cognition and, 250–54
motor performance and, 250–51, 254–57
physiological effects of, xi, 248–50, 254–55
professional athletes’, 257–58
steroids and, 238
agility, 58–59
aikido, 124, 129, 133, 153, 162
air temperature, heat loss and, 195–97, 200
air travel, ix, 200, 205–9
alcohol intoxication, 107, 213–14
alertness, subjective, 203–4, 210–11
Alfred, 60, 211, 223, 233–35
al Ghul, R’as, 59, 88, 142
Ali, Muhammad, 254, 258, 262
alleles, 16–17, 25
allometric scaling, 93
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 117, 248, 252–54
amino acids: metabolism, 84–85, 87–88
in proteins, 20, 80–81
amyloid plaques, neurologic, 252–53
anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), xviii, 83, 236–37, 256
abuse of, 40–41, 233, 235, 237–38
anabolism, 37, 41, 57, 77, 236–37
nutrients’ role in, 81, 83–84
anaerobic metabolism, 87–88, 91, 95
androstenedione, 40, 237–38
animal species: brain mapping, 46
genetics, 24
head trauma, 227
life span, 250–51
sleep requirements, 199, 211–13, 215
anticipation, during combat, 139–40
apolipoprotein E (APOE gene), 253
Arkham Asylum, xi, 41, 191, 233
arm: conditioning, 184–85, 190
weak parts, 176–77
arm movements, biomechanics, 162–65, 171
armor, for body protection, 191, 193
Armstrong, Lance, 7, 24 286
arousal level, performance and, 146–49, 155
Asian martial arts, 124–25, 185
astronauts, 167, 192
athletes, professional: aging and, 257–58
Batman / Bruce Wayne as, 3–4, 7, 10, 29
body compositions, 7
elite, 29, 168
energy expenditure, 93, 95
identical twin, xvii, 10, 22–23
jet lag and, 206–7
mind-set, 140, 143
overtraining, 42
peak performance, 262–63
sleep requirements, 211
steroid abuse, 40–41, 235, 237–38
ATP (adenosine 5’-triphosphate), 51, 79, 86–88
ATP-CP (adenosine 5’-triphosphate-creatine phosphate), 88–89, 95
attacks: aiming for weak points, 176–79
anticipating, 139–40
gender and, 243–46
in martial arts, 130–31, 135–36
mental detachment for, 139–40, 144
attention, 139–40, 147, 149
axons, 48
motor, 49–50, 118, 256
back: injuries, 219, 221, 233–34
small of, as weak, 176–77
balance, influences on, 170–73, 244–45
ballistic actions/movements, 60, 112, 162
Bane, 41, 89, 91, 152, 164, 220–21, 233, 235
barbells, 54–55, 63
Barber, Tiki, 22, 222
basal ganglia: deficits, 107–8
emotion and, 141
movement feedback, 103–4, 106
trauma and, 254
basal metabolic rate (BMR), 92–95
baseball: motions for, 163–64, 168
steroid use, 235, 237
strike zone, 243
Bat, The, xvi
batarang, ix, 134–35, 152, 243
Batcave, 134, 145
Batgirl, 171, 239–46
Batgirl #50 (2004), 245, 271
Batgirl: Kicking Assassins (2005), 242, 272
Batgirl: Year One (2003), 242, 271
Batman: aging of, 247–52, 256–59, 262
as athlete, 3–4, 6–7, 10, 29
body clock challenges, 134, 199–200, 202, 209–13
conditioning, 182–83, 187–88
energy expenditure, 93–94
energy systems, 88–91
environmental influences, 22, 145–50
evolution of, 4, 53–55, 57, 61, 101, 147, 260–61
historical description, xv–xvii
injuries, 220–23, 226, 230, 233–34, 253
lethal/nonlethal force, 150–57, 176
as martial artist, 123–24, 126, 128–29, 133, 153
martial arts training, 128–33
mental control, 140–44, 147–48
motor learning, 113–15, 117–21
as ninja, 133–37
physique changes, 7–10, 83
possibility of becoming, xi, xiii–xv, xvi–xviii, 260–63
protective armor, 153–55, 180, 191–98
reflexes, 109, 112
retired, 248–49
steroid use, 235–36
strength/power training, 61–63
Superman vs., ix–xi, xiv
use-of-force hierarchy, 154–56
weapons used, 135–36, 151–52, 154–55, 249
