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    Exceptional

    Page 29
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      “successful regional power”: President Obama, Interview, NPR, December 29, 2014, http://www.npr.org/2014/12/29/372485968/transcript-president-obamas-full-npr-interview.

      “threat to our security”: Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, “Defense Strategy for the 1990s,” January 1993, p. 8, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/pdf/naarpr_Defense.pdf.

      took force off the table: Tamar Pileggi, “Obama: There Is No Military Option to Stop Iran,” The Times of Israel, June 1, 2015, http://www.timesofisrael.com/obama-a-deal-only-way-to-stop-iran-no-military-option.

      “make more concessions”: “Obama’s False Iran Choice,” Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/obamas-false-iran-choice-1437001404.

      “ballistic-missile attack”: Robert Joseph and Eric Edelman, “Here’s the Difference Between How Obama and Reagan Handled Nuke Negotiations,” National Review, April 3, 2015.

      protect us from attack: Ibid.

      INDEX

      A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

      Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 136–37

      Abu Ghraib prison, 125

      Accountability Review Board: and Benghazi attack, 157

      Acheson, Dean, 46–47, 54, 55, 57, 59

      Adams, John, 4

      Afghan Interim Authority, 103

      Afghan National Security Force (ANSF), 152, 240

      Afghanistan/Afghanistan War

      and al Qaeda/bin Laden, 98, 99, 101–3, 148, 149, 152

      ANSF in, 152, 240

      as base for terrorists, 143

      and Bush (George W.), 101–2, 147–48

      and detention of terrorists, 106

      drawdown plan for, 151–52

      elections of 2012 and, 154

      ending of war in, 131, 147–53, 154, 214

      importance of U.S. involvement in, 101–3

      and Iran, 173–74, 245

      ISIS and, 152, 168, 241

      Karzai as leader in, 103

      Obama and, 3, 131, 143, 147–53, 154, 214, 240

      politics and, 149, 151

      and restoring American power, 240

      Taliban in, 149, 151, 152, 155

      U.S. troop strength in, 148–49, 151–52

      withdrawal of U.S. forces from, 150–52, 214, 240

      Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 175, 182

      Aidid, Mohammed, 96–97

      Air Force, U.S., 234–35

      al Qaeda

      in Afghanistan, 101–3, 148, 149, 152

      in Arabian Peninsula, 137, 155

      and Benghazi attack, 157, 158, 159, 160

      Cheney’s feelings about, 100

      “core,” 155

      decline/demise of, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 240

      and defense spending, 211

      as determined to attack U.S., 137

      and ending wars, 131–32, 133, 137–38, 139, 140, 141, 147, 161

      and increase in terrorism, 154–55

      and interrogation program, 108–9, 131–32, 133

      Iraq and, 98, 99, 111, 112, 115, 118, 139, 140, 141, 161

      list of targets connected to, 98–99

      Obama and, 131–32, 133, 137–38, 139, 140, 141, 143, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154, 156, 158, 161, 240

      in Pakistan, 155

      and presidential authorizations for NSA, 105

      and restoring American power, 238, 239–40

      and September 11 attack, 99–100, 108

      as terrorist threat, 93

      training of members of, 98, 99, 136, 137

      and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258

      and U.S. reductions in Middle East, 211

      weapons of, 93

      See also bin Laden, Osama; specific person or attack

      al Shabaab organization, 155

      al-Sham organization, 155

      al Shifa pharmaceutical plant (Sudan), 98–99

      Albright, Madeleine, 180

      Allen, John, 151

      Ambrose, Stephen, 27

      American Enterprise Institute: Cheney speech at, 134

      American Historical Association, 13

      American Military Institute, 13

      Anami, Korechika, 36

      Andropov, Yuri, 80

      Ansar al Islam, 112

      anthrax, 93

      appeasement

      and Iran, 3, 180–94, 204–5

      Reagan’s comments about, 171, 258

      and restoring American power, 232

      Roosevelt’s comment about, 10

      and Russia, 171, 194–205

      and Soviet-U.S. relations, 59, 85

      Applebaum, Anne, 50

      Appropriations Committee, U.S. House, 211

      Appropriations Committee, U.S. Senate, 210–11

      Arab Spring, 117

      Arab states, 78, 239. See also Middle East; specific state

      Arabian Peninsula: al Qaeda in, 137, 155

      Armed Services Committee, U.S. House, 215

      Armed Services Committee, U.S. Senate, 97, 151, 169, 210, 212

      arms control, 252–53

      Army, U.S.

