category boundaries, treated as sharp in everyday speech, 61
category/city analogy, 61–62, 522
category extension: via analogy, 187, 254, 395–400, 402–407; applied to proper nouns, 217–223; as an art, 468; as deep human drive, 64, 216; by Einstein, 465–468, 485–486, 495–496; by Ellenbogen, Gelenk, et al, 463–465; guiding role of language in, 465; horizontal, 463–468; as a kind of refinement, 84; and marking, 254; of number, 439–443, 447–448; from the physical world to the virtual world, 394–400; repeated acts of, 150; as revealing hidden conceptual essences, 200–204, 255, 295, 397–398; unconscious, in me-too’s, 150; vertical, 463–468; of very recent concepts, 130, 402–407; from the virtual world to the physical world, 402–407
category membership: context-dependence of, 58, 185–186; hypothetical courses in, 60, 65, 70; illusion of precision of, 59–60; illusion of uniqueness of, 58, 190, 192, 465–466; as intrinsically blurry, 60; measured by strength of analogousness, 399; necessary and sufficient conditions for, 55, 436; not taught in schools, 60, 65, 126, 127; versus playing a role in an analogy, 399
category systems: building of, as education’s goal, 393; rival, 241, 243
cat’s death, as inappropriate reminding, 157
cause–effect naïve analogy for equations, 410–411; see also operation–result
centrality versus marginality of members of concepts, 57–58
chair, diversity of members of the category, 4, 5, 107
chance favoring the prepared mind, 300
Char (labrador), analogies by, 180
chat room concept, contaminated by thin wall concept, 406
chess, novices’ lack of skill in, 340
Chi, Michelene, 342
Chiflet, Jean-Loup, 97
“child” concepts modifying “parent” concepts, 53–54
children: abstraction by, 41–43; categorization by, 39–43, 45; inferences by, 391; riskily exploring usage patterns of the word “much”, 70; semantic choices made by, 41–43, 270, 273
Chinese language: concepts different from English-language counterparts, 368; Katy’s dream in, 504; “Once bitten, twice shy” in, 105; zeugmas in, 12
Chinese Pythagoras, 221
Chopin, Frédéric, 312; canonized, 221
Chrysippus, 210
chunking: of concepts over one’s lifetime, 50–54; perceptual, and esthetics, 349–352
chunks: in bilingual data base, 372–373, 375; of light, see light quanta
“ciao”: competing with “grazie”, 269; competing with “salve” and “buongiorno”, 45–46
cicada, naïve analogy concerning, 388
“ciel”, vast number of meanings of, as typical, 375, 376
“Cigale et la Fourmi” (La Fontaine), 388
cigarette “melting” in ashtray, 40; as the flip side of chocolates “going up in smoke”, 126
cigarette/penis analogy, 362
“circle”, literal versus metaphorical uses of, 64
circles, non-Euclidean, 498
circular structures in Copycat domain and in real life, 355
circumference/diameter ratio, 498; see also π
cities, blurriness of boundaries of, 62
city, as metaphor for concept, 61–62, 522
clairvoyance in encoding, chimera of, 173–174, 353–354
Claro, Francisco and Isabel, 312–313
classical music, category in the mind of a rock-music lover, 241
classical view of concepts, 13–14, 54–57, 435; see also Rosch, Eleanor
classification versus categorization, 20
cleanliness/morality analogy, 289–290
Clement, Catherine, 436
Clément, Évelyne, 295
clocks, blocks, and rocks, 481
clothing, fringe members of the category of, 528
clouds: covering up details of sabbatical year, 50; how many in the sky?, 57
coal/diamond conceptual unification, 454
coattails, conceptual slippages riding on, 276, 357
cocoons, literal versus metaphorical, 64
coffee: drunk with a fork, 325–326, 383; marked usages of the concept, 185–186, 194, 203, 230; stirred with absurdly thin sticks, 317, 321–322; three stars awarded for, by Guide Michelin, 462
cognitive (anti-)economy, in memory retrieval, 341–344
Cole, K. C., semantic-proximity error by, 275
colloidal particles/hanging lamps analogy, 458
Come on! situations, 42
command languages, as blocks to progress, 252
communism/gravity analogy, 333–334
commutativity of multiplication, 413–416
comparisons of numbers, as analogies, 153–154, 281–282, 285
competition between categories, 260–278, 281
complex numbers: algebraic completeness of, 445; discovery and gradual acceptance of, 442–443; prime numbers generalized to the domain of, 448
compound noun phrase, unparsable, 92
compound words: as names of categories, 86–89; in other languages, 87, 89; as requiring no more cognitive work than simple words, 88
compression of situations to their essences, see essence-spotting
compromise, as potential source of quality, 382
Compton, Arthur Holley, 462, 463
Compton effect, clinching light quanta’s existence, 462
computers: as category-less dunces, 24–25, 369, 374; homey analogies helping people to relate to, 395–400; as revolutionary development, 394–395; as source for naïve analogies to understand the physical world, 402–407
