Le Parisien libéré, 53, 62, 67– 69, 78, 187
Murray, Bill, 203n19
Paris – Nice stage, 107
Mythologies (Barthes), 147
Paris – Roubaix race, 16, 21, 65, 76, 89, 157, 163
Paris – Rouen race, 20, 21, 86
Nancy, addition to Tour, 29
Paris- Soir, 42
Nantes, in fi rst Tour, 26
Paris – Tours race, 21, 65, 76, 163
Naquet- Radiguet, Jean- François, 162, 163 – 64, 165,
Passerieu, Georges, 45 – 46
223n90
Patriote des Pyrénées, 129, 130, 132
nationalities of riders, changes, 160 – 61, 176 – 77,
Pau, Tour hosting: overview, 5, 111, 137– 38; before
183. See also specifi c countries
World War II, 57, 130 – 32; after World War II,
national team formula, xiii, 38 – 39, 44, 54, 64 – 66,
132 – 38
92, 171
Pau, tourism industry: before World War I, 127–
natural gas reserves, Pau impact, 136
29; decline of, 129, 219n92, 219n97; Grand Prix
NBC Nightly News, 180
hosting, 131– 32, 134 – 35; Lacq discovery impact,
Netherlands, 18, 189
136; promotional initiatives, 129 – 30, 219n99
New York Times (article topics): Anquetil’s
peasant character persona, 93 – 100, 102 – 4, 105 – 6
riding, 170, 171, 175; Brittany communities,
Pee- wee’s Big Adventure, 153
115 – 16, 128 – 29; cultural portraits of Tour, 50,
Pélissier, Charles, 34, 49, 90
143 – 44; Desrange’s duel, 48; Goddet’s anti-
Pélissier, Francis, 34, 89
commercialism, 145; Grand Prix, 134; heroic
Pélissier, Henri, 34 – 35, 85
qualities of cyclists, 146, 149; LeMond’s impact,
People magazine, 181
181; Poulidor’s victory, 174
Perrier sponsorship, 164
New Zealand, 36 – 37, 44 – 48
Petit, Max, 70
248
i n d e x
Petit- Breton, Lucien, 23, 32, 45, 114
prize money: during the 1880s, 19, 22; during the
Le Petit Journal, 20
early 1900s, 26, 45; during the 1910s, 46; during
Le Petit Parisien, 34, 37, 42 – 43, 75, 89, 90
the 1920s, 31, 40, 86; during the 1930s, 40, 42,
Pétroles d’Aquitaine, 136
87, 89; during the 1950s, 82; during the 1960s,
Pettyjohn, Len, 153
91, 144; during the 1980s, 154, 155, 158; during
Peugeot: automobile competitions, 36; publicity
the 1990s, 164; during the early 2000s, 189. See
strategies, 74 – 75, 89; team sponsorship, 32,
also salaries /contracts, cyclists
63 – 64, 87; as vehicle provider, 74 – 75, 155, 164
pro- am status, impact, 158, 159
Phebus- Dunlop team, 46
production /sales statistics, bicycles, 13, 20, 36, 37
Piel, Roger, 96
professionalism, emergence, 15 – 16, 21– 22
Pingeon, Roger, 99 – 100
provincial communities, modernization tensions,
Piquemal, Maurice, 118
110 – 11, 216n6. See also host towns, Tour de
Plant, Michael, 159
France
Plymouth, Tour hosting, 122, 123 – 24
Prudhomme, Christian, 126, 193
policing duties, government assumption, 73
publicity caravans: during the 1930s, 39 – 42, 89 –
political activity, cyclist, 57– 58, 107
90; during the 1940s, 63, 133; during the 1950s,
political identity, role of print media, 10 – 11,
119, 135, 210n60; during the 1970s, 107; during
203n7
the 1980s, 144 – 45. See also corporate sponsor-
polka- dot jersey prize, xiii
ships, Tour de France
Pollentier, Michel, 108, 175
public opinion, advertising, 80 – 81
Pompidou, George, 174
Puy- de- Dôme, Anquetil- Poulidor rivalry, 102 – 3,
Poppe, Henk, 123
170, 173
popular culture, common aspects. See specifi c top-
Puymorens climb, photo section
ics, e.g., advertising and publicity; globalization
Pyrenees: addition to Tour, 30; in Pau television
processes, overview; tourism industry
coverage, 133 – 34. See also mountain climbs
population statistics, France, 53
Portes, Jacques, 202n9
Qatar, Tour of, 165