      Korean War and, 55

      Marshall sworn in as chief of staff of, 11

      need for building and equipping the, 13–16, 28

      and restoring American power, 234–35

      size of, 12–13, 209, 210, 211, 234–35

      in World War II, 12–16, 36

      See also military, U.S.; Rangers, U.S.

      “Arsenal of Democracy,” U.S. as, 2, 10, 19, 251, 258

      Article 5 (NATO defense pact), 53, 249–50

      Ashcroft, John, 104

      Asia

      China’s domination of, 258

      “pivot” to, 214–15, 220–24, 249

      and proliferation of nuclear weapons, 254

      and restoring American power, 254

      and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258

      See also specific nation

      Assad, Bashar al-, 163–64, 165, 186, 239, 242

      Associated Press: Iran story by, 185

      Atkinson, Rick, 25, 39–40

      atomic bombs, 5, 33–35, 36–38, 56, 57, 129

      Atomic Energy Commission, 57

      Atta, Mohammed, 128

      The Audacity of Hope (Obama), 124

      Auschwitz concentration camp, 30

      Austin, Lloyd, 143–44

      Australia, 24, 39, 179, 220–21

      Austria, 11, 43–44, 63–64

      authorizations, NSA, 103–6, 133, 235, 240–41

      Awlaki, Anwar al-, 136

      Aziz, Tariq, 111

      Azm, Amr al-, 165

      B-1 bomber program, 77, 83

      B-52 bomber project, 60

      Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al–, 107, 162, 167

      Baker, James, 91–92

      Baltic states, 203, 204, 220, 249, 250

      Bank Mellat (Iran), 178–79

      Bank Melli (Iran), 179

      Bank Saderat (Iran), 178, 179

      Bank Seph (Iran), 178

      Battle of the Atlantic, 17

      Battle of Britain, 17

      Battle of the Bulge, 5

      Bay of Pigs (Cuba), 63, 64

      BBC, 29

      Ben-Gurion, David, 53

      Benghazi, Libya: attack in, 117–18, 156–61

      Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 30

      Berlin Airlift, 5, 51

      Berlin, Germany

      and Cold War, 63, 65–68

      demonstrations in, 87

      and Khrushchev-Kennedy discussions, 63

      Obama in, 218

      and Reagan at Brandenburg Gate, 85–86

      Berlin Wall, 5, 50–51, 52, 63, 65, 72, 86, 87, 88, 232

      Berns, Walter, 2

      Bevin, Ernest, 49, 52

      Bidault, Georges, 49

      Biddle, Anthony, 12

      Biden, Joseph, 115, 118,
    179

      bin Laden, Osama

      Afghanistan as harboring, 102–3

      capture/death of, 109, 153–54, 156, 214

      declaration of war against U.S. by, 96–98

      documents captured from raid on, 155

      elections of 2012 and, 154

      indictment of, 99

      and interrogation of terrorists, 109, 135

      Obama and, 153–54, 156

      See also al Qaeda

      biological weapons: Iraq and, 114, 219

      The Black Book of Communism, 56

      Blair, Dennis, 132

      Blair, Tony, 109

      Bohlen, Charles, 44

      Boot, Max, 105–6

      Bradley, Omar, 28, 33

      Brandenburg Gate (Berlin)

      Obama speech at, 218

      Reagan speech at, 85–86

      Brennan, John, 132, 137

      Brezhnev, Leonid, 74

      Brown, George, 76

      Brown, Gordon, 182

      Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 180

      Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances (1994), 203, 250

      Budget Control Act (2011), 209–10, 255

      Bullitt, William C., 11–12

      Burns, Bill, 142–43

      Bush, George H. W., 70, 93, 94, 200, 219

      Bush, George W.

