Tarnopolsky, MA. (1994) Caffeine and endurance performance. Sports Medicine 18: 109–25.
Tarnopolsky, MA. (2008) Effect of caffeine on the neuromuscular system: Potential as an ergogenic aid. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism 33(6): 1284–89.
Trusty, JM, Beinborn, DS, et al. (2004) Dysrhythmias and the athlete. AACN Advanced Critical Care 15(3): 432–48.
Wallner, M, and Olsen, RW. (2008) Physiology and pharmacology of alcohol: The imidazobenzodiazepine alcohol antagonist site on subtypes of GABAA receptors as an opportunity for drug development? British Journal of Pharmacology 154(2): 288–98.
Chapter 8. Visions of the Vitruvian Man: Is Invention Really Only One Part Inspiration?
Abrams, M. (2006) Birdmen, batmen, and skyflyers: Wingsuits and the pioneers who flew in them, fell in them, and perfected them. Three Rivers Press, New York.
Bunch, BH, Hellemans, A. (2004) The history of science and technology: A browser’s guide to great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them from the dawn of time to today. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.
Cajal, SRY. (1989) Recollections of my life. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Darwin, FE. (1958) The autobiography of Charles Darwin and selected letters. Dover, New York.
Gelb, MJ. (2004) How to think like Leonardo da Vinci: Seven steps to genius every day. Delta Books, New York.
Gifford, C. (2009) 10 inventors who changed the world. Kingfisher, New York. Glenn, J. (1996) Scientific genius: The twenty greatest minds. Saraband, Inc., Rowayton, Connecticut.
Kuhn, T. (1996) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
McNichol, T. (2006) AC/DC: The savage tale of the first standards war. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, California.
Poincare, H. (1921) The foundations of science. New York, Science Press.
Schwartz, EI. (2002) The last lone inventor: A tale of genius, deceit, and the birth of television. Perennial, New York.
Simonton, D. (1988) Scientific genius. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Chapter 9. Deal or No Deal? Could Iron Man Exist?
Allison, BZ, Wolpaw, EW, et al. (2007) Brain-computer interface systems: Progress and prospects. Expert Review of Medical Devices 4(4): 463–74.
Barbeau, H. (2003) Locomotor training in neurorehabilitation: Emerging rehabilitation concepts. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 17(1): 3–11.
Behrman, AL, Bowden, MG, et al. (2006) Neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury and training: An emerging paradigm shift in rehabilitation and walking recovery. Physical Therapy 86(10): 1406–25.
Behrman, AL, and Harkema, SJ. (2007) Physical rehabilitation as an agent for recovery after spinal cord injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 18(2): 183–202.
Cernak, I, and Noble-Haeusslein, LJ. (2010) Traumatic brain injury: An overview of pathobiology with emphasis on military populations. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 30(2): 255–66.
Christie, BR, Eadie, BD, et al. (2008) Exercising our brains: How physical activity impacts synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus. Neuromolecular Medicine 10(2): 47–58.
Cyberdyne. (2010) www.cyberdyne.jp/english/robotsuithal/index.html
Daly, JJ, and Wolpaw, JR. (2008) Brain-computer interfaces in neurological rehabilitation. The Lancet Neurology 7(11): 1032–43.
Dobkin, BH. (2008) Training and exercise to drive poststroke recovery. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 4(2): 76–85.
Ganguly, K, and Carmena, JM. (2009) Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. PLoS Biology 7(7): e1000153.
Jones, RN, Fong, TG, et al. (2010) Aging, brain disease, and reserve: Implications for delirium. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 18: 117–27.
Kallus, KW, Hoffmann, P et al. (2010) The taskload-efficiency-safety-buffer triangle: Development and validation with air traffic management. Ergonomics 53(2): 240–46.
Leach, JB, Achyuta, AKH, et al. (2010) Bridging the divide between neuroprosthetic design, tissue engineering and neurobiology. Frontiers in Neuroengineering 8: 2–18.