Batman (1966–1968
TV series), 101, 138, 242, 247, 272
Batman (1989 movie), 22, 272
Batman (comics): #1 (1940), 54–55, 151–52, 239, 266, 269
#3 (1940), 173–74, 269
#4 (1940/1941), 136, 152, 239, 266, 270
#31 (1945), 266, 270
#47 (1948), xv, 270
#113 (1958), 266, 270
#200 (1968), 266, 270
#217 (1969), 151, 270
#232 (1971), 58, 141, 267, 270
#237 (1971), 7–8, 270
#243 (1972), 88, 187, 267, 270
#260 (1975), 123, 222, 267, 270
#404 (1986), 182–83, 189, 267, 270
#497 (1993), 41, 187, 233, 271
#509 (1994), 152, 239, 271
#529 (1996), 154, 271
#567 (1999), 239, 271
#604 (2005), 193, 271
#608–619 (2002–2003), 140, 271
#620–625 (2003–2004), 156
Batman and Robin (1949 movie), 272
Batman Robin (1997 movie), 272
Batman Begins (2005 movie), 22, 45, 94, 133, 135, 149–50, 267, 271–72
Batman Beyond (1999–2001 TV series), 152, 248, 272
Batman: Blind Justice (1992), 150, 271
Batman: Broken City (2004), 178, 271
Batman: Child of Dreams (Asamiya, 2003), 29, 247, 260, 271
Batman: Contagion (2003), 271
Batman: Dark Detective #2 (2005), 272
Batman Forever (1995 movie), 272
Batman: Four of a Kind (1998), 271
Batman Handbook (Beatty), 269
Batman Knightfall, Part 3 (1994), 271
Batman Returns (1992 movie), 272
Batman: Shadow of the Bat #29 (1994), 271
Batman Special #1 (1984), 21, 270
Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman, Trinity (2003), xi, 89, 267, 271
Bat-Man, The. See Batman Batman: The Complete History (Daniels), 180, 191
Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2002), 271
Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again (2002), 271
Batman: The Ultimate Guide to the Dark Knight (Beatty), xvi, 123, 193, 269
Batman: Vengeance of Bane #1 (1993), 221, 271
Batman: Venom (1993), 62, 83, 235, 237, 271
Batman: Year One (Miller, 2005), xvi, 3, 182–83, 270, 271
batsuit: color importance, 153–55
as combat defense, 180, 191–93, 227
materials, x, 193
modification for aging, 248
physiological concerns, 194–98, 210, 256
Batwoman, 239–40
Beatty, Scott, xvi, 123, 193, 221, 269
bending stress, bone response, 65, 70–71
beta amyloid, 252–53
biochemical energy, cellular, 86–87
biological aging, 248. See also body clock biological
work: energy expenditure, 77–78, 83–84
homeostasis mechanisms, 96
biology: cellular, 12–14
molecular, 18–19
biomechanics: becoming Batman, 260–61
break-fall movements, 173–76
energy flow and, 162–65
human tissue, 53, 162
of martial arts, x, xiii, 162–65
musculoskeletal strains, 230–31
strikes/punches, 165–70
throwing, 170–73
weak points, 176–79
bladed weapons, 135–36, 152, 165, 169, 173–74
Blockbuster, 170, 220, 243
blood flow, traumatic cerebral, 225–26, 229
blood pressure, influences on, 39, 209, 234
blood sugar, 37–39, 84–85
blood types, 17–18
boards, breaking of, 165–69, 181
body clock: factors influencing, 39, 200–205, 212
functions, 200–201
jet lag and, 205–6
light-related adjustments, 202–3
professional athletes, 206–7
shift work, 200, 205, 209–12
body composition: athlete comparisons, 7
exercise-related changes, 4–5, 95
measurement, 5–6
body conditioning, 180–91
as good/bad, 188–90
method of, 180–84
pain and, 185–88
skin deep, 184–85
body mass index (BMI), 6–7, 95
body movements, biomechanics, 162–64
body temperature: batsuit and, 194–96
body clock and, 201–6
endocrine role, 34–35
normal range, 194, 200
regulation, 32, 78, 195–97
body types, 8
bogu, 228
Bonds, Barry, 168, 235
bone disease, degenerative, 65, 189, 248, 254, 256–57
bone mineral density, 65–66
aging and, 189, 248, 254, 256
