8 OWLS AND ARTISTS
1 Jacques Combe, Jheronimus Bosch (London, 1946), p. 10.
2 Ibid., p. 21.
3 Wilhelm Fraenger, Hieronymus Bosch (Amsterdam, 1999), p. 201.
4 Mario Bussagli, Bosch (New York, 1967), p. 10.
5 Fraenger, Hieronymus Bosch, p. 44.
6 Herbert Read, Hieronymus Bosch (London, 1967), p. 5.
7 Fraenger, Hieronymus Bosch, p. 116.
8 Colin Eisler, Dürer’s Animals (Washington, DC, 1991), pp. 83–5.
9 Mario Salmi et al., The Complete Works of Michelangelo (London, 1966), fig. 91, p. 119.
10 Philip Hofer, The Disasters of War by Francisco Goya (New York, 1967), a reproduction in its entirety of the first edition of Goya’s Los Desastres de la Guerra (1863) published by the Real Academia de Nobles Artes de San Fernando. Plate 73: Gatesca pantomima.
11 Vivien Noakes, Edward Lear, 1818–1888 (London, 1985), plate 10g, pp. 27 and 86.
12 David Duncan Douglas, Viva Picasso (New York, 1980), pp. 86–7.
13 Gertje R. Utley, Picasso: The Communist Years (New Haven, CT, 2000), p. 160, fig. 130.
14 Evelyn Benesch et al., René Magritte: The Key to Dreams (Vienna, 2005), p. 168.
15 David Sylvester, René Magritte, Catalogue Raisonné (London, 1993), vol. II, p. 340.
16 Silvano Levy, personal communication, 29 October 2008.
17 Dorothy C. Miller, Americans, 1942 (New York, 1942), p. 56.
18 Krystyna Weinstein, The Owl in Art, Myth, and Legend (London, 1985), p. 59.
9 TYPICAL OWLS
1 Gordon Lynn Walls, The Vertebrate Eye (New York, 1967), p. 212.
2 Pellets are available from pelletsinc.com or pellet.com or pelletlab.com in Washington State; owlpellets.com in California; owlpelletkits.com in New York State.
3 Aristotle, Historia Animalium, trans. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (Oxford, 1910), vol. IV, p. 609.
4 C. Pliny Secundus, The Naturall Historie (London, 1635), Tome I, Bk 10, ch. XVII, p. 277.
5 Ann Payne, Medieval Beasts (London, 1990), p. 73.
APPENDIX
1 Conrad Gesner, Icones Avium (Zürich, 1560), pp. 14–17.
2 Ulyssis Aldrovandi, Opera Omnia (Bologna, 1638–68), Libri XII, Ornithologiae (1646) pp. 498–570.
Bibliography
Armstrong, Edward, The Life and Lore of the Bird (New York, 1975)
——, The Folklore of Birds (London, 1958)
Backhouse, Frances, Owls of North America (Richmond Hill, ON, 2008)
Berger, Cynthia, Owls (Mechanicsburg, PA, 2005)
Breese, Dilys, Everything You Wanted to Know About Owls (London, 1998)
Bunn, D. S. et al., The Barn Owl (Calton, Staffs, 1982)
Burton, J. A., Owls of the World (London, 1984)
Cenzato, Elena and Fabio Santopietro, Owls: Art, Legend, History (New York, 1991)
Clair, Colin, Unnatural History (New York, 1967)
Everett, M. J., A Natural History of Owls (London, 1977)
Grossman, Mary Louise and John Hamlet, Birds of Prey of the World (London, 1965) Gruson, Edward S., A Checklist of the Birds of the World (London, 1976)
Holmgren, Virginia C., Owls in Folklore and Natural History (Santa Barbara, CA, 1988)
Hume, Rob, Owls of the World (Limpsfield, Surrey, 1991)
Johnsgard, P. A., North American Owls – Biology and Natural History (Washington, DC, 1988)
Kemp, A. and S. Calburn, The Owls of Southern Africa (Cape Town, 1987)
Konig, Claus and Friedhelm Weick, Owls of the World (London, 2008)
Konig, Claus, Friedhelm Weick and J.-H. Becking, Owls: A Guide to the Owls of the World (New Haven, CT, 1999)
Long, Kim, Owls, a Wildlife Handbook (Boulder, CO, 1998)
Lynch, Wayne, Owls of the United States and Canada (Baltimore, MD, 2007)
Medlin, Faith, Centuries of Owls in Art and the Written Word (Norwalk, CT, 1968)
Mikkola, Heimo, Owls of Europe (London, 1983)
Peeters, Hans, A Field Guide to Owls of California and the West (Berkeley, CA, 2007)
Scholz, Floyd, Owls (Mechanicsurg, PA, 2001)
Shawyer, Colin, The Barn Owl (London, 1994)
——, The Barn Owl in the British Isles: Its Past, Present and Future (London, 1987)
Sparks, John and Tony Soper, Owls: Their Natural and Unnatural History (New York, 1970)
Taylor, Iain, Barn Owls (Cambridge, 2004)
Voous, Karel H., Owls of the Northern Hemisphere (London, 1988)
Weick, Friedhelm, Owls Strigiformes: Annotated and Illustrated Checklist (Berlin, 2006)
Weinstein, Krystyna, The Owl in Art, Myth, and Legend (London, 1990)
Associations and Websites
THE AUSTRIAN BARN OWL PROJECT
www.schleiereule.at/english/englframe.html
A project to protect the barn owl in Austria.
