence, 2–4, 20–21
Corvinus, Mathias, King (Hungary), 171–72
Covilhão, Pedro de, 83, 86, 256–58
Cuba, 195
currency, 18–19, 25, 66, 209
Cuzco, 303–8
Dias, Bartolomeu, 256, 257
disease, 18, 24, 80, 102, 286, 288
Djem, Prince (Zizim; Ottoman Empire), 111, 137
“dumb trade,” 58
economics
African gold trade, 57–59, 61–62, 69, 178, 187–88, 279
Atlantic exploration, 178–79
court of Isabella, 50–51
currency, 18–19, 25, 66, 209
fall of Granada, 29–30, 33–35, 39–40
Jews in Spain, 88–89, 93–94
Mongols “crane catching,” 150
potential in Americas, 194–95
of Songhay, 67–69
spice trade, 17–19
Egypt, 59–60, 111, 318
Eratosthenes of Alexandria, 19–20, 186
Ethiopia, 81–83, 86, 257, 258
Europe
allied with Ethiopia, 83
apocalyptic beliefs, 6–9
ascent of, 25–26, 203–4, 318, 319
astronomy, 24
cartography, 11–13, 15–17, 19–20
fascination with China, 208–10
importance of spice trade to, 17–19
Indian Ocean merchant travel, 250–55
inferiority to Asia, 4–5
racism, 62–63, 263
reaction to rise of Russia, 164
sea exploration, 201–4, 248, 255, 319
search for African gold sources, 61–62
significance of Granada fall to, 44
trade in West Africa, 63–64, 69
use of slaves in, 178–79
evolution, 2, 21, 312
exploration. See sea exploration
Ferdinand, King (Spain)
conquest of Canary Islands, 276–81, 283
expulsion of the Jews, 93, 94, 96–99, 110, 113–14
“Last Emperor” beliefs, 10, 185
nature of rule, 44–45, 50–53
position against the Turks, 30, 111–12
relationship with Isabella, 46–48
support of Columbus, 177–78, 185, 199, 201
at Valladolid tourney, 48–49
war in Granada, 9, 29–36, 38–42
Fergana, 214
Fez, 100–103
Ficino, Marsiglio, 11
Florence, 115–21, 123, 124, 128, 130, 138, 142, 143, 145–46, 251
fourth world, 273
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 8–9, 123, 185, 193
Franciscans, 9, 185, 193
Gama, Vasco da, 201, 250
Gao, 63–64, 67
Gazmira, Francisca, 283, 284
geography, 11–17, 19–20, 186–87, 251, 255, 321
Germany, 16, 92, 108, 153–54
Ghana, 65–66
globalism, 4, 21, 210, 312–13, 316, 320
gold trade, 57–59, 61–62, 69, 178, 187–88, 279
Granada war, 37
and Canary Island conquest, 276, 283, 284
economics of, 29–30, 33–35, 39–40
handling of Muslims following, 39–44, 51
influence on Jewish expulsion, 94–95
Italy and the, 138, 142
and Muslims in Europe, 28–29, 44
religious justification for, 9, 29
role of Boabdil, 27–28, 35–36
sources of conflict, 29–33
taking Granada city, 28, 36–41
Grand Canary, 278, 280–84
Greece, ancient, 122–24, 128, 129, 143, 168, 317
Guanarteme, Don Fernando (Tenesor Semidan), 281, 284
Gujarat, 261, 318
gunpowder, 25
Hassan, Mulay, 30–33, 35
Henrique, Dom (“Henry the Navigator”), 76, 181–83, 282
Herrera, Diego de, 278–79
Hinduism, 259–60, 262–63, 266, 320
Hispaniola, 195–97, 200, 238, 287
Histoire de Mélusine, 134–35
history, nature of, 311–12, 314
Hoso Soun, 237
Huari, 301
Huayllacans, 306
Huayna Capac, 302–4, 306
human sacrifice, 291, 307
humanism, 122, 128–30, 141–42, 145
Ibn Battuta, 58–60, 62
Ibn Verga, Solomon, 104–5
imperialism, 203, 228, 248, 302, 316, 317
Incas
agriculture practices, 301–3
calendar, 22
chronology of, 308
compared to Romans, 300–301, 303
conquest by Spaniards, 287–88, 303, 306, 308
ecological imperialism by, 302
gods/mummies/sacred sites, 305–8
government use of terror, 303–4
human sacrifice, 307
marriage, 306–7
meaning of name, 303