Mehrholz, J, Kugler, J, et al. (2008) Locomotor training for walking after spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1.
MIT. (2010). Inventor of the week: Yoshiyuki Sankai. Retrieved February 6, 2010, from http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/sankai.html.
Moseley, AM, Stark, A, et al. (2008) Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1.
Nithianantharajah, J, and Hannan, AJ. (2009) The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: Mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders. Progress in Neurobiology 89(4): 369–82.
Nuytco. (2010) About Nuytco—Phil Nuytten. Retrieved February 6, 2010, from www.nuytco.com/about/phil.shtml.
Ritenour, AEMD, and Baskin, TWMD. (2008) Primary blast injury: Update on diagnosis and treatment. Critical Care Medicine 36:S311–S317.
Schalk, G. (2008) Brain-computer symbiosis. Journal of Neural Engineering 5(1): 1–15.
Stern, Y. (2009) Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologica 47(10): 2015–28.
Wang, W, Collinger, JL, et al. (2010) Neural interface technology for rehabilitation: Exploiting and promoting neuroplasticity. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics in North America 21(1): 157–78.
Wolpaw, JR, Birbaumer, N, et al. (2002) Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control. Clinical Neurophysiology 113(6): 767–91.
Wolpaw, JR, and Carp, JS. (2006) Plasticity from muscle to brain. Progress in Neurobiology.
Wolpaw, JR, and McFarland, DJ. (2004) Control of a two-dimensional movement signal by a noninvasive brain-computer interface in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (US) 101(51): 17849–54.
Zeitler, DM, Budenz, CL, et al. (2009) Revision cochlear implantation. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 17(5): 334–38.
Index
Page numbers in italics indicate figures.
Abrams, Michael, Birdmen, Batmen, & Skyflyers, 136
acetylcholine, 24
action potentials, 54
activation of muscles, 21
Afghanistan, Tarnak farm incident in, 122–23
aftereffects, 85, 105–9
aging: biological, 176–78
multitasking and, 72–73
Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried, 6
alcohol: caffeine in drinks with, 122
effects of on body, 116–19
use and abuse of by Stark, 101–2, 116, 119–21, 157
ALS. See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Altholz, Addison, 132
amputation of limbs, 98–99, 100, 101–2
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 56, 58
Anglesea leg, 27
ankle, flexing of when walking, 40–42, 41
anthropomorphic suits, 19
apoptosis, 117
Argo Medical Technologies, 87
armor: adaptation to, 91, 92
classic red and gold, 7, 9–11, 144–45, 145, 146
computer malfunctions and, 128–30
concept of modular, 8, 9, 10
deep water suit, 142, 143
as defining characteristic for Iron Man, 4
effects of wearing, 81–82, 85–86, 93, 102, 105–9
functions of, 5–6
Golden Avenger, 8–9
Hulk-buster, 6, 11
need for simplification of, 70–71
original gray, 7, 8–9, 9
for protection, 123–24, 125, 126, 171
reactions to, 80–81
to restore lost function, 90
stealing and use of, 155–56
time needed to develop, 65–66, 144, 147
training needed to operate, 155, 159, 161–62
types of, 6, 7, 8
views of, 6
War Machine, 77–79, 78, 152, 156–57. See also brain-compu
ter interface; brain-machine interface; Extremis armor; Neuromimetic Telepresence Unit (NTU-150) armor
Armor Wars story arc, 155–56
arousal level and stress, 76–77, 77
artificial intelligence, 129
Asimov, Isaac: I, Robot, 144
“Run-around,” 129–30
“The Assassination of the Nyctalope” (Hire), 5
assistive devices, 87