BANGALORE BARN OWL CONSERVATION GROUP
www.bangalorebarnowl.com/barnowl.php
THE BARN OWL CENTRE OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE
www.barnowl.co.uk/
BOCN – THE BARN OWL CONSERVATION NETWORK
www.bocn.org/
A UK network of specialist voluntary advisors, working to help this species by promoting a nationwide habitat creation scheme.
THE BARN OWL CONSERVATION TRUST
www.barnowl.co.uk/
THE BARN OWL TRUST
www.barnowltrust.org.uk/
The Trust is at the centre of Barn Owl conservation in the UK.
BURROWING OWL CONSERVATION SOCIETY OF BC:
http://burrowingowlbc.org/
Based in British Columbia, Canada.
BURROWING OWL PRESERVATION SOCIETY:
Based in California.
COTSWOLD OWL RESCUE TRUST
www.owlrescue.supanet.com/
A conservation project to ensure a healthy gene pool.
HEREFORD OWL RESCUE
www.herefordowlrescue.co.uk/
A centre that looks after any owl that is in danger or unwanted.
THE HUNGRY OWL PROJECT
www.hungryowl.org/
Started in 2002, The Hungry Owl Project (HOP) is based in Marin County, California. Its mission is to reduce the need for harmful pesticides by encouraging natural predators and by providing a resource of help and information on alternative methods of sustainable pest management.
INTERNATIONAL OWL SOCIETY
www.international-owl-society.com/
Provides a worldwide forum for all those interested in owls.
THE OWL FOUNDATION
www.theowlfoundation.ca/
A conservation organization that operates a centre for the rehabilitation of Canadian Owl species, and the behavioural observation of permanently damaged wild owls in a breeding environment.
OWL HALL OF FAME
www.globalowlproject.com/
The Global Owl Project (GLOW) proposes a multi-year, worldwide project to resolve aspects of taxonomy and conservation for the world’s owls.
THE OWL PAGES
www.owlpages.com/
An Australian website that disseminates information on all aspects of owls.
OWL RESCUE
www.owlrescue.co.uk/
A one-stop source of information on the subject of owls.
WILD OWL
www.wildowl.co.uk/
Owl conservation project started in the spring of 2006.
WORLD OF OWLS
www.worldofowls.com/
A Northern Ireland centre working to ensure the survival of owls throughout the world.
WORLD OWL TRUST
www.owls.org/ and www.worldowltrust.org/
Leading the world in owl conservation, a trust whose primary aim is to ensure the survival of all species of the world’s owls, promoting scientific research, habitat creation and restoration. Headquarters: World Owl Centre, Muncaster Castle, Ravenglass, Cumbria CA18 1RQ: www.muncaster.co.uk/world-owl-
centre
Photo Acknowledgements
The author and publishers wish to express their thanks to the below sources of illustrative material and/or permission to reproduce it. (Some information not placed in the captions for reasons of brevity is also given below.)