Quimper, Tour complaints, 114 – 15
Poulidor, Raymond: Anquetil rivalry, 100 – 104,
La Quintonine, cyclist’s promotion, 90
170; autobiographies, 97, 98; commercial value,
Quittard, Jean, 133
66, 91; crashes, photo section; international
print coverage, 173 – 74; personal manager, 96;
Rabobank team, 189
public persona, 97– 104, 105, 149, 214n59; retire-
radio coverage, 54 – 55, 57, 72 – 73, 131
ment activity, 106 – 7
Radiodiffusion- Télévision Française (RTF):
Premier League, formation, 151
Anquetil portrayal, 101– 2, 215n78; creation
Premier Pas Dunlop, 86, 87
of, 57; host town coverage, 119 – 20, 133 – 34;
Prince, Frederic H., 129
operational policies, 57– 58; rights fees, 210n59;
print coverage: Artichoke War, 123, 218n64; au-
Tour coverage history, 60 – 61. See also televi-
tomobile racing, 131, 134; baseball, 10, 204n45;
sion entries
in early bicycling history, 15, 16, 19 – 21; Pau
Radio Luxembourg, 56, 57– 58, 104
tourism, 128; US bicycle races, 154, 155
Radio Monte- Carlo, 57
print coverage, Tour de France: Brest hosting,
radios, ownership statistics, 55
118 – 19, 125 – 26; drug use, 183 – 84, 188 – 89,
Radio- Television Luxembourg, 106 – 7
190 – 91; hero persona, 30, 31– 33, 49, 84,
Rasmussen, Michael, 189
148 – 49, 169 – 70; history narratives, 32 – 34,
Ravaud, Charles, 86
50, 145 – 46; importance of, 8 – 9, 92 – 93; for
Regalado, Samuel O., 203n21
international audience, 44 – 50, 141– 49; literary
registration requirements, in fi rst Tour, 26
styles, 30, 31– 32, 49, 145 – 46; Pau hosting,
reliability trials, automobile, 36 – 37
130 – 31, 133; readership poll, 191; US riders, 181,
Renault- Elf team, 178
184 – 85, 186, 189
Renault team, 77
print media: advertising, 21, 36 – 37, 40, 68, 89 – 90;
Rennes, addition to Tour, 29
circulation statistics, 19, 20, 62, 74; fi nance
Republican Guard, 73
challenges, 68, 93; identity fostering function,
rickshaws and bicycles, 18 – 19
10 – 11, 12, 203n7; television resistance, 59 – 60.
Riis, Bjarne, 183, 192, 194
See also specifi c newspapers, e.g., L’Auto; New
road racing, emergence of, 14 – 15, 20 – 22, 43 – 44,
York Times (article topics)
83 – 84
i n d e x
249
Robic, Jean, 53, 66, 87, 96 – 97, 119, 146, photo
Spain: early bicycling history, 17; Tour
de France
section
participation, 44, 177, 183, 226n46; Tour of, 44,
Roche, Stephen, 161, 183
101, 158, 165, 172. See also Contador, Alberto
Romanian riders, 44
spectator experience, roadside: in Frenchness
Ronot, Bernard, 124
narrative, 216n20; images of, xv, photo section;
Rostand, Edmond, 33
intimacy factor, 8, 147; US races, 156 – 57, 158;
RTF. See Radiodiffusion- Télévision Française
before World War II, 27, 30, 130, 202n3; after
(RTF)
World War II, xi – xii, 146 – 47
rugby, 11– 12, 128
speed averages, peloton, xv
Ruiz, Bernardo, 97
Speicher, Georges, photo section
Rydell, Robert, 201n4
spending patterns, bicycles. See sales /production
statistics, bicycles
Sabbagh, Pierre, 60
sponsorships. See corporate sponsorships entries
Sainte Marie- de- Campan, Christophe’s black-
sport history, convergent patterns. See baseball;
smithing, 33
bicycling history, overview; soccer
Saint Petersburg Times, 48 – 49, 207n50
sporting societies, French statistics, 205n74
salaries, French workers, 37, 54, 91, 213n35
Sports, circulation statistics, 205n19
salaries /contracts, cyclists: before World War II,
Sports Illustrated, 154, 158, 173, 175, 179, 181
86, 87, 89, 115, 204n35; after World War II, 91–
sports- media- industrial complex, rise of, 19 – 22.
