Bubastite Portal, 105
Buscemi, Steve, 99
Butler, Gerard, 108
Byblos, 9, 13, 17–19, 21, 28–29
Brendan Byrne, 248
Byzantine, 136
Caesar, Gaius Julius, 138, 241–43
Caesarea (Maritima), 162, 246
Caesarea Philippi, 14, 115
Cairo, 135
California, 221
Callimachus of Cyrene, 127
Cana‘an(ite), 9–10, 16, 18, 20, 31, 35, 38, 50, 57, 59, 61–62, 66, 82, 100, 104, 111, 117, 159, 172, 175, 179, 265
canon(ical), 2, 4–5, 46, 65, 87, 92, 116, 123–24, 142, 153, 155, 160, 163, 249, 256
canonize, canonization, 3, 5, 7–8, 11, 164, 262–63
Capernaum (Kfar Naḥum), 26–27
Carchemish, Battle of, 82
Cargill: MacLaren, 71; Quincy, 74; Rory Kate, 74; Roslyn, 112, 129, 136, 187, 235–37; Talitha, 182
Carrhae, Battle of, 242
Carthage: city, 16, 21; Third Council of (397 CE), 261, 265
census, 228, 230
Chaldea(n), 26, 81, 84
Cherethites, 184
Chicago, University of, 44, 206
Chorazin, 26–27
Christ, 126, 129, 152–53, 217–18, 225, 239
Christianity, Christian, 3, 5–7, 8, 10, 47–48, 57, 71, 87–88, 98, 109, 111, 120–22, 124–26, 129, 133, 139, 145–47, 151–53, 163–66, 180, 186–90, 193–94, 209, 213, 218, 220, 235, 237, 239–40, 245, 247–49, 251–56, 258–59, 262–65, 267
Church of the Ascension, 190
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 166, 190–91, 193
Church of Nativity, 190, 216–18, 220–21
Cimmerians, 81
Circus Maximus, 239
City of David, 173, 177, 184, 228
Clement of Alexandria, 255
Cleopatra, 241
Cline, Eric, 100
Clytemnestra, 128
Codex Sinaiticus, 257
Coelesyria, 241
Columban monastery, 254
Commentary (Pesher) on Habakkuk (Ḥabaquq; 1QpHab), 203
Constans, 258, 261
Constantine the Great, 121, 190, 192–93, 220, 258
Constantinople, 258
Coptic Orthodox Church, 138
Covenant Code, 81
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 242
Crete, Cretan, 16, 31, 126–27
Cronus, 239
Crusades, Crusaders, 193
cuneiform, 19, 41, 79, 85
Custer’s Last Stand, 108
Cynicism, Cynic, 119, 122–23
Cyprus, Cypriot, 16, 31
Cyrus: Cylinder, 96; Edict of, 96–98, 180; the Great, 96–97, 159, 180
Dagon, 32–33
Da‘esh, 53
Damascus, 128
Damascus Gate, 192
Damasus I, 193, 259, 262
Danae, 152
Danatay, 45
Dan’el (Dan’il): character, 34, 45–46; Epic of, 44
Daniel (Dani’el; biblical character), 44, 46, 158–59
Dar-Sharrukin, 55
Darius I, 20
Data, Commander, 119
David, 22, 24, 53, 57, 84, 95, 100, 107, 150–51, 161, 165, 173–79, 183–86, 221–28, 230, 232, 263, 265
De Vaux, Roland, 204–6
Dead Sea, 199, 204, 206
Dead Sea Scrolls, 11, 93, 155, 160, 195–98, 200–202, 204, 206–12, 250, 264–65
Death (deity), 40, 124
Deborah, 104–5, 154
Demetrius of Phalerum, 143–44
Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 204
desolating sacrilege (“abomination of desolation”), 242
