in World War I, 11–12
in Yom Kippur War, 110–12
Aubers Ridge, 150
Austria, 106, 117–18
Austria-Hungary, 133
Bailey, Sidney, 72
Bailey Committee, 72
Baker, Wilder D., 62, 75
Bandman, Yonah, 114, 116
Bar Lev, Chaim, 121
Bar Lev line, 103, 109
Bay of Biscay, 82
Battle of, 92
Bean, C. E. W., 152
Beaufre, André, 220
Belgium, 197, 201–4, 211, 218–20, 222, 224–25, 229
army: Chasseurs Ardennais, 202–3
Besika Bay, 137
Bey, Feizi, 143
Bhopal, 30
Billotte, Gaston-Henri-Gustave, 204, 212, 222–23
Birdwood, William Riddell, 140–42, 149–50, 157–59, 162
Blackett, P. M. S., 78
Blair, Clay, 169
Blitzkrieg, 210–11, 218, 226, 230
Bloch, Claude C, 53, 243
Bloch, Marc, 198
Boer War, 136, 154
Bohain, 223
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 7
Bradley, Omar, 179, 190
Braithwaite, Walter Pipon, 137, 157, 163
Breda variant, 202–3, 211–12
Brest, 27
“Breton redoubt,” 205
Brezhnev, Leonid, 102, 119
Bristol, Arthur LeR., 92
Britain, Battle of, 208
British army: see Great Britain, army
British Expeditionary Force, 222
Brunete, 213
Brussels, 201
Brydon, William, 6
Bulair Lines, 137, 143
Bulge, Battle of the, 168, 169, 190
Burma, 244
Burnside, Ambrose, 10
Byng, Julian, 141
Caen, 205, 223
Cairns, John, 223
Cambrai, 225
Carden, Sadenile Hamilton, 137
Cavan, Frederick, 242
Cawnpore, 6
Central Intelligence Agency, 170–71
Challenger, 30–31
Chance, 2
Chapman, Guy, 2
Chasdai, Ya’akov, 238
Chateau-Thierry, 205
Chelmsford, Frederic Augustus Thesiger, 6
Chernobyl, 3, 17, 26
Chiang Kai-shek, 169
China, 239
civil war in, 193
Chocolate Hill, 144
Chosin Reservoir, 172, 186, 193
Churchill, Winston S., 12, 60, 62, 92–93, 134–39, 145, 161, 197, 207, 245–46
Civil-military relations: see High command, systems of
Clausewitz, Carl von, 2, 24, 29, 42, 44–46, 190, 195, 239
COM 14: see U.S., navy, sea frontiers and naval districts, Fourteenth Naval District
Command, conceptions of, 138, 156–58, 162–63, 240–43, 246, 261n. 66
Commander-in-chief, U.S. Fleet (COMINCH), 63, 77, 85–86, 90
Commanders
analysis from viewpoint of, 36, 45–46
dogma of responsibility applied to, 32–34, 62–66, 231–33
psychopathologies of, 8–10
Communications, 158–60
Conolly, Richard, 64
Constantinople, 133, 139, 151
Coral Sea, 42
Corap, André-Georges, 220, 224
Cot, Pierre, 227
Courtrai, Robert of, 6
Critical analysis (Kritik), 29, 44–46
Custer, George Armstrong, 6, 186
Dakar, expedition to, 2, 27
Daladier, Edouard, 221, 230
Damascus, 95, 110
Darlan, Jean, 222
Dardanelles, 133, 236
see also Gallipoli
Commission of Inquiry, 149–50, 160–61
Dayan, Moshe, 33, 99, 106–8, 114, 119, 121–24
de Gaulle, Charles, 2, 200, 212, 215–16, 229
Deception, 117–18, 181
Delbrück, Hans, 38
Department of State, U.S., 170
DePuy, William, 238
de Robeck, John, 152
Deversoir, 109
Dijon, 205
Dinant, 203
Disaster
see also Failure
individual responsibility for, 30–31, 32–34
see also Commanders
military and civil compared, 1–3, 25, 161–62, 232–33
operator error as source of, 17–18, 21
theory of, 16–19
Dixon, Norman, 8–10, 22
Doctrine, 238
Dole, 205, 223
Dönitz, Karl, 59, 71, 75–76, 87, 91–92
Dordrecht, 201
Douhet, Giulio, 227
Doumenc, André, 222–23
Dovecote, 103, 113
Dunkirk, 201, 204, 208
Dyle River, 202, 212, 220, 225
Eben Emael, 201
Edsel, 19–21
Edward, Richard S., 60