92, 96, 99, 143, 171, 181– 82
See also corporate sponsorships entries; print
sales /production statistics, bicycles, 13, 20, 36,
entries; television entries
37, 62
sprint racing, emergence, 14 – 15
Salon du Cycle, 20, 37
Stablinski, Jean, 172
San Sebastián, Tour hosting, xi – xii
stage organization, overview, xiv, xvi. See also
Sarkozy, Nicholas, 190
itinerary and rider rules, Tour de France
Schwartz, Vanessa, 167
star system. See French School; hero persona
Scottish riders, 193
Stella bicycles, 87, 90
second Tour de France, 27– 29
Stoller, Dave, 152 – 53
Seidler, Edouard, 93
Strasbourg, 33 – 34, 207n62
self- sacrifi ce ideal, 83, 99 – 100, 188, 193, 226n69.
subsidy payments. See subventions, host towns
See also hero persona
subventions, host towns: Brest’s negotiations, 118,
Sérillon, Claude, 186
122; Desgrange’s demands, 39, 42, 207n62; God-
Sestrières stage, Armstrong’s, 187
det’s changes, 68, 71; Pau’s levels, 130, 132; Tour
7- Eleven sponsorship, 223n83
budget portions, 68, 151. See also host towns,
sham amateurism, defi ned, 86
Tour de France
Sherwin, Paul, 126
Sud- Ouest, 191
Siegel, Mo, 153
Sud- Radio, 57
Silva, Robert, 106
suffering standard, 95, 148 – 49, 170, 186. See also
Simpson, Tommy, 108, 144
hero persona; Poulidor, Raymond
skiing championships, 59, 173
Sukhoruchenkov, Sergei, 154
Skoda sponsorship, 165
Switzerland, xiii, 11, 44, 190 – 91
Slipstream team, 193
Small, Bruce, 46
“The Talent Show,” 58
Smith, Robert, 13
Tassin, Eloi, 87
soccer: globalization patterns, 11– 12, 16 – 17, 59,
tax revenues, hotel, 129
203n19; impact of media deregulation, 151; as
Taylor, Marshall “Major,” 25
national prowess barometer, 194; participant
Tchérina, Ludmilla, 145
statistics, 213n14
television broadcasting: advertising policies, 56,
social time, television impact, 61
57; baseball, 151– 52; deregulation impact, 150,
Société du Tour de France, 78, 107, 161– 66, 223n81,
151– 52; French beginnings, 57– 58; soccer, 150,
224n106, 224n115. See also Lévitan, Félix; Wer-
151; US bicycling racing, 155, 156, 159; viewer-
melinger, Élie
ship statistics, 8, 150
Société Nouvelle de Publications Sportives et
television broadcasting, Tour de France:
Industrielles (SOPUSI), 75 – 76
Amaury- initiated changes, 163 – 65; cyclist
Sonsenka, Ondrěj, xv
image making, 97– 98, 101– 2, 214n59, 215n78;
Soviet Union teams, 154, 160
deregulation impact, 150 – 51; drug use impact,
250
i n d e x
television broadcasting, Tour de France ( continued)
Touyarot, Jean, 135
194; evolution summarized, 40 – 41, 59 – 61;
trade shows, bicycle industry, 20
fan- cyclist intimacy factor, 93, 104; global
training and conditioning, Desgrange’s book, 24.