deuterocanonical, 163
Deuteronomyj Scroll (4Q37), 211
Diadochoi, 92, 115, 117
Diogenes of Sinope, 120
Dionysus, 161
Dialogue with Trypho, 152–53, 218–19
Didache (Teachings of the Apostles), 256
Dome of the Rock, 166–68, 170–72
Domitian, 188
Door of Humility, 216–17
dualism, dualist, 121–22
Dussaud, René, 31, 38
Dylan, Bob, 140
Eastern Orthodox Church, 163, 194
Ebla Tablets, 32–33
Ecclesiastical History, 126, 254–45
École Biblique et Archéologique Française in Jerusalem, 204
Edict of Milan, 193, 258
Edict of Thessalonica, 193
Edict of Toleration, 193
Edicule of the Tomb, 191
Edom(ite) (’Edom), 76, 90–91
Ehrman, Bart D., 5
Ehyeh-asher-ehyeh (deity), 50
Egypt(ian), 10, 18, 25, 32, 39, 59, 76, 82–83, 94, 102, 104–6, 115, 135–36, 138–39, 141, 146, 172–73, 227–28, 230–32, 257,
’El, 10, 35, 42–45, 47–48, 50–51
’El ‘Elyon, 51
’El Shaddai, 50
’El’s Divine Feast, 41
Elam(ite) (‘Elam), 76
Eleazar, 162
Elephantine, 39
Elgin Marbles, 112
Elijah (’Eliyahu), 154, 239
’Elimelek, 222
’Eliphaz, 44
Elisha (’Elisha‘), 154
Elizabeth, 228
’Elohim, 35, 50, 122, 155
Elpenor, 46
’Elqosh, 67
’Elyaqim, 61
‘Elyon, 50
Enoch (book of), 250
Enûma Elish, 56, 77
’Ephraim (tribe), 58
Ephrathah (’Efratah), 222, 224
Epictetus, 119
Epicureanism, Epicurean, 120, 122–23, 129
Epicurus, 120
Epimenides of Knossos, 126
Epistle of Barnabas, 255–57
Erechtheion, 114
Esagila, 77
Essenes, 204, 206
Esther (’Ester; biblical figure), 105
Etemenanki, 77
Ethbaal (’Ethba‘al, Ithoba‘al I), 37
Euphrates River, 71, 117, 147
Euripides, 114, 126
Europe, 55, 104, 202
Eusebius of Caesarea, 162, 190, 254, 258, 261, 265
Evil-merodach (’Evil Merodak), 85
execration texts, 172–73
exodus, 80, 146–47
Ezekiel (Yeḥezqi’el), 25, 46
Ezra (‘Ezra’; biblical figure), 163
Farmers’ Almanac, 20
Faustulus, 238
Fertile Crescent, 55, 117
First Clement (First Letter of Clement of Rome), 255
Forms (theory), 121
Forum, Roman (Foro Romano), 187–88, 235–36
France, French, 108, 240
Fresno, 221
Gabri’el, 228–29
Gadda, Charles, 207
Gaius Vibius Maximus, 230
Galerius, 193
Galilee: region, 28, 193, 221, 228, 231, 243; Sea of, 26, 29
Gandhi, Mohandas, 95
Gardner, Lawrence, 197
Gath, 210
Gaugamela, Battle of, 115
Gedaliah (Gedalyahu), 84
Gehenna, 124, 181
Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen), 203
Gentile, 127, 187, 240, 262
Gerizim, Mount, 178
Get Smart, 196
Gezer: (city), 101; Calendar, 20
Gibeah (Giv‘ah): (city), 176, 223–24; Battle of, 223
Giblite, 24
Gideon (Gid‘on), 106
Giḥon Spring, 172, 184–86
Gilboa (Gilbo‘a), Mount, 106
Gilgamesh Epic, 41, 56
Giza, 135
God Most High, 51
Golan Heights, 14
Golb, Norman, 202–8
Golb, Raphael, 206–8
