free speech 91
Grindal 112–13
lack of heir 50, 75, 190–1, 230, 247
marriage negotiations/Anjou match 75–6, 82, 98, 118, 121, 125, 130–1, 134–5, 137, 139–41, 147–51, 154, 160, 242, 244, 245
Mary Stuart 213–14, 219–29, 242, 247
money to Anjou for Netherlands 150, 162
piety of 249–50
Protestantism 33–4
Robert Dudley 51, 92–4, 135–6, 235, 239
secret peace talks 205
Spain 56–7
supremacy bill 37
self-preservation 87
Pope Gregory XIII 105
principle of divine right 90
seizure of Spanish gold 56, 61
the church 92, 108, 128–9, 194–5
Emerson, Ralph 184–5
English New Testament 9
English Reformation see Reformation, the
English seminaries abroad 105–6, 116, 129–30, 132, 142, 161, 163–4, 208
Esmé Stuart, Seigneur d’Aubigny 94, 141, 162, 163, 166–8, 120–1, 162, 181, 206
evangelicals 3, 11, 12, 13, 17–18, 89, 127, 241
exiles 103
Farnese, Allesandro (Alexander), Duke of Parma 119, 141, 151, 162, 172, 176, 197, 198, 204, 208, 231, 233, 237
Fénélon, La Mothe 167
Ferrabosco, Alfonso 138
Field, John 64, 73
Field of the Cloth of Gold 6
First Blast of the Trump Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, The 29
Fisher, Bishop John 7
Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, James 122–3
Flodden, battle of 6
Forster, Sir John 165
Fortescue, Sir John 16
Fowler, William 168–9
Foxe, John 26, 27, 49, 66, 73, 110
France ix, 2, 46, 47–9, 50, 57, 73, 77–8, 90, 114, 116, 122, 124, 132, 157, 168, 188, 203, 209, 228, 229, 252
Francis, duc d’Anjou 117–19, 125–6, 130, 134–5, 136, 139, 141, 147–51, 154, 160, 161–2, 164, 197
Francis I of France 42
Francis II of France 46, 50
Galpin, George 178
Gardiner, Stephen (Bishop of Winchester) 15–16, 20, 30
Gates, Geoffrey 13
Gates, Sir John 12, 13
General and Rare Memorials Pertaining to the Perfect Arts of Navigation, The 242
Geneva 92, 109, 131, 247, 251
Geneva Bible 109–110
George, Duke of Clarence 88
Gerard, Balthazar 179–80
Gifford, Gilbert 208–10
Gloriana myth 85–6, 243
Golden Hind 143, 145
Gorboduc 153, 243
Gowrie, Earl of 167–8
Great Fire of London 3, 240
Gray, Patrick 206–7
Grey, Catherine 87–8
Grey, Lady Jane 19
Grindal, Edmund (Archbishop of Canterbury) 26, 56, 99, 108–9, 112, 128, 192, 242
Gualter, Rudolph 35, 36–7, 44
and letters to Elizabeth Tudor 36–7
Guises, the 46–7, 58, 60, 65, 75, 77, 79, 118, 162, 163, 166, 167, 176, 184, 186, 203, 206, 208, 209, 235
Hakluyt, Richard 241
Hall, Hugh 172
Hapsburg Empire 21
and war with France 23
Harrison, Thomas 138
Hasler, P.W. (historian of parliament) 39
Hastings, Henry (Earl of Huntingdon) 88
Hatton, Sir Christopher 144, 158–9, 177, 181, 194, 196, 198, 204, 221, 225, 240
Hawkins, John 71
Henri, duc d’Anjou 75, 76, 98, 100, 117
Henry, Lord Cobham 136
Henry II of France 46
Henry III of France 117–18, 124–6, 145, 148–9, 161, 162, 167, 176, 197, 203, 209, 230, 235
Henry VII 50
Henry VIII ix, xi, 6, 8–12, 13, 27, 29, 42, 44, 87, 92
Henry of Navarre 79, 118, 125–6, 209, 235
Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond 4
heresy 9, 103–4, 130
History of the most renowned and victorious Princess Elizabeth x
Hooker, Richard 103
Horsey, Edward 40–1, 48
as adventurer-pirate 41
as patron of Calvinist clergy 41
and Dudley plot 40
Howard, Catherine 7
Howard, Henry 169, 177–8
Howard, Lord Admiral Charles 225, 233, 236
Howard, Thomas 22, 66, 68, 71
Huguenot(s) 41, 42, 47, 54, 79–83, 118, 124, 125–6, 163, 230, 235
and Edict of Saint-Germain 46–7
Hullier, John 31
Humphrey, Dr Laurence 115