assistive technology: adaptation to, 91, 92, 93
to amplify performance, 90
astronauts: deconditioning effects of space on, 83–85, 84, 86
suits worn by, 109, 110
atrial fibrillation, 127
attention, limits of, 70–75
Avatar (movie), 13, 156
axons, 23, 117
Bagley, Marc, 120
Baskin, Toney, 124
Batman: exoskeleton of, 4
Iron Man compared with, xii
length of career of, 178–79
as “possible” superhero, 120
Bruce Wayne and, 119. See also Becoming Batman
batteries, energy storage in, xiv
BCI. See brain-computer interface
BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), 176
Becoming Batman (Zehr): description of, xii
issues introduced in, 82, 154
length of career of Batman, 178–79
martial arts training, 164
writing of, 150–51
bed rest, 82
Bendis, Brian Michael, 164
Berger, Hans, 55
Bikila, Abebe, 30–31
bionic glove, 42
bionics, definition of, 4
Birdmen, Batmen, & Skyflyers (Abrams), 136
Black Sabbath and “Iron Man” song, 3–4
blast waves from explosions, 124, 125, 171–72
body: adaptability of, 94–95
effects of gravity on, 84, 85–86
effects of stimulants on, 121–23
effects of stress on, 82
retraining of, 87–88, 89, 90–91
temperature of when wearing suit of armor, 81
weight of muscles in, 17. See also movement, biological; specific parts of body
body-weight assisted treadmill training, 87
Boldrey, Edwin, 52
Bolt, Usain, 36
bomb disposal suits, 124, 125, 171
bone density with reduced activity level, 83, 84, 86
brain: cerebellum, 117–19, 118
complexity of, 51
concussions to, 166–67, 168, 169–72
cortex of, 50, 51–53, 53
deep brain stimulation, 62
electrical signaling of, 49, 55
electrical stimulation of, 52
electrodes implanted in, 160–61, 174, 175
frontal cortex, 167, 168
increasing representation of body in, 102–3, 104, 105
motor cortex of, 21, 52, 54
neurons in, 51, 52
occipital cortex, 167, 168
plasticity of, 90, 96, 109, 170
somatosensory cortex, 95–96
specialized areas and functions of, 48, 49, 51, 55. See also brain-computer interface; brain-machine interface; frontal lobes
brain-computer interface (BCI): ability to use armor and, 157
changes in with use of prosthetic limb, 102–3, 104, 105
EEG and, 55
science of, 47–51
as skill development, 159–60
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 176
BrainGate, 59–61, 60
brain-machine interface: ability to use armor and, 157
for ALS, 56, 58
in Avatar, 156
description of, 58–61
jacking into satellite, 96
multitasking in, 161
physical and mental condition for, 158–62
potential for use in rehabilitation, 158
sensation from robotic limbs and, 107–8
in telepresence armor, 12–13, 61–62, 63, 64
training to use, 155, 159–60, 161–62
brain reserve, 178
Brevoort, Tom, 14–15
Broca, Paul, 51
Burkett, Brendan, 29–30
Buschman, Timothy, 51
caffeine, as stimulant, 121–22
Cajal, Santiago Ramon y, 149–50
calculus, 132
Caldwell, J. Lynn, 122
Captain America, 164, 165
Caramagna, Joe, 155
Card, Orson Scott, Ultimate Iron Man, 101, 120
Cardinali, Lucilla, 108, 109
cardiovascular system, with reduced activity level, 82, 83. See also heart
Carmena, Jose, 102, 103, 105
Carson, Richard, 99
Caton, Richard, 55
cell bodies, 23
cell phones, multitasking with, 71–72, 76
cells: death of, 117
ions in, 20
pacemaker, 126. See also neurons
cellular pumps (Na-K ATPase), 20
center of mass (COM), 31, 33, 34
central pattern generators, 90–91
cerebellum, damages to in alcoholism, 117–19, 118
Cernak, Ibolja, 171
cervical region of spine and spinal cord, 21, 22, 58–59
chest plate, xiii, xiv, 128. See also implantable cardioverter defibrillator
chloride, 20
classic red and gold armor: description of, 7, 9–11
