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Index
Abran, Georges, 27
Americanization debate, 54, 55, 58 – 59, 208n7
Abt, Samuel, 146
Amgen sponsorship, 165 – 66
advertising and publicity: Amaury- initiated
Anderson, Benedict, 202n8
changes, 163 – 64; Americanization argument,
Anderson, Phil, 178
54, 58 – 59; broadcast media beginnings, 56,
Anglade, Henri, 96, 174
57, 58; clandestine type, 41, 63, 74 – 75; French
Anquetil, Jacques: autobiography, 97; contracts /
spending statistics, 74; Goddet’s resistance, 54;
earnings, 66, 80, 91; in drug use debate, 108,
Goddet’s staff, 70; in newspapers, 21, 35 – 37, 40,
174 – 75, 195; international print coverage,
68, 89 – 90; public opinion, 80 – 81. See also cor-
169 – 72, 173, 174 – 76; manager of, 96; public
porate sponsorships entries; publicity caravans
persona, 90, 100 – 104, 106, 149; retirement
agents, rise of, 96
activity, 106, 174 – 75
Agliano, Remo d’, 177– 78
Anquetil, Janine, 101, 104, 172
agriculture, France: Brest area, 120 – 21, 123; Brit-
antihero persona. See Anquetil, Jacques
tany’s artichoke production, 121, 123, 124, 218n57,
Antoine, Jean, 54 – 55
218n64; landowner statistics, 106, 215n91
Appadurai, Arjun, 221n4
Aimar, Lucien, 172
Argentinian riders, 44
A.I.O.C.C. (Association Internationale des Organ-
Armstrong, Lance, 168 – 69, 182 – 90, 192, 195
isateurs de Courses Cyclistes), 65 – 66, 210n75
Arrighi, Giovanni, 201n5
air time, statistics, 60, 199, 209n42
Albert de la Bruhèze, Adri, 204n48
124, 218n57, 218n64
Alborghetti, Mario, 134
Asia, early bicycling history, 18 – 19. See also Japan
alcohol industry, 41, 80, 90
Association Internationale des Organisateurs de
Alcyon sponsorship, 36, 37, 39, 48, 86, 89
Courses Cyclistes (A.I.O.C.C.), 65 – 66, 210n75
Algeria, 11, 17, 44
Astana team, 189, 190
Alleluia sponsorship, 37, 87
attire debates, in bicycling history, 14, 24
Alps, addition to Tour, 30. See also mountain
Australia, 44, 45 – 48, 177, 178, 204n3
5, 207n88
climbs
Austrian riders, 44
Alsace, 33, 112
autobiographies, image- making value, 94 – 96,
Altig, Rudi, 172
97, 101
Amaury, Émilien, 75
Automobile Club Basco- Béarnais, 131. See also
Amaury, Philippe, 161
Grand Prix de Pau
Amaury Group, 75 – 76, 78, 161– 63, 165 – 66
automobile industry: and bicycle sales, 17– 18, 62;
Amaury Sports Organization (A.S.O.), 163
promotion strategies, 36 – 37; races, 20, 77, 131,
America, Tour of, 154 – 57, 161
134; support of Tours, 74 – 75, 155, 165
American Flyers, 153
Automoto team, 38
242
i n d e x
Bahamontes, Federico, 146
Brissonneau, Christophe, 191
Ballon d’Alsace, 23, 30
Britain: imperialism and sporting culture,
Banque Nationale de Paris (B.N.P.), 77– 78
11– 12; Pau presence, 128 – 29; soccer match
Bartali, Gino, 94 – 95, 104 – 5
attendance, 151; television broadcasting, 57, 149;
Barthes, Roland, 97, 147
television ownership, 55; Tour hosting, 123 – 24;
Basco- Béarnais club, 131. See also Grand Prix
Tour participation, 177
de Pau
British Petroleum, 63 – 64, 91
baseball: attendance statistics, 151, 222n53; global
Brittany culture. See Brest entries
patterns, 12, 17, 203n21, 204n45; journalism’s
broadcast media, French evolution, 55 – 58, 60 – 61.