Egypt, 43, 95–124, 129, 131, 238
Third Army, 109
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 9, 236
Elazar, David, 100, 102, 106–9, 112–14, 119, 123, 237
Elphinstone, John, 6
English Channel, 27, 203–4, 219, 223
Enigma, 224, 230
Fabry, Jean, 214
Failure
see also Disaster; Misfortunes, military
aggregate, 27, 165–95
business, 19–21
catastrophic, 27–28, 197–230
complex, 26
intelligence, 40–43: in Yom Kippur War, 96, 102–3, 105–9, 112–20, 123–24, 156–31
latent possibilities of, 243–46
operational, 237–39
simple, 24–26
to adapt, 27, 133–64, 208–9, 220–28, 239–43
to anticipate, 27, 95–131, 208–9, 214–20, 237–39
to learn, 26, 59–94, 208–13, 233–37
Fair, Charles, 10
Fairey Battle airplanes, 207
Far East Air Forces, 192
Far East Command, 31, 166, 169, 173, 175–76, 178–81, 183, 190, 193
Farago, Ladislas, 91
Farman aircraft, 225–26
Fisher, John, 136
Flavigny, Jean, 224
Foch, Ferdinand, 12, 14
Ford, Henry, 19
Ford Motor Company, 19–21
Forester, C. S., 11, 13
Form, William, 25
Fort Benning, 184
France
air force, 206–8, 213, 222, 226–28, 230
army, 197–206, 208, 230
Fifty-fifth Division, 203
First Army, 201
G.H.Q. Land Forces, 222
Ninth Army, 220
Seventh Army, 202–3
Twenty-first Corps, 224
fall of, 2, 3, 14, 197–230
Third Republic, 198
Vichy regime, 27, 198, 220
World War I, 14, 15, 133, 150, 153, 155, 200, 214–16, 226–27
World War II, 197–230
Fredericksburg, 10
Fuller, J. F. C., 241–42
Gallipoli, 7, 133–63
Gamelin, Maurice-Gustave, 198, 202–4, 211–12, 216–24, 230
Gauché, Maurice, 211, 221
Gedaliah, David, 115–16
General Motors, 20
Georges, Alphonse, 202–4, 206, 212, 219, 221–23, 225
General staffs: see High command, systems of Generals: see Commanders
Germany
air force (Luftwaffe), 73, 92, 210, 213, 218, 223
Ninth Armored Corps, 203
army, 15, 234
Kriegsakademie (war college), 36
Panzer divisions, 201, 203–5, 207, 210, 212, 218, 223–34
naval war college, 235
Webrmacht, 197–98, 201, 210–11, 218, 230
World War I, 67, 150, 233, 240–41
World War II, 27, 59–64,
66–71, 75–77, 80–82, 92–93, 192, 197–220, 224, 226–30, 240
Ghormley, Robert, 72, 88
Gidi Pass, 103
Giraud, Henri, 223
Gneisenau, 27
Goering, Herman, 220
Golan Heights, 95, 100–3, 105–7, 109–10, 112, 117, 119, 122–23, 128
Golden Horn, 139
Gonen, Shmuel, 112, 128
Gort, John Standish Vereker, 225, 229
Grant, Ulysses S., 244
Great Bitter Lake, 109
Great Britain
air force: see Royal Air Force
army: Eleventh Division, 144, 153, 155
Gurkhas, 153
Imperial General Staff, 241
Korean War, 173–74
Ninth Corps, 141–42
Norfolk Regiment, 153
Twenty-ninth Division, 154
navy: see Royal Navy
World War I, 5, 11–15, 27, 77, 86, 93, 133–63, 240–42
World War II, 43, 60–82, 87–94, 197, 202, 204, 206–8, 220, 222, 224–25, 244
Guadalajara, 213
Guadalcanal, 65, 140
Guam, 48
Guderian, Heinz, 203, 210, 216–17, 224, 230
Gulf of Mexico, 62
Gulf of Saros, 137
Haggard, H., 149
Haig, Douglas, 8, 11–14, 22, 157, 240–41
Haleiwa, 50
Hamilton, Ian, 134, 136–38, 140–42, 144–46, 148–49, 151–57, 159–63
Hammersley, Frederick, 144–45, 149–50, 158, 160
Han River, 189
Hankey, Maurice, 154
Hawaii, 46–57
Heikal, Mohamed, 116, 120
Henderson, G. F. R., 36
Henry VI, 6
Hentsch, Richard, 241
Hermon, Mount, 103
Hewitt, H. Kent, 64
High command, systems of,