Goliath (Golyat), 3, 161, 176, 210–11
Gomorrah (‘Amorah), 223
Google Earth, 11
Gospel of Matthias, 256
Gospel of Peter, 255–56
Gospel of the Hebrews, 256
Gospel of Thomas, 256
Gottesman, David Samuel, 203
Great Day of God the Almighty, 99, 104, 108–9
Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), 196–98
Great Jewish Revolt, 187, 247
Great Sioux War of 1876, 108
Greco-Persian Wars, 108
Greco-Roman, 136, 241
Gregory of Nyssa, 260
Greece, Greek: 9, 10, 14–16, 18–22, 35, 51, 75, 85, 92, 99, 108, 111–12, 114–16, 118–20, 122–29, 131–33, 136, 139–48, 151–53, 156, 161–64, 219–20, 221, 240–41, 244, 249–50, 258–60, 264
Greek Ezra, 163
Grotto of the Nativity, 217–18
Gubal (Gubla, Gebal, Geval), 18
Hades, 27, 124
Hadrian, 167
Ḥam, 76
Hammurabi I (Hammurapi I): King, 54, 71, 78–79; Law Code of, 78–81
Ḥananiah, 157
Har Megiddo (Harmagedon), 108–9. See also Armageddon
Harding, Gerald Lankester, 204
Hariya, 43
Hasmonean, 116, 161, 202, 206
Ḥaṣ or (Hazor, Hatzor), 37, 49–50, 101, 104, 213
Ḫattusha (Ha̮tti, Hittite), 833
Heavenly Host, 66
Hebrew, 3, 5, 8–11, 13, 18, 20–21, 25, 29, 34–36, 39–40, 42–44, 47–48, 50–51, 53, 58, 61–62, 64, 67–68, 71, 75, 78, 86–88, 91–92, 98–99, 104, 107–8, 116, 122–25, 128–29, 132, 136, 139–48, 151–56, 160, 163–64, 172–73, 175, 179, 183, 188–89, 195, 197, 210–11, 219, 221, 224, 262
Ḥebron, 48, 174, 227
Helena: Chapel of St., 193; Empress, 190, 192–93, 220
hell, 124–125
Hermes, 241
Herod the Great, 8, 166–68, 226–28, 231, 243–45, 262
Herodotus, 19, 114, 147
Ḥezekiah (Ḥizqiyah, Ḥizqiyahu, Yeḥizqiyahu), 9, 60–63, 69, 94, 148–52, 165, 183
hieratic script, 172
Hillah, 71
Hinnom Valley, 181
Hippocrates, 114
Ḥiram, 22–24
Histories, 147
Hoffmeier, James, 176
Ḥofra‘, 83
Holofernes, 155
Holy: Cave, 217; Nails, 192; of Holies, 161, 168, 179, 196, 242
homologoumenoi, 255
Hubur, 43
˘ Hussein, Saddam, 82
Hymn to Zeus, 127
Ibiza, 16
Idumea(n), 242
‘Ijha, Ibrahim, 201
Immanuel (‘Immanu ’El), 149–50, 152
Indian Ocean, 24, 55
Intifada, 242
Iowa: state, 221; University of, 199
Iraq, 55, 71–72
Irenaeus, 254
Iron & Wine, 236
Isaac (Yiṣḥaq), 174
Isaiah (Yesha‘yahu; prophet), 17, 93, 146, 149–51, 153
Isaiahb Scroll (1QIsab), 202
Ishtar: deity, 55; Gate, 82, 85
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), 53
Iskenderun, 115
Islam(ic), 53, 165–67, 172
Isrā and Mi‘rāj, 167
Israel(i) (Yis´ra’el) (modern state), 13–15, 167, 171, 201, 203, 219
Israel(ite) (Yis´ra’el) (ancient), 8–10, 13, 16–17, 22–25, 28, 31, 35–40, 43, 46–47, 49–51, 53–54, 57–60, 64, 66, 68–69, 84, 96–97, 102, 104, 106–7, 146–47, 149–50, 154, 173–79, 183–85, 193, 202, 211, 214–15, 221–28, 232, 235, 263–64
Israel Antiquities Authority, 14