reach, 149, 166; Gold Challenge race, 78 – 79;
See also French School
host town portrayals, 119 – 20, 122, 123 – 24, 126,
Les Trente Glorieuses, overview, 53 – 54
133 – 34; impact on rules and itineraries, 79 – 80;
Les Triplettes de Belleville, 153
Peugeot’s advertising strategy, 74 – 75; print
Troyansky, David, 215n3
media’s resistance, 59 – 60, 62 – 63; rights for,
Trubeck, Amy, 166 – 67
62, 151, 152, 199, 210n59; statistics summarized,
Trump, Donald, 153, 154, 157– 58
199; US riders, 180 – 81, 182; value for spon-
Tumblety, Joan, 206n52
sors /supporters, 74 – 75, 165 – 66; viewership
Tunisian riders, 44
changes, 191, 199
televisions, ownership statistics, 55, 60, 208n13
UCI. See International Cycling Union (UCI)
tennis, 77, 150
Ullrich, Jan, 183, 192, 195
Terront, Charles, 22
Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). See Inter-
La tête et les jambes (Desgrange), 24
national Cycling Union (UCI)
Thévenet, Bernard, 107, 186
Union vélocipédique de France, 28, 85
Thirty Glorious Years, overview, 53 – 54
United Kingdom. See Britain; Scottish riders
Thompson, Christopher, 99, 107, 201n7, 210n66,
United States: in Americanization argument,
216n6, 216n20
54, 55, 58 – 59, 208n7; bicycles sales statistics,
Thys, Philippe, 32
13; early bicycling history, 13, 17– 18; impact
Time magazine, 49, 134
of media deregulation, 151– 52; Pau presence,
Times of London (article topics): Frenchness of
128 – 29; road racing interest, 44, 152 – 59, 161,
Tour, 146 – 47; Pau tourism, 128, 129; Plym-
165 – 66; television ownership, 55; Tour report-
outh’s hosting, 124; rider characterizations, 170,
ing, 48 – 50, 141– 49. See also Armstrong, Lance;
173, 174 – 75; rider strategies /tactics, 142 – 43
Boyer, Jonathan; LeMond, Greg; New York
time trials, xiv, xvi, 31, 38, 56, 73, 170 – 71, 187
Times (article topics)
To
ulon, addition to Tour, 29
United States Anti- Doping Agency, 195
Toulouse, in fi rst Tour, 26
United States Cycling Federation, 153
“Tour Club” category, sponsorship, 164 – 65,
United States Postal Service (USPS) team, 184
224n106
US Bicycling Hall of Fame, 178
Tour de France, overview, xii – xvii, 1– 7, 194 – 96.
USPS (United States Postal Service) team, 184
See also specifi c topics, e.g., Bobet, Louison;
Desgrange entries; host towns, Tour de France;
La Vache qui Rit promotion, L’Auto, 40
print entries
Vanderaerden, Eric, 158
Tour de l’Avenir, 76
Van Looy, Rik, 66
Tour de Suisse, 44
variety shows, host towns, 72 – 73. See also Brest
Tour de Trump, 154, 157– 59, 181
entries; Pau entries
Tour DuPont, 154, 158 – 59, 181– 82
Le Vélo, 20, 21, 25, 28
tourism industry: Brest’s promotion, 115 – 16, 120,
Véloce- Club Bordelais, 21
125 – 26, 217nn28 – 29; media’s contribution, 57,
Véloce- Club de la Belle Epoque, 85
146; Pau’s tradition, 127– 30, 133, 136, 219n92,
Véloce- Club de Levallois, 86
219n99; and sporting culture, 11– 12; Werme-
Véloce- Sport, 21
linger’s promotional strategies, 72, 125
Le Vélocipède Illustré, 15
Tourmalet climb, 32 – 33, photo section
Vélodrome de la Seine, 24
Tour of America, 154 – 57, 161
Vélodrome d’Hiver, 76
Tour of California, 166
Vélo Magazine, 97
Tour of China, 159
Vietto, René, 193, 226n69, photo section
Tour of Germany, 44
viewership statistics, 8, 60, 61, 150, 152
Tour of Italy, 43 – 44, 63, 66, 101
Vigarello, Georges, 201n7, 214n59
Tour of Lombardy, 16
“villages” for corporate sponsors, 165
Tour of Oman, 165
Vinokourov, Alexadre, 189
Tour of Qatar, 165
violence, spectator, xii, 27– 28, 147
Tour of Spain, 44, 101, 158, 165, 172
Virenque, Richard, 185 – 86, 187
Tour of Switzerland, 44
Vittel sponsorship, 165
i n d e x
251
Voeckler, Thomas, 226n70
Winock, Michel, 100
Voet, Willy, 185
Witt, Katarina, 182
Vuelta a España, 44, 101, 158, 165, 172
Women’s Tour de France, 161, 180
World Anti- Doping Agency, 191
Wanganui Herald, 45
World Cup, skiing, 59, 173
Watson, Harry, 47, 48
World Cup, soccer, 150, 194, 206n52
Weber, Eugen, 20, 138
World Series, viewership statistics, 152
Wermelinger, Élie, 52f, 70, 71– 72, 120, 125, 135