HAL suit compared with, 144–45, 145, 146
closed loop control, 62
cochlear prosthetics/implants, 42, 173, 174, 176
cognitive load, 70
cognitive reserve, 178
Colossus, 4
COM (center of mass), 31, 33, 34
combat aviation, as art, 123
common peroneal nerve, 40
computer malfunctions, 128–30
concussion, risks of, 166–67, 168, 169–72
contractile proteins, 24
contractions, shortening, 26
contre coup in concussions, 167
cortex of brain, role of in movement, 50, 51–53, 53
creativity and genius: description of, 132
force and, 150–51
formal education and, 149
open minds for, 133–34
in scientific discovery, 148
targeting, 133
Crosby, Sidney, 169
Curie, Marie, 149
Cyberdyne Inc., 43, 144, 147. See also HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb) robot suit
CyberKinetics BrainGate, 59–61, 60
Cybermen (Dr. Who characters), 4–5
cybernetics, definition of, 4
cyborgs, 4–5, 14
Dar, Kathleen (character), 87
The Dark Knight Returns (Miller), 4
Darwin, Charles, 149, 150
da Vinci, Leonardo, 132, 133
deconditioning effects: on astronauts, 83–85, 84, 86
of wearing armor, 82–83, 83, 85–86
deep brain stimulation, 62
deep diving and underwater exosuits, 141–42, 143
defibrillator, implantable cardioverter (ICD). See implantable cardioverter defibrillator
De Jong, Marla, 71
Demon in a Bottle story arc, 119–21
depressants. See alcohol
dermatomes and nerves in spine, 21, 22
Descartes, René, 50
Devauchelle, Bernard, 97
Dinoire, Isabelle, 97, 98
Downey, Robert, Jr., xiii, 165
dual task paradigm, 72–75
Dubernard, Jean-Michel, 97
du Petit, Francois Pourfour, 50
eccentric contractions, 26
Edison, Thomas, 148
EEG. See electroencephalography
Ehrsson, Henrik, 106
Einstein, Albert, 131–32, 148–49
electrical signaling of brain, 49, 55
electrical stimulation: of brain, 52
of neurons, 55–56
electrodes implanted in brain, 160–61, 174, 175
electroencephalography (EEG), 55–56, 57, 95
electromyography (EMG), 58
Ellis, Warren: Extremis, 109, 146
Extremis armor, 14
embodiment: armored exoskeletons and, 109–10
Extremis armor and, 14
pilots and, 76
prosthetic limbs and, 106–7, 107
tools and devices and, 108–9
Emotiv, 58
encapsulation, process of, 174, 175
energy drinks, caffeinated, 122
epilepsy, 51, 160–61
ergogenic aids, 121
ethanol. See alcohol
excitable tissue, 19–20, 49
exercise: to counter deconditioning effects, 86
in training to use armor, 177–78
exoskeleton: for ankle joint, 33, 34
of Batman, 4
embodiment and, 109–10
Lokomat robotic, 87–88, 89, 90, 91
lower limb, 35, 36
neurorobotics, 87–88, 89, 90
robotic, structure and function of human limbs compared with, 19–20
underwater, 141–42, 143
Exosuit, 142, 143
Extremis armor: as best possible, 112, 179–80
depiction of, 7
description of, 13–15
origin story, 147
Tony Stark on, 134
face shield, 10, 11, 171
face transplants, 97–98
fast twitch motor units, 25
Favreau, Jon, 3
Fernandez, Eduardo, 62
Ferris, Dan, 33
FES. See functional electrical stimulation
fibula, 29, 40
fingers, neuroprosthetics for, 44, 45
fixed wing flyers, 135–36, 137, 138–41
flying, “events” when, 76
fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance imaging
Follain, John, 98
foot drop, 40
force production in muscles: changing, 24
oddities in, 25–26
force-velocity relation, 25–26
Fraction, Matt, 96
Freud, Sigmund, 149
friendly fire accident in Afghanistan, 122–23
Friscolanti, Michael, Friendly Fire, 123
Fritsch, Gustav, 51–52
frontal cortex, 167, 168
frontal lobes: alcoholism and, 119
concussions and, 169
functions of, 49, 51
functional electrical stimulation (FES), 39–40, 41, 42
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 96