      and Afghanistan War, 147

      and authorizations for NSA, 104, 105

      and Guantánamo prisoners, 106

      INF Treaty and, 219

      and Iran, 177, 179

      Iraq War and, 102, 109–12, 113–14, 117, 145

      and nuclear weapons, 216

      and Russia, 195

      September 11 and, 101–2, 105, 119

      and terrorism, 101

      ultimatum to Taliban from, 101–2

      Bush Doctrine, 101

      Cairo, Egypt

      Obama speech (2009) in, 127, 193, 196

      Tahrir Square protest in, 163

      Cambodia, 70

      Campbell, John, 152

      Canada, 52

      capitalism, 45, 124

      Carter, Ashton, 190, 238

      Carter, Jimmy, 76–79, 83

      Castro, Fidel, 63, 67

      Central Command, U.S. (CENTCOM), 97, 147

      Central Europe

      Russia and, 197–98

      See also specific nation

      Ceren, Omri, 189

      Chamberlain, Neville, 11, 193–94

      “Charter 77” manifesto, 75–76

      chemical weapons, 113, 166, 186, 219

      Cheney, Dick

      and authorizations for NSA, 104–5

      and enhanced interrogation methods, 133–35

      and importance of U.S. intelligence, 101

      Makiya visit with, 110

      September 11 memories of, 100

      and Solzhenitsyn-Ford visit, 73–74

      Soviet Union visit of, 92–93

      terrorism comments of, 91, 101

      Chilton, Kevin, 201

      China

      and American leadership and supremacy, 2

      challenges posed by, 220–24

      complexity of U.S. relations with, 246–49

      cyber issues and, 223, 234, 246–47

      and decline in U.S. influence, 224

      defense spending in, 221

      economic cooperation between U.S. and, 248

      and EMP weapons, 224

      as global influence, 224–25

      human rights in, 248

      hypersonic weapons of, 236, 247, 248

      and increase in threats to U.S., 216

      Iran and, 179, 182, 224

      Korean War and, 54, 55–56

      and Libya, 224

      Mao’s policies in, 56

      military force of, 221, 224

      missiles and, 221–22, 224, 247

      and Nixon, 71

      NPT and, 172

      nuclear program in, 172, 217, 218, 224, 247–48, 252

      Obama and, 220–24, 249

      and pivot to Asia, 249

      regional domination by, 212, 222, 233, 247, 248, 249, 258

      and restoring American power, 233, 234, 236, 242, 246–49, 252

      and Russia/Soviet Union, 71, 224

      and space warfare, 223

      and Syria, 224

      technology and, 222–23, 246, 247, 248

      and theft of intellectual property, 248

      as threat to U.S., 242

      UN membership of, 54

      and U.S. defense spending, 212, 233, 234

      and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258

      as world power, 246

      Churchill, Winston, 16–18, 22–23, 38–39, 40

      CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

      and Afghanistan War, 102, 103

      and authorizations for NSA, 104

      Bay of Pigs and, 63

      and Benghazi attack, 157, 158

      and enhanced interrogation program, 132, 133

      Iran coup (1953) and, 180

      Obama and, 133

      and targets connected to al Qaeda, 98

      terrorism and, 107–8

      civil liberties: and authorizations for NSA, 104–6

      Clandestine Service and Counterterrorism Center, CIA, 132

      “Clean Power Plan” (EPA), 237

      Clinton, Bill, 97–98, 99, 116, 180

      Clinton, Hillary

      and Benghazi attack, 156, 158, 159, 160

      and elections of 2008, 112

      on Face the Nation, 163

      Iran and, 182, 183, 184–85

      and Iraq War, 112, 115

      and ISIS in Syria, 163

      New START Treaty and, 200

      and Russia, 195, 200

      U.S. Institute of Peace speech by, 200–201

      Cold War

      American leadership in, 2

      end of, 88, 92, 94

      as example of American exceptionalism, 1

      history of, 88–89

      and isolationism, 59

      leadership in, 89

      and missile technology, 60, 62, 65, 66–67, 71–72

      and nuclear weapons, 56–59, 66, 68, 70, 216, 219

      Obama’s views about, 124, 127, 128, 195–96

      and Russian expansion, 249

      size and structure of U.S. military during, 94

      as story of American leadership, 89

      U.S. role in, 197