Institution of the Christian Religion 17, 153
Ireland 100, 120, 122–3, 134, 145, 152
Islam 54, 78, 106
James, Earl of Moray 59, 120
James V of Scotland 50
James VI of Scotland 53, 120–1, 162, 165–8, 170, 191, 206–7, 219, 229–30
James Douglas (Earl of Morton) 120–1
Jesuits 49, 105, 116, 143, 152–3, 158–60, 163, 181, 184, 192, 208
Jewel, John (Bishop of Salisbury) 25, 36, 52
Kelly, Edward 242
Kent, Earl of 222
King’s College, Cambridge 13–14
Kingston, Sir William 6
Knollys, Francis 38, 39, 248
Knox, John 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 41, 50–1
Latimer, Hugh (Bishop of Worcester) 14
Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity 103
Leclerc, Nicolas (Sieur de Courcelles) 169
Leicester’s Commonwealth 183–4, 185, 187
London, Bishop of 64
Lords of the Congregation see Calvinism/Calvinists
Lorraine, Cardinal of 50
Low Countries 76, 80, 90, 115, 118, 126, 132, 134–5, 145, 178, 200–1, 230, 233 see also Netherlands
Lussault, Mathurin 1
Luther, Martin 9, 14
Lutheranism 17
Maitland, John 228
Man, John 73–4
Manucci, Jacomo 125
Manwood, Sir Roger 129
Margaret of Austria 55
Marian appointees 34
Marian exiles and persecution 28, 31, 108
Marian statute 131
Marvell, Andrew x
Mary of Guise 29, 50
Mary Queen of Scots/Mary Stuart ix, xi, 48, 54, 58, 61–2, 65–7, 70, 78–9, 85, 90, 93, 116, 120, 124, 141, 162–5, 169–70, 175–6, 177, 179–82, 184, 191, 203, 206–7, 209, 211–13, 227, 228, 34, 247, 248
as claimant to English throne 50–1
as hope of Catholics 57
Bothwell 52–3
Casket Letters 59–60
death of 219–29
imprisonment of 53, 67
marriage plans for 66, 69, 87
Mary Tudor xii, 19–24, 29, 30, 31–2, 33, 34, 40, 66, 73, 75
Mayne, Cuthbert 129, 130, 132, 157
Medina-Sidonia, Duke of 236
Mendoza, Bernardino de 127, 143, 149, 151, 163, 164–5, 169, 172–7, 187, 208, 233
Merchant Venturers 114, 178, 241
Mildmay, Sir Walter 12–13, 90, 152–3, 158
Milton, John 27
Monson, Robert 131
Moody, Michae 202–3, 220–1
Mont, Christopher 53
More, Sir Thomas 7, 10
Morgan, Thomas 180, 184, 187, 209
Morton, Earl of 134, 162
Mr Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth xi
Murray (Scottish regent) 65
Musculus, Wolfgang 73
Netherlands 100, 124, 128, 136, 138, 128, 149–51, 196, 197, 203–4, 211, 235–6, 252
Neville, Edmund 181
New Testament translation (Laurence Tomson) 109
Newhaven Venture 48–9
Norfolk, Duke of 61–2, 66–7, 70, 177
Norreys, Sir John 199
Norris, Sir Henry 75, 95
Northern Rebellion 67, 69, 124, 177
Northumberland, Duke of 20, 62, 67–8, 175
Norton, Thomas 66, 153–4, 156–7, 159, 160–1, 174–5, 242, 243, 246–7
Oxford, Earl of 186
Pacification of Ghent (1577) 119
Padua 25, 30–1
Paget, Charles 184, 187, 208
Paget, Lord 175
papacy, the ix, 44–6
Pope Gregory XIII (Ugo Boncompagni) 78, 80, 105, 116–17, 122, 124, 175, 180
Pope Pius IV 44
Pope Pius V (Antonio Ghislieri, Grand Inquisitor) ix, 45, 49, 104, 122
Pope Sixtus V 231
papal bulls/directives 45–6, 129
Regnans in Excelsis 45, 69, 104, 154
Paris 2, 43, 46–8, 77–80, 118, 149, 164, 167, 170, 186, 196, 209, 228
and St Bartholomew’s Massacre 79–83
Parker, Matthew (Archbishop of Canterbury) 73, 108
Parliament 35–7, 39, 111, 151, 155, 156, 191
House of Commons 12, 39, 91, 112, 156, 157–8, 194, 246
and policies of concern 39
Protestant representation in 35–7
Parry, William 180, 182–3, 191–2
Paulet, Sir Amias 182, 206, 213, 221
Percy, Henry (Earl of Northumberland) 177–8
Persons, Robert 141, 163, 184, 186
Phelippes, Thomas 210