road system, 304–5
similarities with Aztecs, 288–89, 307
system of organization, 299–300
tribute system, 307–8
India, 21–22, 26, 201–3, 244–45, 254–55, 259–63, 318
Indian Ocean, 242, 252
Chinese expeditions to, 223, 239, 245–50
European merchant accounts, 250–55
lack of exploration from, 318–19
monsoon systems in, 243–44, 249, 256
navigational routes to, 200–201, 255–56
Portuguese explorers of, 256–58, 319
Swahili coast, 263–65
Innocent VIII (Pope), 38, 132, 138–40
Inquisition, 41–43, 88, 90–93, 95–98
Isabella, Queen (Spain)
conquest of Canary Islands, 276–81, 283
expenditures of, 50–51
expulsion of the Jews, 93, 94, 96–99, 113–14
and medieval views of women, 45–46
nature of rule, 44–45, 51–53
relationship with Ferdinand, 46–48
support of Columbus, 177–78, 185, 199, 201
war in Granada, 29–35, 38–42, 51
Islam
competition with Christianity for Africa, 75,
77, 81, 83, 86
as inherently inflexible, 320
jihad, 65, 73, 75, 109, 260–63
in Renaissance, 317
in Sonni politics, 70, 72–75
spread inspiring European conquests, 4, 9–10, 52–53
in West Africa, 64–67, 74–75
See also Muslims
Italy, 103–5, 107, 108, 122–24, 132–33, 136–41, 171
Ivan III, Czar (Russia)
achievements of, 171–72
battle over Casimir’s Russian dominions, 147–49, 163, 164–65
casting Moscow as the Third Rome, 169–71
conquest of Novgorod, 161–63
marriage to Sophia, 169
opening “The Land of Darkness,” 172–75
role in decline of Mongols, 156, 158, 172
self-proclaimed Czar, 155–70
stance against Catholicism, 162, 165–66, 172
wars of expansion under, 155–59
Jami, Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman, 269–72
Japan, 22, 223, 230–37, 239, 319
Jerusalem, 136, 137, 140, 185
Jesus Christ, 6
Jewish expulsion (Spain)
Bernáldez’s account of, 87–88
conversion following, 99, 105, 113–14, 316
decree of, 97–99
disposition of refugees, 24, 99–105, 107–10
persecution by the Inquisition, 88, 91–93, 95–98
pretext for anti-Semitism, 88–91
reasons for, 92–97
Jews, 39, 92, 94, 96–97, 109
Joachim of Fiore, 6–9
João, Dom (Prince, Portugal), 76–77
Kabir of Benares, 258–259
Kiev, 153, 161, 162
Kongo, 77–81, 86, 179
Korea, 14–15, 211, 229–30
Kumbi, 66
Kyoto, 231, 237
La Palma, 278, 280, 282–86
Lamia (Politian), 129
“Land of Darkness,” 172–75
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 4, 286
“Last World Emperor,” 8–11, 52, 136, 185
Le Thanh Ton, 265–66
Leo Africanus, 55–57, 63–64, 68–70, 75, 100–102
Lithuania, 147, 153, 154, 163–65, 172, 173
Lodi, Sikandar, 262–63, 318
Louis XI, King (France), 133–34, 137
Lugo, Alonso de, 283–84
Luther, Martin, 144–46
Ma Huan, 223, 224, 247
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 96, 142, 144, 159
Madeira, 178, 179, 182
maize, 289, 301, 302
Mali, 59–65, 69, 71
Mansa, 60–62, 74
Mansa Musa, 59–60, 64, 71, 74
mapmaking, 11–17, 19–20
Mayans, 22, 24
Mayantigo, Chief (Canary Islands), 284
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 115–22, 128–30, 132, 138, 142, 143
Medici family, 116, 119, 121, 142–43, 146
Mediterranean Sea, 111–13
Mehmet II, Sultan (Ottoman), 106–10, 167
Melaka, 226–27, 266, 268
Ming dynasty, 217
modernity, 25, 272, 313–21
Mongols, 149–56, 158, 163, 172, 209, 227, 248
monsoons, 242–244, 249, 256
Moors. See Muslims
Morocco, 100–103, 111
Moscow, 148, 156, 170–71
Mossi, 62, 63, 68
Muhammad Nad, 69, 70