Israel Defense Forces, 203
Israel Museum, 37–38, 48–50, 56, 63, 102, 181–82, 196, 237, 246
Issus, Battle of, 115
Istanbul, 258
Iowa, University of, 3, 199–200
Iudaea (Roman province), 247. See also Judea
Jacob (Ya‘aqov), 35, 96, 174
James (apostle), 193
Jamnia (Yavne), Council of, 250
Japheth (Yafet), 76
Jebus(ite), 173, 175–77, 179
Jeho’aḥaz, 94
Jehoiachin (Yehoyakin), 83, 85–86, 94, 98
Jehoiakim (Yehoyaqim), 82, 95
Jehoram (Yehoram), 107
Jehu’ (Yehu’), 59, 107
Jeremiah (Yirmeyahu), 63, 69, 83, 93–96
Jeroboam (Yarov‘am) son of Nebat, 37, 53, 58, 69, 224
Jerome, 156, 162, 259, 262, 265
Jerusalem (Yerushalayim): 10, 14, 17, 20–25, 28–29, 36, 45, 50, 56–57, 59–64, 69, 71–72, 81–84, 86–94, 96–98, 105–6, 108, 115–16, 118, 148–51, 159–60, 165–68, 170–81, 184–93, 197–99, 204, 213, 221, 235, 237, 240–43, 245, 262, 264
Jesse (Yishai), 222, 226–28
Jesuit Theological College, 248
Jesus (of Nazareth), 3, 8, 11, 17, 21, 26–29, 46, 65–66, 69, 89, 120, 124, 128, 130, 132, 146–48, 152–54, 166, 185–87, 189–93, 213, 216–21, 225–33, 235, 239, 241, 244–46, 253–54, 256–58, 262–65
Jew, Jewish, 3, 6–10, 14, 17, 25–29, 39, 47–49, 57, 62, 65–66, 69, 75, 84, 87–89, 92–94, 98, 108–9, 111, 115– 16, 118–19, 122–26, 129–30, 133, 136, 139–46, 150–51, 153, 155–59, 161–64, 167–69, 180–81, 186–87, 193–94, 201–6, 209, 212, 222, 227, 231–32, 243–45, 263, 265, 267
Jewish War, The, 187
Jezebel (’Izebel), 37, 107
Jezreel (Yizre‘’el) Valley, 104, 106–7
Joab (Yo’av), 173–74
Job (’Iyov; biblical figure), 46, 264
John Hyrcanus, 161
John of Patmos, 107
John the Baptist, 228
Jonah (Yonah; prophet), 53, 64–66, 69
Jonathan (Yehonatan), 106
Jordan(ian) (state), 199
Jordan River, 40
Joseph: husband of Mary, 218, 227–28, 230–31; patriarch, 43; of Arimathea, 46
Josephus, Flavius, 126, 143, 145, 147, 162, 187, 210, 231, 243, 248–49
Joshua (Yehoshu‘a), 174–77
Josiah (Yo’shiyahu), 66, 93, 107, 165, 183
Jubilees (book of), 250
Judah(ite) (Yehudah; tribe, kingdom), 10, 20, 53–54, 57–61, 64, 66, 68–69, 75, 83–87, 90–91, 94–97, 104, 107, 149–50, 155, 159–60, 174–76, 180–81, 183–85, 189, 193, 221, 224, 226, 263–64
Judaism, 7, 11, 21, 47–49, 84, 92, 111, 124–25, 133, 136, 139, 144–45, 162, 165–67, 172, 183, 188–89, 235, 237, 262, 265
Judas Iscariot, 240
Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee), 116, 161
Judea, 98, 115, 133, 141, 161, 180, 226, 228, 231–32, 243, 245
Judge Nahar (Judge River), 39
Judith (character), 155
Jupiter (deity), 241
Justin Martyr, 152–53, 218–20
Justinian I, 221
Kando (Shahin, Khalil Eskander), 201
Karnak, 104–6
Keimer, Kyle, 213–15
Ketef Hinnom Inscriptions, 181–83
Khirbet el-Qom, 47–48
Khorsabad, 55