Philip II of Spain ix–x, 21–3, 47, 34–5, 51–6, 71, 74, 78, 86, 105, 116–17, 119, 122, 124, 126–7, 131, 138, 143, 145, 149–50, 162–3, 166, 175–7, 179–81, 197–9, 203, 205, 218, 230–3, 236
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536–7) 67, 110
Pole, Reginald 30
Poley, Robert 210–11
Politique Discourses 138
Posset, John (Bishop of Winchester) 25
prayer book 104, 193
Edwardian (1552) 28, 56
Elizabeth’s 64
English 14
Puritan version of 110, 114
Prayer Book Rebellion (1549) 110
Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation 241
prophesyings, suppression of 110–13, 131
Protestant league 98
Protestant refugees 23–8, 33–4
Protestantism ix, xii, 3, 18, 33–5, 46, 50, 62, 90, 92, 98, 103–104, 115, 116, 120, 188, 206, 208, 209, 224, 230, 241, 249, 250, 252
Puritans/Puritanism xii, 28, 41, 63, 66, 89, 95, 99, 106–7, 109, 129, 130, 132, 130, 149, 152, 155, 156, 157–8, 189, 193, 194–5, 211, 224, 240, 242, 248–9, 250
Radcliffe, Egrement 138
Randolph, Thomas 226
Read, Conyer xi
Recusancy Act 155–6
recusants/recusancy 106, 155, 158–9, 185, 208–9
Reformation 11–12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 28, 50, 77, 106, 107, 122, 238
Revelation, Book of 27
Ridley, Nicholas 14, 15–16, 21, 31
Ridolfi, Roberto 68–73, 76, 104, 122, 124 see also conspiracies
Rizzio, David 52
Rogers, Thomas aka Nicolas Berden 188
Rome 43–5, 69, 92, 116, 122, 131, 132, 143, 180, 251
Ross, Bishop of 70, 71
Russell, Francis (Earl of Bedford) 30, 34–5
St Bartholomew’s Massacre 2, 79–83, 85, 90, 95, 103, 118, 124, 252
St Giles, Cripplegate 41, 64–5
St Mary Aldermanbury 3, 41
St Paul’s Cathedral 3, 239
Sackville, Thomas 243
Sandys, Edwin (Bishop of Winchester) 33, 34
Santa Cruz, Marquis of 231, 234, 236
Savage, John 208, 210
Scambler, Edmund (Bishop of Peterborough) 92–3
Scotland 6, 43, 50, 52, 57, 61–2, 120, 121–2, 141, 162–4, 168, 169–71, 183, 206–7, 228–30
Scriptorum Illustrium Maioris Britanniae Catalogus 26
Sebastian, King of Portugal 117, 123
Seymour, Edward (Duke of Somerset) 12, 13
Seymour, Henry (Vice-Admiral) 238
Seymour, Thomas 12
Shakespeare 18, 238, 252
Sharington, William 13
Shelley, William 175
Shephard’s Calendar, The 141
Shrewsbury, Earl of 72, 162, 182, 209, 222, 248
Sidney, Philip 138, 171, 183, 216–17, 239, 240, 242, 244–5
Singleton, Hugh 141
Sledd, Charles 142–3, 160
Smith, Sir Thomas 48, 78, 89
Somerville/Somerfield, John 172
Spain ix, 53–7, 61, 68, 74, 76–7, 86, 100, 114, 121–2, 138, 145, 149–50, 153, 157, 168, 178, 197, 228, 229–31
Spanish Armada x, 85, 179, 183, 230–1, 235–6
Spanish Inquisition 22, 103, 194
Spenser, Edmund xi, 240, 242
Stafford, Sir Edward 166, 180, 185–7, 196, 201, 220
Stafford, William 203, 220–1, 228, 233
Standen, Anthony 233–4
state censorship 241–2
States General /United Netherlands 197–9, 204, 236
Stewart, Robert (messenger) 42
Stubbe, John 130–1, 140–1, 148, 156, 160, 242, 244
Stukeley, Thomas 122–3, 124, 134, 138
Sturmius, John 89, 131–2
Sussex, Earl of 100, 138, 144
Tamworth, John 25
Tankerville, Alice 7
Throckmorton, Francis 169, 172–5, 177 see also conspiracies
Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas 19–20, 41–2, 47–9, 169
Tower of London 6–7, 10, 16, 20, 31, 111, 138, 143, 157, 160–1, 173–5, 177, 181, 226
treason, penalties for 155
Treason Act (1351) 160
treaties of Nonsuch 198
Treaty of Berwick 207
Treaty of Blois 78, 82
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 47–8, 54
Tregian, Francis 129
Tuscany, Duke of 233
Tyndale, William 9
Venice 30
Vermigli, Peter Martyr 25