Illustration © ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 2009: p. 132; from Eleazar Albin, Natural History of Birds (London, 1731): p. 6; from Andrea Alciati, Emblemata (Paris, 1584): p. 61; from Ulysses Aldrovandus, Ornothologia, Book VIII, from Opera Omnia (Bologna, 1656): pp. 149, 153, 191 (right); photo © Arte & Immagini srl/CORBIS: p. 171; photo Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Ardea.com: p. 155; author’s collection: pp. 8, 22 (foot), 24, 30, 46, 50, 58, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 94, 95, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110 (FOOT), 135, 149, 153, 191; photo J. Bain: p. 57; photo © NCBateman1/BigStockPhoto: p. 159; photo Elizabeth Bomford/Ardea.com: p. 156; British Museum, London (photos © Trustees of the British Museum): pp. 19, 40; reproduced by permission of the artist (Claudia at Frith Street Tattoo, London) and Linsay Trerise: p. 110 (top); photo Tom Cooker: p. 146 (foot); photo Jerry DeBoer: p. 172; photo Mike Debreceni: p. 184; photo David Duncan Douglas: p. 127; photo Thomas Dressler/Ardea.com: p. 142; reproduced by kind permission of the artist (Tom Duimstra): p. 135; reproduced by kind permission of the Edmonton Summer Universiade Committee: p. 72; photo Jonker Fourie: p. 136; Galleria Delvecchio, Toronto: p. 33 (top right); by kind permission of Girlguiding UK: p. 69; photos courtesy Glasgow University Library (Department of Special Collections): pp. 61, 62, 63; from John Gould, The Birds of Great Britain, vol. IV (London, 1873): pp. 195 (right), 197 (left), Graphisches Sammlung Albertina, Vienna: p. 118; photos Doak Heyser: p. 32; photo © Holger Hollemann/epa/Corbis: p. 146 (top); photo John and Karen Hollingsworth/US Fish and Wildlife Service: p. 142; photo © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS: p. 47; photo © karmaamarande/BigStock-Photo: p. 163; photo Albert W. Kerr: p. 169; reproduced by kind permission of Monika Kirk: p. 111; photo Rolf Kopfle/Ardea.com: p. 154; photo © madscotsman/BigStockPhoto: p. 141; from Saverio Manetti, Ornithologia Methodice Digesta atque Iconibus Aeneis, vol. I (Florence, 1767): pp. 195 (left), 197 (right), 199; photo © Mary Evans Picture Library: p. 44; reproduced by kind permission of Leeds City Council: pp. 74, 75 (top); reproduced by permission of the artist (Andrew Mass): p. 71; photos © Toby Melville/ Reuters/Corbis: pp. 83, 84; photo Stefan Meyers/Ardea.com: p. 178; from Georgette de Montenay, Emblematum Christianorum centuria (Zurich, 1584): p. 63; Musée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon: p. 43; Musée du Louvre, Paris: p. 25; Musée Municipal, Saint-Germain-en-Laye: p. 112; Museé Picasso, Antibes: p. 130; Museé Picasso, Paris: p. 129; Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels: p. 132; Museo degli Argenti, Florence: p. 171; Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán, Lambayeque, Peru: p. 33 (top left); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: p. 20 (top); Museum of Modern Art, New York (digital image © 2009 The Museum of Modern Art, New York/Scala, Florence): p. 134; reproduced by kind permission of Nagoya City Archive: p. 75 (middle); photo Michael A. Pancier: p. 158; from Guillaume de la Perrière, Morosophie (Lyons, 1553): p. 62; courtesy Christopher Pinney: p. 49; Prado Museum, Madrid: pp. 113, 114, 115; private collection: p. 126; Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC, Canada: p. 99; photo Nigel Pye: p. 152; photo © Neil Rabinowitz/Corbis: p. 98; photo Sid Roberts/Ardea.com: p. 160; Basilica di San Lorenzo, Florence: p. 120; reproduced by kind permission of Sheffield Wednesday Football Club: p. 73 (foot); © The Estate of E. H. Shepard, reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Group Ltd., London: p. 89; photo Michel Sima: p. 128; © Succession Picasso/DACS 2009: pp. 126, 127, 128, 129, 130; photo by Terras Photography <www.terrasphotography.co.uk>: p. 55; University Library, Cambridge: p. 9; photo © wallbanger/BigStockPhoto: p. 147; photo M. Watson/Ardea.com: p. 165; Werner Forman Archive: p. 99; © West Baffin Eskimo Co-operative Ltd, Cape Dorset, Nunavut, Canada: pp. 105, 106, 107; photo Stephen White, courtesy Jay Jopling/White Cube (London) – © Tracey Emin, all rights reserved, DACS 2009: p. 138; from George Wither, A Collection of Emblemes, Ancient and Moderne: quickened with metricall Illustrations, both morall and divine. . . (London, 1635): pp. 46, 65, 66, 67, 68; photos Jim Zipp/Ardea.com: pp. 164, 182; photos © Zoological Society of London: pp. 195, 197, 199.