concepts: abstract, rooted in concrete experiences, 28–29, 286–289, 333–337; “in the air”, list of, 128–131; classical view of, 54–57; contrasted with nested boxes, 52; contrasted with physical tools, 132; distance between, imprecision of, 65; of dogs, 178–181; extended via analogy-making, 34–38; halos around, 49–50; implicit boundaries of, 106–109; internal structures of, 50–54; as modified by their “children”, 52–54; non-monolithic nature of, 3–13; order of acquisition of, 54; Platonic, hopefully obeying precise laws, 56; prototype versus exemplar theory of, 57; typical versus atypical, 390–391; unlabeled, 20; zooming in on, 50, 51; see also categories
conceptual blends, see frame blends
conceptual broadening, see category extension
conceptual distinctions, made by different languages, 8–13
conceptual halo centered on specific event, 148–153
conceptual integration networks, 335; see also frame blends
conceptual leaps at high levels of abstraction, 251
conceptual-proximity slippage errors, 224–225, 270–278
conceptual reversal, as subtle step, 249, 356–357, 482–483
conceptual skeletons: analogies between, 354; as mediators of remindings, 30, 143; multiplicity of, for any situation, 162; revealed by caricature analogies, 326–330; verbalized in opaque legalese, 4, 144, 149, 329–330
conceptual slippage, see slippages, conceptual
conceptual spaces, 50; empty beyond a certain point, 119–120; filled with colored blobs, 78–84, 119–123, 132; rapid-fire maneuvers in, 128; see also semantic space
Concorde on pedestal, ambiguous category membership of, 192
concrete concepts: necessary but not sufficient for clear thinking, 329, 419, 424; underpinning abstract analogies, 28–29, 286–289, 333–337
conjunctions, as names of concepts, 55, 70–75, 276
Connes, Alain, 509
conservation: of energy, 472, 479; of mass, 472, 475; of strange mass, 479
constraints as catalyzing creativity, 315, 380–382
containment, concept of, in wartime decisions, 333, 335
contamination: of a date via analogy, 298; of one side of an analogy by another, 359–367,
365; of one’s image of a person by another person, 225; semantic, of division by sharing, 426
content words versus grammatical devices, 76
continuity, concept of, 391–393
conversation: as driven by analogies on many levels, 25–27, 514; as illusory criterion for speaking a language, 61
Copernicus, Nicolas, 44
“copycat”, meaning of the word, 347
Copycat analogies: frame-blending and, 359–360, 363–364; involving aabc, 363–364; involving ace, 353–354; involving dyz, 357, 360; involving iijjkk, 348–350, 353, 359–360; involving mrrjjj, 351–353, 360; involving pqrr, 363–364; involving pqrs, 347; involving tky, 348; involving xyz, 354–358, 360, 371, 477; literal-mindedness in, 348–349, 351, 355, 357–359
Copycat domain: encodings in, 346–349, 353–354; frame-blending in, 358–360, 363–364; nature of, 347
copycat killer, 246–247
cork, pushed inwards instead of pulled outwards, 249–250
cornet/Coronet conflation, 291–292; translation of, into French, 379–380
correlational structure of the world, 345
cosmic sense of unity, Einsteinian, 468, 473, 480, 481, 484, 486, 501
Coulomb’s law of electrical force, 489
counterfactual scenario implicit in “safe beach”, 362
counting: as an intrinsically imprecise activity, 57, 61; used in solving word problems, see mental simulation
couple #1/couple #2 analogy, 514
courses on categorization and quotation-mark usage, 60, 65, 70
Courteline, Georges, 509
creativity: and category extension, 246–254; and conceptual slippage, 186–187; mechanisms of as opposed to recipes for, 251; not teachable in schools, 248; and obsessions, 300–301; stereotype of, 452; supposed inexplicability of, 501; would-be recipes for, 248–249
cross-Channel bounces of lexical items, 122–123
crossed wires, see errors, speech errors
crown/body analogy by Archimedes, 251
crux, see conceptual skeletons, essences
cubic equation: analogy to quadratic equation, 438; broken into 13 types, 439; requiring imaginary numbers, 442; search for formula for, 438–439; unified formula for, thanks to negative numbers, 440
cup recognition as analogy-making, 184
Curie, Marie, 38
curiosity, as evoking caricature analogies, 326–330
curved space-time, 499
“cute cookie, one”, see Doris Day
cutting the world at its “natural” joints, 14, 77, 522–523
Cyprus/Falkland Islands analogy, 332
—D—
dam harming Nubians, me-too analogy triggered by, 151–152
Danny at the Grand Canyon, 159–167, 380–381; as category with highly diverse members, 162–166; see also Hofstadter, Danny
Danny/Dick analogy, 159–167, 171, 172–174
Dante Alighieri, 101, 130, 132
Day, Doris, 75
“de”, broken into two concepts by the English language, 78
dead acronyms, 93
dead end, see impasse
dead metaphors, 64, 93, 98