language for, 10, 203n6; Mantle- Anquetil com-
See also radio coverage; television entries
parison, 170; television broadcasting, 151– 52
Brogan, Patrick, 146
Bassons, Christophe, 186 – 88, 192
Bruyneel, Johan, 184
Bayard- Clément factories, France, 20
Buchwald, Art, 218n64
BBC, Tour coverage, 149
budgets. See fi nancing /budgets, Tour de France
Beaupuis, René, 69 – 70
Buffet, Marie- George, 190
Belgium, xv, 15, 38, 44, 66, 179, 183
Burton, Tim, 153
Berlin, Tour hosting, 161
Berrendero, Julián, photo section
Caen, 29, 110, 207n62
Bertho- Lavenir, Catherine, 216n20
California, Tour of, 166
Besançon, addition to Tour, 29
Calvet, Jacques, 79 – 80
Bic team, 91
Camellini, Fermo, photo section
La Bicyclette, 21
Campos, Christophe, 112
bicycling history, overview: international com-
Canada, transcontinental race, 44
monalities, 9 – 16; local context impact, 16 – 19,
Canal Plus, 150
204n48; print media’s role, 19 – 21; professional-
Canberra Times, 47
ization beginnings, 15 – 16, 21– 22
Carenso, Jean- Pierre, 162, 163
Bidot, Marcel, 86
Carmichael, Chris, 184
Bijon, Councilor, 131
cartoon portrayals, Tour de France, 28 – 29f
biological passport system, drug testing, 190
Casassus, Paul, 132
Bitterman, Jim, 180
Cassidy, Shaun, 152 – 53
Blaye, publicity van description, 144 – 45
Castro, Fidel, 17, 204n45
Blondin, Antoine, 84
CBS television, 149, 155, 156
bloomer craze, 14. See also attire debates, in
celebrity aspect, overview, 6 – 7. See also hero
bicycling history
persona
Bobet, Jean, 62, 82
Chadwick, Henry, 203n6
Bobet, Louison: autobiography, 82, 95; back-
Champion sponsorship, 164 – 65, 223n85
ground, 82, 85, 87; Brest promotion, 122; earn-
Chany, Pierre, 84
ings, 91; hero status explanation, 149; personal
Chapatte, Robert, 139
manager, 96; retirement, 66, 106, 107; Stella
cheating episodes, 23, 27– 28, 45, 97. See also drug
sponsorship, 90; win record, 82
use
Bordeaux, in fi rst Tour, 26
Chicago Tribune, 148, 175
Bordeaux – Paris race, 16, 21, 25, 76
China, 19, 159
Bourvil, photo section
Chirac, Jacques, 139
box score, baseball’s, 10, 203n6
Christian Science Monitor, 175
Boyer, Jonathan, 148 – 49, 155 – 56, 157, 177– 78
Christophe, Eugène, 32 – 33, 146
Boyer, Winston, 177– 78
Chupin, Mayor (Brest), 118, 119
Brambilla, Pierre, 53, 146
cigarette advertising, 90
Breaking Away, 152 – 53, 179
Cimino, Michael, 153
Brest: economic challenges, 120 – 21; reconstruc-
cinema culture, French infl uence, 4 – 5, 83, 167
tion activities, 117– 19; tourism promotion,
Circuit de Champagne, 87
115 – 16, 120, 125 – 26, 217nn28 – 29
Circuit de l’Ouest, 84 – 85, 87, 114
Brest, Tour hosting: overview, 5, 111, 116 – 17,
Circuit of France, 51
126 – 27, 138; before World War II, 111– 16; after
civil engineering corps, logistics support, 73
World War II, 118 – 26, 218n68
clandestine advertising, 41, 63, 74 – 75
Briquet, Georges, 135
“Clara” tale, 13 – 14
i n d e x
243
Clarke, Jackie, 208n7
also advertising and publicity; commercializa-
class dynamics: in Desgrange’s vision, 93 – 94; in
tion processes, overviews; Crédit Lyonnais;
early sports history, 14, 17; Pau tourism, 128 –
Peugeot; publicity caravans
29, 219n97; Tour’s symbolism, 22, 93. See also
corporate sponsorships, US racing, 153 – 54, 157–
peasant character persona