British, World War I, 13
French, World War II, 221–25
functions of, 191
German general staff, 15, 36–38, 231, 235
role of politicians in, 23, 124–26, 245–46
History, military, 29, 35–40, 45, 234–35
Hitler, Adolf, 27, 71, 73, 197, 201
Hod, Mordechai, 115
Hofi, Yitzchak, 106–7
Holland, 197, 201–2, 212, 218–20
Hong Kong, 180
Hopkins, Harry, 60
Hore-Ruthven, A.J.A., 149, 155, 160
Home, Alistair, 210
Houx, 230
Howard, Michael, 195, 231
Hungnam, 172, 187
Hunter-Weston, Aylmer, 138, 157
Huntziger, Charles, 206
Imbros, 144, 157
Inchon, 9, 168, 170–71, 179, 184, 187
Incompetence
see also Misfortunes, common explanations for
collective, 8–11, 198–200
individual, 6–8
Indochina, 26
Ingersoll, Royal E., 64
Intelligence
British, World War II, 73, 76–78, 127, 129, 258n. 27, 260n. 48
French, World War II, 217–20, 224
German, World War II, 224, 229–30
distinction between intentions and capabilities, 118–20
failure: see Failure Israeli, 95–131
sources, importance of, 122, 126–27, 180–82, 224, 225n. 47, 257n. 23
U.S.: Korean War, 175–82
World War II, 72–73, 89–91, 115, 127
Yom Kippur War, 115
Interlocking Convoy System, 63
Iraq, 104, 110
Ironside, Edmund, 229
Isandhlwana, 6
Israel, 33, 43, 95–131, 232, 237, 239
intelligence agencies: AMAN (military intelligence), 100, 102, 105–7, 112–19, 123–24, 126–29
Mossad, 105, 115
Israel Defense Force (IDF)
army, Seventh Armored Brigade, 107, 128
Israeli air force, 99, 102, 104, 110, 114–15, 122
Israeli navy, 115
Southern Command, 102, 113–14
staff college, 2 38
Italy
army, 15, 213
World War I, 27
World War II, 206
Jackson, Thomas J. (“Stonewall”), 36
James, Robert Rhodes, 157
James, William, 120
Japan
Imperial Japanese Navy: Kido Butai (Pearl Harbor task force), 48
Naval Air Force, 51
Korean War, 182–83
World War II, 30–31, 42, 47–54, 64–65, 86, 89, 169–70, 232, 243
Joffre, Joseph, 3
Joint Army-Navy Board: see U.S., Joint Army-Navy Board
Joint Chiefs of Staff, see U.S., Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 47–48, 56
Jutland, 77
Kasserine Pass, 48
Keegan, John, 1, 39–40
Keitel, Wilhelm, 206
Kemal, Mustafa, 144, 146
Kimmel, Husband E., 7, 30, 32–34, 46–47, 51–53, 56, 232, 243
Kincaid, Thomas C, 243
King, Ernest J., 60, 62–66, 75, 85–86, 89–91, 245
Kirk, Alan G, 72
Kitchener, Herbert, 7, 136–38, 141, 146, 156
Kleist, Ewald von, 205
Knox, Frank, 47
Korea, Republic of (ROK), 165, 168–70, 174, 180, 182–84, 189, 192
Korean War, 9, 26, 31, 34, 43, 165–95, 232
First Phase Offensive, 166, 173, 177–78, 181, 188
Operation Relax, 173
Kreisky, Bruno, 106
Kunuri, 172
Kurita, Takeo, 243
La Chambre, Guy, 227
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, 222
Lateral Road, 103
see also map, 97
Le Mans, 17
Leahy, William, 72
Leger, Alexis, 229
Lehman, John F., 242
Levran, Aharon, 126
Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 243
Liège, 201
Lille, 201
Little Big Horn, 6
Lloyd George, David, 12, 133
Low, Francis, 64, 90–91
Ludendorff, Erich von, 231
Luttwak, Edward, 235–36
Luxembourg, 202, 218
Maastricht, 203
MacArthur, Douglas, 9, 30–31, 47, 166, 168–73, 175, 179, 182, 189, 192–94
Mackenzie, Compton, 141
Mahon, Bryan, 141, 162
Main Supply Route (MSR), 187
Maintenon, 222
Malay Peninsula, 43, 161
Manchuria, 170, 174, 176–77, 181