Münzer, Hieronymus, 19, 20
Muscovy, 154–59, 164–65, 173, 175
Muslims
aggression toward Hinduism, 262–63
cartography, 12–13
in China, 216, 223, 225, 247
counting time, 21
foothold around Indian Ocean, 258–59, 264–65
Indian resistance to, 259–63
and Jews, 94, 100–103
outclassing Europe, 26
presence in Europe, 28–29
sea exploration, 201–3
in Southeast Asia, 265–68
Sufi, 264, 267–72
See also Granada war; Islam; Turks
Mwene Mutapa, 84, 85
mysticism, 268–72, 320
nakedness, 192–94
Naples, 132–33, 136–38, 140–41
nature, 23–25
navigation tools, 188–89, 201–2, 227
Nevsky, Alexander, 154, 158, 159, 162
New World, 25–26, 192–98, 203–4, 273–75, 287, 319
Nikitin, Afanasyi, 260
nobility, 45, 49–50
Novgorod, 153, 159–63, 171, 172, 174
Nuremberg, 2, 15, 16, 19, 20
Nzinga Nkuwu (King; Kongo), 78, 86
Orthodoxy, 162, 165–72, 175
Ottoman Empire. See Turks
paganism, 64–67, 70, 74, 75, 128, 130
Palencia, Alonso de, 32, 34, 49, 50
Panepistemon (Politian), 130
Paramesvara, Sultan, 226–27
Paris, Matthew, 152
Paul II, Pope, 169
Peraza, Guillén, 282
Peraza family, 276, 278, 282
Perestrello, Bartolomeo, 182–83
Peter Martyr d’Anghiera, 38, 138, 140
Pinzón, Martín Alonso, 188, 191, 195, 198–99
plague, 18, 24, 102, 103, 286
Plato, 11, 122–23, 128, 130, 142
poetry, 130, 233
Politian (poet), 116, 129–30
Polo, Marco, 187, 209, 251
Porto Santo, 182–83
Portugal, 37
Atlantic exploration, 187–88, 319
Canary Island conquest, 276–79
Indian Ocean exploration, 200–201, 256–58, 264, 319
presence in Africa, 75–81, 83, 86, 179
slave trade of, 76, 80–81, 178, 181, 183
trade with exiled Jews, 103
war with Castile, 277–78
Prester John, 197, 257, 258
Protestantism, 144–45
Ptolemy, Claudius, 12–13, 255
Qawanin Hikam al-Ishraq (al-Shadili), 268
Quran, 268, 270
racism, 62, 88–91, 263
Reformation, 145, 317
religion, 119, 128–30, 144, 272, 320
Renaissance, 122–23, 141–44, 171–72, 317
Revelation, 7
Rivarolo, Francisco da, 49
Roman Empire, 106, 122, 167–72, 300–301, 303, 317
Rome, 38, 104, 126, 127, 139, 141, 143–45
Royal Hunt of the Sun, The (play; Shaffer), 299–300
Russia, 152–57, 159–60, 163, 164, 166–69, 172–75, 204
See also Ivan III, Czar
Russian Orthodox Church, 162, 165–71, 175
salt trade, 57–59, 63, 64, 69
Santo Stefano, Girolamo di, 251–55
São Jorge da Mina, 75–77, 84, 179, 279
Savonarola, Girolamo, 124–33, 138, 143–46
sea exploration
Canary Islands role in Atlantic, 286–87
challenge of Caribbean, 288
by China, 223–28
chivalry inspiring, 180–82
economics of, 178–79
Europe’s command of, 201–4, 248
following Columbus, 200–201
role of wind in, 3, 178–80, 183, 241–42
shipbuilding and, 202–3, 255
tools of navigation, 188–89, 201–2, 227
See also Columbus, Christopher; Indian Ocean
secularism, 10, 128–30, 144, 317
al-Shadili, Abu-al-Mewanhib, 268–69
Shaffer, Peter, 299, 300
Shen Du, 246
Shen Zhou, 205–7, 221–22
Shinkei (Japanese poet), 231–32, 235–36
shipbuilding, 202–3, 255
Siberia, 172–74
Silk Road, 208–9
silver trade, 209–10
Sixtus IV, Pope, 137
slave trade
to Europe, 62, 178–79
&nb
sp; impact of Mali downfall, 62–63
indigenous African, 63, 65, 68, 78, 84
Portuguese, 76, 78, 80–81, 178, 181, 183
Sogi (Japanese poet), 236–37
Songhay. See Sonni
Soninke, 65
Sonni, 84
after death of Sonni Ali, 72–74
connection to Islam, 64–67
freedom from Mali, 63, 64
rule of Sonni Ali, 67–73
thriving economy of, 63–64