59, 181– 82
Clément, Adolphe, 24, 25
Costner, Kevin, 153
Clerc, Patrice, 189
costs: bicycles, 13, 20, 37; cycling teams, 62;
Cloarec, Pierre, 87
newspaper operations, 68. See also fi nancing /
clubs, cycling, 83 – 88
budgets, Tour de France; subventions, host
CNN, Armstrong coverage, 182
towns
Coca- Cola sponsorship, 164, 165, 166, 223n85,
Courcol, Jean- Pierre, 162, 163
224n112
crashes, 32 – 33, 46, 99, 134, 144, photo section
Cofi dis team, 184
Crédit Lyonnais, 76 – 79, 80 – 81, 85, 164 – 65, 166,
Cointreau promotion, L’Auto, 40
212n135, 223
col de la Croix de Fer, 144
Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, 65
col du Galibier climbs, 144, 185
Critérium International, 163
col du Puymorens, photo section
Critérium National, 65
col du Tourmalet, photo section
Croix de Fer climb, 144
Colette, 8
Cuba, 12, 17, 203n21, 204n45
collusion practices, Desgrange’s rules, 26, 27, 38
cuisine, French infl uence, 4, 83, 166 – 67
commercialization processes, overviews, 35 – 37,
Cyclisme Magazine, 106
53 – 54, 79 – 81, 88 – 93. See also advertising and
&
nbsp; Cyclo- Club Rennais, 87
publicity; corporate sponsorships entries;
publicity caravans
Daley, Robert, 134, 143, 146, 149, 170, 171, 172
commissaire général, logistics management, 69 –
Dallas Morning News, 184
70, 71– 72
Darras, Christian, 91
common language factor, baseball, 10
Darrigade, André, 96
community identity, role of print media, 10 – 11,
Dauncey, Hugh, 19, 100, 226n70
203n7
Debray, Pierre, 80
Compagnie Parisienne, 15
de Las Cuevas, Armand, 182
competitive cycling, emergence, 14 – 15, 19, 43 – 44
Delgado (cyclist), 183
Conmy, Jack, 159
democratization and bicycles, 13
consumerism. See advertising and publicity; com-
Denmark, 18, 44, 177, 183, 194
mercialization processes, overviews
Derieux, Luc, 77
Contador, Alberto, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194 – 95,
Derrigade, André, 97
photo section
Desbordes, Michel, 220n136
contracts. See salaries /contracts, cyclists
Desgrange, Henri: automobile races, 36; back-
Coors Classic, 153 – 54, 178, 222n57
ground, 24; death, 51; New York Times cover-
Coors- Z team, 181
age, 48; political orientation, 24 – 25
Coppi, Bruna, 95, 107
Desgrange, Henri (and Tour de France): Brest
Coppi, Fausto: and Anquetil, 101, 215n78; in Brest
disputes, 114; creation of, 25 – 26; cultural vi-
promotion, 119; death, 104, 105; mountain
sions, 93 – 94, 112; fi nancing strategies, 39 – 40;
climb style, 170 – 71; personal manager, 96;
management style, 68; problems during fi rst
public persona, 94 – 95, 105, 107, photo section;
two races, 27, 28; radio coverage, 56; rider
speed record, 101
confl icts, 33, 34 – 35. See also itinerary and rider
Cornet, Henri, 28
rules, Tour de France; L’Auto
corporate sponsorships, Tour de France: bicycle
deterritorialization process, defi ned, 3, 202n8
industry era, 35 – 38; business classifi cations
Deutschlandtour, 44
listed, 198; cyclist demands, 171– 72; Desgrange’s
De Waele, Maurice, 38
changes, 38 – 39; drug use impact, 194; Goddet’s
Dewas, Jean, 70
rule changes, 74, 212nn116 – 17; international
Dietschy, Paul, 221n6
share, 45 – 46, 160 – 61, 223n83, 223n85; Lévitan-
Digne, Tour hosting, 220n136
initiated changes, 164 – 65, 224n106; opposition