      and U.S. as superpower, 91, 242

      See also specific person or nation

      Comey, James, 104

      Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack, 236

      communism

      capitalism compared with, 45

      collapse of, 65, 74, 82, 88

      deaths resulting from, 88

      as doomed to failure, 88

      economic devastation and, 47–48

      expansion of, 62–65

      and Helsinki Accords, 74–75

      Marshall’s views about, 44

      Reagan’s comments about, 43

      religion and, 79–82

      spread of, 44

      Truman’s remarks about, 47–48

      and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258

      See also Soviet Union

      Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA), 183–84

      Conant, James Bryant, 49

      Conference on Security and Co–operation in Europe (1975), 74–75

      Congress, U.S.

      and aid for Greece and Turkey, 47–48

      and authorizations for NSA, 104–5, 235

      and Budget Control Act, 209–10, 255

      Bush (George W.) address about 9/11 to, 119

      Churchill’s address to, 22–23

      defense spending and, 233, 234

      and EMPs, 236

      and HIG, 136

      Iran and, 183, 184

      Iraq and, 116

      Lincoln’s address to, 257

      and military reductions, 235

      partisan gridlock in, 225–26

      and readiness requirements, 234

      and restoring American power, 2
    33, 234, 235

      and Soviet Union as threat to U.S., 170

      and Syria issues, 165

      and Vietnam, 69

      See also specific committee

      containment policy, 45–46

      Council of Europe, 88

      Crimea, 202, 203, 204, 212

      Crocker, Ryan, 117, 131, 138–39, 140–41, 161–62, 169–70

      Cuba, 63–64, 65

      Cuban Missile Crisis, 63–64, 67–68

      Curtin, John, 39

      cyber issues, 216, 223–24, 234, 235–36, 246–47, 255

      Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic

      and “Charter 77” manifesto, 75–76

      and Cold War, 68

      German invasion of, 11

      human rights in, 76

      Marshall Plan and, 49–50

      and missiles, 126, 197, 198–99, 250

      Munich Agreement and, 194

      as NATO member, 53

      Obama’s comments about, 126

      Obama’s visit to, 126

      opposition movements in, 68

      D-Day (June 1944), 6, 26–30, 31–32, 40

      de Gaulle, Charles, 54

      Defense Department, U.S.

      and Afghanistan War, 147

      defense spending and, 233–34

      and Guantánamo, 106

      and list of targets connected to al Qaeda, 98

      New Start Treaty and, 217

      Quadrennial Defense Reviews by, 213

      and readiness requirements list, 234

      Regional Defense Strategy of, 94–95, 248

      and restoring American power, 233–34, 235, 237, 251

      Russia-NATO threats and, 250

      and security objective for U.S., 242

      and September 11 bombing of Pentagon, 99–100, 105, 119

      and size and structure of U.S. military, 94, 234, 235

      “two-war” strategy and, 213

      U.S. missile system and, 251

      U.S. nuclear program and, 237

      Defense Department, U.S, See also defense spending, U.S.; specific person

      defense spending, U.S.

      and Iran, 184

      Obama and, 138, 208–15, 221, 225–26, 233

      Reagan and, 83, 84

      reductions in, 138, 233, 237–38

      and restoring American power, 233–34, 235, 237–38, 255

      technology and, 235

      Dempsey, Martin, 168, 190, 216

      Denmark, 52, 204

      détente policy, 71–72, 73, 82

      detention, of terrorists, 106–7, 241

      diplomacy

      military force and, 254–55

      and restoring American power, 254–55

      Dobrynin, Anatoly, 74

      Doherty, Glen, 156

      domestic spending, U.S., 208, 225, 237

      Doran, Michael, 191

      Dost, Abdul Rahim Muslim, 107

      Downing, Wayne, 97

      Dubai (United Arab Emirates): Iranian-Khan representative meeting in, 171–72, 192

      Duelfer, Charles, 110–11

      Dunford, Joseph, 211

      Dunkirk (1940), 16–17

      Early, Steve, 32

      Eastern Europe

      collapse of communism in, 87–88

     


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