Walsingham, James 4, 6
Walsingham, Mary 12–13
Walsingham, Sir Edmund 6–7, 12
Walsingham, Sir Francis (and)
accusation of Presbyterianism 108
advice from Beale 97–8, 99–100, 101–2
alliance of England and France against Spain 78–9
Anglo-Scottish relations 121
as ambassador in France 59, 71, 72–3
as Bible-based Protestant 107
as English ambassador in France 1–2
as MP for Bossiney, Cornwall 35–6
as parliamentary member for Surrey 156
as Puritan 204
as trusted intermediary 41–3
as venture capitalist 149–50
at Fotheringhay 215
at King’s College, Cambridge 13–16
audience with Charles of France 81
banishment from court 141
belief in Reformation 107
birth of 8, 10
Catholic detention centres 132–3, 155
Catholic plots against Elizabeth 58
Catholic resurgence, fear of 132–4
Cecil (Lord Burghley) 41–3, 57–8, 84, 166, 196
chancellor of the Order of the Garter 127
coups and crisis management 235–7
dangers facing England 123–4
daughter’s marriage to Sir Philip Sidney 171
death and interment of 239–40
demand from Elizabeth for closure of seminaries 164
dilemmas of 99–101
diplomatic mission to France 70–1
Dorset constituency 39
Dutch rebels 125
financial hardship 217–18
early years of 10–11
English-French amity 82–3
espionage 57–8, 163, 202–4
evangelical beliefs, origins of 13
evangelicalism of 88, 127
exile years of 24–32
expenditure on secret service 187–8
falling-out with Elizabeth 228
family and family responsibilities 4–8, 12–13, 24–5
foreign policy 145
foreign travel 17
Francis Drake 143–5, 149–50
genealogical tree of 4–5
grasp of international affairs 93
hatred of Catholicism 2
ill-health of 98, 124, 128, 178, 196, 204, 221–2, 237, 239
in Padua 24–5, 30–1
in Scotland 169–72
information sources 100–1
ingratitude of Elizabeth 218
intelligence service of 93–5, 100–2, 151, 180–87, 236
intelligence-gathering 142
interrogation of Ridolfi 68–70
interrogation of Thomas Franchiotto 58, 59
kidnapping of James VI 121, 167, 168
knighthood 127
letter from Dr Thomas Wilson 115
letter to John Sturmius 131–2
letters to Elizabeth 98–9, 245
letter to William Davison on Prayer Book 114
letters of 88–9, 108–9, 137
letters to/from Cecil 41–3, 59, 68–9, 80, 83, 113, 125, 139, 196–7, 218
Magdalen College, Oxford 108
marriage to Anne Carleill 38
marriage to Ursula Worsley 40
Mary Stuart 162–7, 181–2, 206–16, 221–5, 227
merchant venturing 38, 241
memo (1578) on ills plaguing nation 250
memorial and remains of 3
Mendoza 176–7
mission to Henry III of France 146
motivation of xii
naval treaty 178
negotiations for Elizabeth’s marriage 76
opposition to Anjou marriage 135
other Council members 99–100
patronage of 107–8
payments for espionage 142
personal tragedy 216–17
Privy Seal 101
property and estates of 38, 39, 40, 41, 95
Puritan zeal of 90, 95, 108
re-education of Catholics 154
reputation of 240–1
responsibilities in France 75–6
Robert Dudley 108, 166, 199–201
royal marriage fracas 139–40
St Bartholomew’s massacre 1–2, 80, 81–3
St Giles, Cripplegate 41, 64–5
Scotland 120, 206–7
sequestering of archbishop Grindal 113–14
Sir Edward Stafford 185–6
spies in French embassy 168–9
strong convictions of 98
study at inns of court/Gray’s Inn 16, 17–18, 20
support for English intervention in France 49
sympathy with Calvinism 28–30
Thomas Norton 160–1, 174–5
Throckmorton plot 173–5
war with Spain 231, 233–5
William Davison 223–7
zeal of 59
Walsingham, William 7–8
Walsingham family 12
Watson, Thomas 132
Wentworth, Paul 99, 152