dean’s dazzling speech error, 261
death: of a friend reminding one of other deaths, 157; of a loved one, altering perceptions of one’s environs, 300
Debye, Peter, 461
decapitalization following pluralization, 218
decision-making, role of analogies in, 330–337
decoding as translation strategy, 368, 370, 373–374
deduction, favored by educators, 393
deep features of situations: invisible to novices, 342; salient for experts, 342–344; supposedly missed by people in analogy-making, 337–340
deep versus shallow analogies, 337–346, 351–357, 375–376, 454–455, 517
deepest clues available, as mediating memory retrieval, 343–344
default assumptions, misleading, 290–293
defense mechanisms, 116–117
Degustibus non est disputandum, see good taste
Delaware of cognition, analogy-making as the, 17
“delete” key/pencil eraser analogy, 399
deliberate search as non-recipe for creativity, 251
Dell, Gary, 259
De Morgan, Augustus, 440–441
Denver, as Frontier Airlines hub, 51–52, 54; picture of, 51
depth as central to analogy-making, remindings, and memory retrieval, 340–346
Descartes, René, 443
desks, material versus immaterial, 200–204, 255, 295, 395, 401; frame blend of, 363
detractors of analogy-making and metaphors, 21–22
diagrams of subtraction word-problems, 432–434
“dialect with an army”, as definition of language, 61
Dick at Karnak, 159–162, 166, 380–381; see also Gutman, Richard
“Dick” ⇒ “Richard” translation, 381
dictionary definitions as opposed to concepts, 3–5
dictionary entries cited in text, 201, 202, 397, 403, 417, 420
Diderot, Denis, 121
differences between analogy-making and categorization, alleged, 503: all the time versus occasional, 505–508; applying to entities versus applying to relations, 517–519; automatic versus voluntary, 513–515; jumping between levels versus making a single-level bridge, 519–522; objective versus subjective, 522–526; reliable versus suspect, 527–529; routine versus creative, 508–510; seeing disparities as desirable versus as undesirable, 515–517; unconscious versus conscious, 510–513
dimensions of space, extended by analogy, 443–444
Dirac, P. A. M., 453, 482
dirtiness/badness analogy, 289–290
disappointment as source of reminding, 169–170
“dis-aster” of sun ceasing to exist, 489–490
discourse flow/savanna chase analogy, 71
discourse space, patterns and categories in, 69–76
“discoverativity” in mathematics and science, 451
disk ejection, naïve analogy for, 401
disk, rotating, pondered by Einstein, 497–498
distance, semantic: as measured by strength of zeugmaticity, 19; as revealed by speech errors, 270–278
distant domains, linked by analogies, 16–17
distillation of episodes, 165, 171–172
distorted recall of math-problem statement, 431
distrusting one’s own analogies, 528
division: as another name for “sharing”, 421, 426; easy versus hard word problems involving, 422–425; as a highly abstract mathematical operation, 448–449; as measuring, 420–426; naïve analogies for relating to, 416–421, 425–426; as necessarily making smaller, 416–420; as possibly making larger, 417; quotative, 420; as sharing, 419–426, 514; of a skyscraper by a floor, 448; word problems illustrating, 416, 422–425
dizzy analogies, 358, 360, 366
“DNA” versus “deoxyribonucleic acid”, 91
dogs: conceptual repertoire of, 178–181; expert knowledge about, 238–240; impressive analogies by, 180; starry sky as seen by, 165; subcategories of, 240; unfamiliar, dealt with by analogy, 23, 508
domain change, in caricature analogies, 321–324, 326
domestic as opposed to wartime decision-making, 337
domino theory in Vietnam War, 333–335, 513
Don’t judge a book by its cover as a category, 102
doors, doorknobs, doorbells, used by analogy, 23, 507, 509, 516
Doppler effect, 469–471
dormitive virtue, 248, 249
dots seen as moons, 44–45
double letters, subjective amount of salience of, 363–364
double referent of “here”, “there”, “that”, 140–143, 148–149
Doug/Monica analogy, 169–171; summarized, 170
down-ness, as relative notion, 491, 497
“dressing” of a math problem as channeling its solution pathway, 430, 434
&nbs
p; “dude, one smart”, as indicative of category of speaker, 75
dump: as example of conceptual extension, 403; as example of marking, 230–231
Duncker, Karl, 250
Dustbuster: brand name, genericized, 217; buttons of, analogy between, 169–170
Dustbuster/subscripts analogy, 169–170, 174
Duvignau, Karine, 39
dyz analogy, see dizzy analogies
—E—
E = mc2, 319, 463; absent from Einstein’s first relativity article, 468; becomes famous, 482; confirmed by particle/antiparticle annhilation experiment, 482; derived by Einstein, 469–471; first appearance of, in 1905, 469, 474; first meaning of, 471, 472; second meaning of, 473–474; subsequent meanings of, 473, 482, 483–485; summary of Einstein’s mental processes in understanding the meaning of, 483–484