body hardening, 183–84
exercise-specific adaptations, 72–75
bone remodeling, 8, 66–71, 73
bones: basic structure, 67–68
body composition, 4–5
exercise and, 8, 66, 70–71, 73, 75
force of motion and, 168–70
functions, 65–66
growth, 65
hardening training, 181–91
injuries, 221–22, 230–31
mechanical stress response, 41, 53
modification over time, 66–67
shift work and, 209–10
transference of force across, 64–65
types, 71–72 288
bouldering, bone adaptations in, 74
boxing: aging and, 257–58
biomechanics, 162, 169–70
force in, 169–70
head injuries, 221, 226–28
as martial art, 125–26, 262
rules, 228
brain, 102–3
activity during battles, 140–41
injuries, 107, 166, 169–70, 193, 220, 222–27, 229, 253–54
memory formation, 116–18
motor learning, 113–14, 118
movement control, 103–6
muscle contraction physiology, 46–50
pain perception, 186–87
steroids and, 237
brain mapping, of muscle activity, 46–47, 121, 163
The Brave and the Bold #197 (1983), 220, 270
break-falling, 128, 173–76, 193
breathing, batsuit effect on, 194
Bruce Wayne: Fugitive Volume I (2002), 239, 271
budo, 124
Cain, Cassandra, 242
calcium: head injury and, 225
metabolic functions, 13, 81, 83
in muscle contractions, 49, 57, 62
calisthenics, 94
calluses, in body hardening, 183–85, 189–90
calorie (kcal), 77, 85, 92–94
calorimetry: bomb, 85–86
indirect, 92–94
Cannon, Walter B., 31–33, 41
Caped Crusader, xi, 113, 123, 139
Father Time and, 246, 249, 257–59. See also Batman
carbohydrates: classifications, 80
energy content, 85–87
intake recommendations, 79–80, 95
metabolism, 37, 84–85
carbon dioxide, cellular, 86, 91–93
cardiovascular fitness: aging and, 249, 254–55
genetics, 25
hormones and, 37, 39
measurement, 92
shift work and, 209
cartilage, force of motion and, 168–70
catabolism, 37, 39, 77, 234, 237
nutrients’ role in, 81, 83–84
catecholamines, 36, 39, 96
Catwoman, 89–90, 119–20, 175, 220
performance vs. Batman’s, 239, 245–46
Cat-Woman. See Catwoman
cell death, 33, 41, 249–50, 255
cell division/growth, 249–50
cell membrane, 12, 14, 20, 31, 78
cells, human body: aging of, 249–50, 255
components, 12–14
functions, 13, 20, 31, 55
metabolism, 13–14, 77, 84, 86
mortal/immortal, 249
trauma, 224–25, 234
types, 14, 34, 41, 53, 56, 69, 184
cellular respiration: aerobic/anaerobic, 87–88, 91, 95
biochemical energy, 86–87
central nervous system (CNS): aging and, 117, 248, 252–54, 256
alcohol effect on, 107
components, 103
emotional processing, 141–42
head trauma and, 223–26, 228
homeostasis, 32, 37–38, 85, 95, 195
injury and healing, 192
motor learning, 113–14, 117–19, 121
movement control, 101–3
pain perception, 186–87
in strength/power training, 46, 52–53, 62
cerebellum: deficits, 107–8, 254
emotion and, 141
movement role, 103–7, 109, 117
cerebral cortex: concussion and, 223, 225–26, 229, 253
motor commands, 46–49, 104, 141
movement feedback, 104–6, 109
organization, 103–4, 116
Chan, Jackie, 132–33
chaos, and performance, 145–50
chemical signals, training response, 57–58
Chinese martial arts, 124–29, 133, 151
body hardening, 180–83, 187
chin’na, 177
chokes/choking, 132, 156
cholesterol, 12, 37, 39–40, 81
chromosomes, 16. See also DNA; genes/genetics
ch’uan fa, 127
Chuvalo, George, 258
circadian rhythm: factors of, 200–207
shift work and, 200, 205, 209–12
Clemens, Roger, 235
climate, as performance factor, 195–98
climbing, 72–74, 94
gear for, 134–35
clothing, protective, x, 155, 191, 193–94
for combat, 153–55
Cobblepot, Oswald Chesterfield, 105, 108.