Index
aborigines 97
Acheron 26
Aesop 77
Africa 93–6, 94, 95, 136, 137, 142 for African tribes see also Balozi, Kikuyu, Kuba, Songye for African countries see also Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Egypt, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya
African Scops owl 142
Ainu 57–8, 57
Alciati, Andrea 60–63, 61
Alberta 72
Albin, Eleazar 6
Aldrovandus, Ulysses 149, 149, 153, 190, 191
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 85, 86
American Indian 32, 36, 97–105, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104
Andaman Islands 190–91 Andros Island barn owl see Bahaman great owl
Angola 96, 110 see also Chockwe
Apache see Native American tribes
Aris, Fred 134–5
Aristophanes 21, 25
Aristotle 168
Ascalaphus 26,26–7
Ashevak, Kenojuak 105–8, 105, 106, 107
Asia 48–51, 57–8, 96–7 see also Ainu, Andaman Islands, China, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia
Athene 19, 21, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27
Athens 21, 23–5, 65, 68, 80, 82
Australia 97
Babylon 18–19
Bahaman barn owl see Bahaman great owl
Bahaman great owl 186–7
Balgonie Castle, Fife 55
Balozi 95
Barcelona 70
Barlow, Francis 170
barn owl 7, 19, 93–5, 112, 113–16, 119, 148, 152, 154, 186–7, 190–91, 191
Bernard, Wally 100
bestiary 9, 41, 168–9
Bible 39–40
Bordeaux 92
Bosch, Hieronymus 111–17, 112, 113, 114, 115
breeding 143, 162–6, 181, 191
Brittany 92
Brownies 69–70
Brown Owl (Brownie leader) 69–70, 69
Bubi 181
‘Burney Plaque’ see Queen of the Night
burrowing owl 143, 159, 184
burung hantu 96
butterflies 165, 166
Caddo see Native American tribes
Cajun see Native American tribes
Cameroon 93
Caprichos, Los (Goya) 121–3
Carroll, Lewis 86
Catawba see Native American tribes
Celebes (Sulawesi) 96–7
Chamberlain, Neville 187
Chauvet Cave 14, 15
Cherokee see Native American tribes
Chickcharnie 186–7
China 29–31, 30, 96
Chockwe 95
Choctaw see Native American tribes
Church of San Lorenzo 119–21, 120
classification 190–91
Collection of Emblemes, A see Withers, George
Columbus Owls (ice hockey team) 73
Columella 27
Congo Bay owl 95, 176
Congo, Democratic Republic of 110
conservation 95, 175–7, 191
Corinth 25–6
Cornwall, Barry 81–2
Creek see Native American tribes
Crimea 84, 86
Cromwell, Oliver 47–8, 47
crow 7, 56, 78–9, 150, 180
Dayton Owls (ice hockey team) 73
Disasters of War, The (Goya) 123–4
Djehuty-nekht 20
Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic 16, 16
Duggan, Mike 109–10
Duimstra, Tom (‘tom d’) 135–7
Dürer, Albrecht 111, 117–19, 118, 169–70
eagle owl 57, 90, 147, 148, 155, 179–81, 190
ears 132–3, 149–51
Edward VII 72
Egypt 19–21, 20, 22, 26, 73, 124, 134
elf owl 181–3, 182
Emblematum Liber (Alciati) 60
Emin, Tracey 137–8, 138
Eskimo see Native American Tribes
Eurasian eagle owl 90, 179–80, 178
evil 8–9, 27, 31, 39, 41–5, 48, 57–9, 64, 93–5, 97, 100, 101, 116, 117, 123, 133, 175
Eye Goddess, Mesopotamian 23
eyes 46–7, 57, 70, 95, 144–8
Fables of Bidpai see Panchatantra
Finland 180–81
flightless owl 186–7
Florence 119–20, 170
France 12–17, 92
Garuda 78
Gay, John 80
Germany 37–8, 92
Gesner, Conrad 190, 191
giant owl see Eurasian eagle owl
Girl Guides see Brownies
God of Thunder 31
Goya, Francisco 121–4, 122, 123, 131
Grand Rapids Owls (ice hockey team) 73
Grandville, J. J. 53 see also La Fontaine, Jean de
Graves, Morris 133–4, 134
great grey owl 71–2, 90–91
great horned owl 13–14, 14, 72, 161, 164, 172
Greece 21–7, 21, 22, 25, 26
grey owl 147
Guinea Bissau 110
Halloween 45
Harry Potter (Rowling) 90–91, 181
Hedwig, see Harry Potter
Helsinki 180–81
Historia Animalium (Aristotle) 168
Hoot (film) 175–6, 177
Hopi see Native American Tribes
Hortus Sanitatus 35–6
hunting 54, 92, 95, 108, 140, 143, 150–61, 152, 173, 179, 181–3, 185
hieroglyphs 19, 20, 22
India 9, 48–51, 49, 50, 78
Indonesia 96
Ireland 92–3
Ivory Coast 110
Japan 47, 75
Jonson, Ben 35
Jordan 110
Kenya 95
Kikuyu 95
Kingwatsiak, Iyola 107, 108
Kirk, Monika 110–11
Korea 96
Kuba 95
Kuna see Native American tribes
Kwakiutl see Native American tribes
La Fontaine, Jean de 52, 53, 54, 79
Lakshmi 48–51, 49
Lakota see Native American tribes
La Perrière, Guillaume de 62, 63–4
La Viña cave, Spain 16
Lear, Edward 86–8, 87, 88
Leeds 73–75, 74, 75
Lei-gong 31