Khufu, 135
Kibbutz Snir, 14
Kidman, Nicole, 1–2
Kidron (Qidron) Valley, 184–86
Kilyon, 222
King Arthur, 61
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 95
Kirta (Keret): character, 43–44; Legend of, 34, 41, 43–44
Koldewey, Robert, 85
Kotel, 171. See also Western Wall
Kothar wa-Ḥasis, 42, 45
Kuby, Ron, 208
Kuntillet ‘Ajrud, 47
Lachish: city, 101; Relief Panels, 56; Siege of, 56
Lactantius, 130
Lakota (Native American tribe), 108
Latakia, 31
Latin, 145, 156, 163, 217, 237, 254
Laodicea, Synod of, 260
Law & Order, 158
Layard, Sir Austen Henry, 56
Leah (Le’ah), 222
Lebanon, 13–15, 22, 24, 104, 202, 240
Leonidas, 108
Letoïus, 260
Letter of Aristeas, 140–45, 162, 164
Letter of Jeremiah Scroll (7Q2), 156
Letter to Eustochium, 260
Letters to God Department, 171
Levi(te) (tribe), 223
Library of Alexandria. See Alexandria, Library of
Library of Ashurbanipal. See Ashurbanipal,Library of
Library of Congress, 202
Libya, 16
Lightfoot, Neil, 5
Lipin´ski, Edward, 23
“Little Apocalypse,” 245
Little Bighorn, Battle of the, 108
Livy, 238
logos, 122, 148
London, 55–56, 112
Louvre, 38, 80
Lucretius, 120
Luther, Martin, 249
Ma‘ale ’Adumim, 199
Maccabee, Maccabean: family, 166; Revolt, 116, 161, 242
Magi, 227, 231–32
Maḥlon, 222
Malki-shu‘a, 106
Malkiah, 95
Malta, 16
Mami, 32
Manasseh (Menasheh), 36, 159–60
Manger Square, 216
Manual of Discipline (Community Rule; 1QS Serek ha-Yaḥad), 203
Mar Samuel (Samuel, Athanasius Yeshue), 201–3
Marcion of Sinope, 253
Marduk, 77, 97
Mari Archives, 32–33
Mark Antony, 241
Mars (deity), 238, 241
Mary (mother of Jesus), 147–48, 152, 217–18, 227–31
Masada (Meṣ adah), 219
Masoretes, Masoretic, 9, 46, 61, 210–11, 250
maṣṣeboth, 49–50
Mattathias, 116
menorah, 187
McDonald, Lee A., 5
Media(n), Medes, 81, 91, 117
Mediterranean, 9–10, 16, 18–19, 23, 31, 39, 42, 54, 79, 82, 92, 104, 111, 115–16, 136, 147, 235, 240, 247, 250
Megiddo: city, 10, 99–109, 264; Battle of, 104
Megillot, 87
Melchisedek (Melki-Ṣedeq), 51, 175
Menander, 126
Mercury (deity), 241
Mesha: King, 59; Stele (Moabite Stone), 59
Meshach, 157–58
Mesopotamia(n), 20, 31–33, 40–41, 51, 54, 77–78, 82, 96, 104, 111
messiah, 8, 69, 96–97, 124, 148, 159, 183, 188, 221, 224–27, 232, 248, 263
Metzger, Bruce, 5, 141, 156
Middle Assyrian Kingdom, 54
Midian(ite), 106
Milcom (Molek), 66
Milliarium Aureum (Golden Milestone), 236–37
Minet el-Beida, 31
Misha’el, 157
Mishnah, 122, 189, 247, 250
Mithraic Mysteries, 219
Moab(ite) (Mo’ab), 59, 76, 222
Moberly, R. W. L., 51
Montana Territory, 108
Monty Python, 61
Moral Letters to Lucilius, 130, 132
Moroccan Quarter (Jerusalem), 168
Morrissey, 86
Moses (Mosheh), 50, 80–81, 100, 227, 232