See also Penguin
cognition: aging and, 250–52
repetitive head trauma and, 252–54
collagen, 14, 68
collision biomechanics: body, 164–65
material, x, 165–70
combat: Batman’s, 135–36
defenses against, 180–98
lethal/nonlethal, 150–57, 176
martial arts, 126, 129–30, 135–37
mental detachment, 139–40, 144
repetitive effects, 248, 252–54
Comic Book Nation (Wright), 269
compensatory response, in GAS, 41–42, 46
concealment, in ninjutsu, 134–36
concrete, breaking of, 165–69, 181, 183
concus
sions, 223
mechanisms causing, 166, 169–70, 220, 222
pathophysiology, 223–26, 234
prevention, 227–29
repeated, 225–27, 252–53
symptoms, 222–23, 225, 228–29, 253
conditioning. See body conditioning; hand conditioning
coordination, physical, 52, 105
cortisol, 39–40, 96, 203
counterattacks, as female tactic, 243–44
Couture, Randy, 262
cowls, for protection, 193, 225, 227, 229
Crick, Francis, 12, 18–19
crime fighting, xvii, xviii, 4, 21
aging and, 257–59, 261, 248–49
body clock and, 210–11
energy for, 89, 94, 164
injuries, 220–23, 226, 230, 233–34
lethal vs. nonlethal force, 150–57, 176
mental control, 138–39, 144
motor skills, 119, 135
strength/power, 58–59
cyclists, 7, 24, 93, 95
cytoplasm, 12–14
cytosol, 14
danger, dealing with, 140, 144–45, 156
Dark Knight, xiv, xviii, 76, 83, 137, 173–74, 207, 221
The Dark Knight (2008 movie), 272
The Dark Knight Returns (Miller, 1986), 192, 248, 270
Darkseid, 135
dart weapons, 134–35
DC Comics, xv, 248
characters in, 21, 123, 138, 270
“death touch,” 176
degenerative bone disease, 65, 189, 248, 254, 256–57
degenerative cognitive disease, 107–8, 117, 252–54
degrees of freedom, in joint locks, 179
dementia, 248, 252–53
dendrites, in neurons, 48
depolarization, of muscle fibers, 49
Descartes, René, 109
detachment, mental, in combat, 139–40, 144
Detective Comics: #27 (1939), x, xv, 151, 266, 269
#29 (1939), 72–73, 269
#33 (1939), 54, 269
#33 (1940), 22
#38 (1940), 126, 266, 269
#46 (1940), 219, 269
#349 (1966), 170, 270
#359 (1967), 239, 270
Detective Comics #397 (1970), 175, 270
#400 (1970), 36, 270
#442 (1974), 161, 270
#568 (1986), 137, 267, 270
#598–600 (1989), 108, 114, 199, 211, 267, 270
#664 (1993), 271
Detective Comics, early characters, ix–x
Detective Story Hour (radio), x
Detective Story Magazine, x
dexamethasone (Decadron), for cord injury, 234–35
dexterity, manual, conditioning and, 189–90
diabetes mellitus, 38, 209
diet: body composition and, 5, 62
Dark Knight, 79–95
energy balance, 76–79
metabolism, 13–14, 37, 77
nervous system and, 95–96
performance influences, x, 22–23
shift work and, 209–10
stress response and, 96–97
supplemental, 95
disarmament, during combat, 153–54
disc weapons, 134
distractions, dealing with, 139–40, 144