Manstein, Erich von, 2, 202
Mao Zedong, 177, 193
Marne, 3, 205
Marshall, George C, 46, 52–53, 56, 63–64, 86, 89, 170, 173, 236, 242, 245
Marshall, S. L. A., 40, 172, 180–82, 184–87, 189, 194–95
Masefield, John, 134
Maxse, Ivor, 241
Maxwell, R. P., 150
Mediterranean Sea, 71
Meir, Golda, 96, 106–8, 125
Menace: see Dakar, expedition to
Mendler, Albert, 110
Meuse, 201, 203, 207, 210, 230
Midway, Battle of, 42, 86
Millis, Walter, 39
Misfortunes, military
common explanations for: collective incompetence and the “Military Mind,” 10–14
cultural failure, 16
institutional failure, 14–15, 66–67
“The Man in the Dock,” 6–8, 62–64, 170–73 (see also Commanders)
“The Man on the Couch,” 8–10
defined, vii, 3
method of analyzing, 46–57, 121
ways of ameliorating, 233–46
Mitla Pass, 103
Moerdijk, 201
Moltke, Helmuth von, 36
Montry, 222
Moorehead, Alan, 139
–40
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 60, 66, 75
Morse, Philip, 92
Mossad: see Israel, intelligence agencies
Mouchard, H. E., 222
Mount batten, Louis, 56
Munich, 216
Musketeer, 27
Mytilene, 158
Nagumo, Chuichi, 49
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 30–31
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 96
National Security Agency, 181
Naval Base Defense Air Force, 54
Net assessments, 127–31, 178–80, 195, 201
Neuve Chapelle, 150
New Zealand: see ANZAC Nimitz, Chester W., 48, 86, 243
Nixon, Richard, 102, 119
Normandy, 118
North Korean People’s Army (NKPA), 165–68, 171, 173–74, 176–80, 182, 189, 192, 193, 195
Northwest Frontier, 136
Norway, 71
campaign in of 1940, 2, 213, 221, 224
Nossow, Sigmund, 25
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 18, 31
O’Donnell, Emmet, 192
Opana Point, 51
Operations research, 78, 90–92, 234
Organizations, 19–22
military, 31–32: compared with business organizations, 33–34
in relation to tasks, 78, 83–90
Osan, 166
Oster, Hans, 219
Paillole, Paul, 219
Panikkar, K. M., 169, 171, 175
Paret, Peter, 39
Paris, 205
Passchendade, 11
Pattern, George S., 193
Paukenschlag (“Drumbeat”), 71
Paulus, Friedrich von, 2
Pearl Harbor, 7, 29–33, 35, 40, 42, 46–57, 86, 124, 232–33, 243
Peled, Benjamin, 106
People’s Republic of China, 9, 31, 43, 166, 168–90, 192–95
Perrow, Charles, 21–23, 243
Pétain, Henri Philippe, 14, 198, 205–6, 214, 220
Philippines, 43, 47–48, 169
“Phony war,” 206, 209, 219
Poland, 210–12, 229
Pownall, Henry, 225
Pusan perimeter, 166, 176, 179, 187
Pyongyang, 168, 179, 182, 189
Rawlinson, Henry, 141
Reed, H. L., 151, 153
Reims, 205
Renault tank works, 225–26
Reynaud, Paul, 205, 221, 223
Rhee, Syngman, 166
Richmond, Herbert, 37
Rickover, Hyman, 242–43
Ridgway, Matthew, 34, 168, 170, 174, 189–90, 193–94, 232
Riom trial, 220
Robertson, William, 241
Rommel, Erwin, 203, 205, 230, 236
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 63, 66, 90, 197, 245
Root, Elihu, 246
Rosinski, Herbert, 235
Rotterdam, 201
Rouen, 205
Royal Air Force, 27, 77–79, 89, 206–8
Advanced Air Striking Force, 206, 208
Air Component of the British Expeditionary Force, 206
Coastal Command, 78–79, 89
Home Defence Squadrons, 207
Royal Marines, 160
Royal Navy, 27, 65–66, 70–80, 86–90, 93–94, 129, 133, 136, 146, 149, 160, 234
Operational Intelligence Centre, 76–78, 129
Western Approaches Command, 78–79