Montgomery, Richard Gill. The White-Headed Eagle: John McLoughlin, Builder of an Empire. New York: Macmillan, 1934.
Morrison, Dorothy Nafus. Outpost: John McLoughlin and the Far Northwest. Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1999.
Payne, Michael. The Most Respectable Place in the Territory: Everyday Life in the Hudson’s Bay Company Service, York Factory, 1788 to 1870. Ottawa: National Historical Parks and Sites, Canadian Parks Service, 1989.
Wilcocke, Samuel Hull, Simon McGillivray, and Edward Elice. A Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries of North America, since the connexion of the Right Hon. The Earl of Selkirk with the Hudson’s Bay Company, and his attempt to establish a colony on the Red River: with a detailed account of His Lordship’s military expedition to, and subsequent proceedings at Fort William, in Upper Canada. Montreal: Nahum Mower, 1818. Reprinted from the London edition.
Index
A
Anahi 103, 183, 246, 247
Aneuharazie, Simon 65, 103, 111, 112, 113, 172, 181, 243, 264
assassination plot 16, 183
Astor, John Jacob 23
autopsy 10, 166, 169, 171, 191
B
Barclay, Archibald 156-157, 160-161, 187
Barker, Burt Brown 91, 165, 212
Barnston, George 259
Beaver, SS 194
Beaver, Herbert 127
Beethoven, Ludwig van 209
Belanger, Charles 65, 67, 69, 103, 130, 172, 174, 181, 185, 247, 253, 264, 267, 268
biohistory 9-10, 209-210
Bird, John 149
Blenkinsop, George 83, 97, 186
Boucher, Francois Firmin 54
Buffalo 72
C
Canada Jurisdiction Act 142
Charles II, King 47
Cole, Captain 80, 102, 114-116, 138, 169, 173, 174, 247, 249, 264, 268
Columbia River 50
Colvile, Andrew 59, 122
Cooke, Alan 58
country wives 119, 121, 123-124, 127
Cowlitz 45, 83, 95
crime scene reconstruction 167
D
Dahmer, Jeffrey 209
Dease, Peter Warren 148, 150-151
Demerara 159
Detroit 73
Dickson, General James 71-79
Dingwall Scotland 147, 150, 226
DNA testing 9, 10
Dodd, Charles 82, 83, 97, 141, 186, 271
Douglas, Sir James 90, 100, 123, 158, 159, 160, 163, 167, 175, 191, 246, 265
Douglas, James, Sr. 159
E
Empire of the Bay 165
England 142, 162, 163, 165
Ermatinger, Edward 198
Essom 28
Etoline, Adolph 161
eyewitness testimony 166, 170
F
Fardon, G.R. 159
Finlayson, Duncan 198, 226
Finlayson, Isobel (Ramsey) 197-198
Finlayson, Roderick 15, 91, 92, 97, 137, 138, 139, 144, 179, 180, 197, 260
First Nations 16, 41, 48, 49, 51, 52, 66, 83, 100, 201
Cherokee 77
Clallam 56
Iroquois 102, 104
Sioux 149
Tlingit 121
Fisher, Dr. 23
Fleury, Benoni 31, 32, 65-66, 69, 80, 103, 109-110, 112, 131, 138, 167, 172, 177-179, 185-186, 262, 265, 267, 269
forensic science 9-11
Fort Albert 160
Fort Astoria 61
Fort Colvile 163
Fort Edmonton 92, 202
Fort Garry 149, 202
Fort George 49
Fort Gibraltar 54
Fort McLoughlin 77
Fort Nisqually 97, 98
Fort Simpson 160
Fort Stikine 10, 12, 15, 18, 27, 29, 31, 45, 78-79, 83-84, 87, 90-92, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104-105, 110, 112, 116, 119, 121, 124, 126, 129, 131, 138-141, 143-145, 153, 155, 157, 161, 167, 180-183, 186, 190-191, 202-203, 216, 236, 239
abandonment 191
history of 87-90
Fort Tako 29-31, 45, 69, 88, 92, 115, 184, 191, 237
Fort Vancouver 37, 50-51, 53, 77, 83, 84, 90, 95-96, 136, 159, 161, 183, 191, 193, 202
Fort Victoria 202
Fort Wedderburn 41
Fort William 21, 48, 55-56, 61, 163, 202, 212
Fort Wrangell 202
Foster, Hamar 99, 121, 135, 165, 234, 241, 251, 259
France 34, 36, 49
Fraser, Colin 45
Fraser, John 34, 37-38, 40, 75, 76, 79, 80, 91, 255, 257
Fraser, Paul 191
Fraser, Dr. Simon 24-25, 28, 33, 34, 36-39, 48, 273
Fraser, Paul 273
fur trade 22, 40, 48-49, 56, 63, 100, 102, 137, 142, 144, 159, 162, 192, 195, 198, 200, 222-223
G
Galbraith, John S. 157, 165, 226-227, 237, 276
Glen, Reverend Mr. 24
Gower, Leveson 225
Grant, Cuthbert 53-54, 224
Gregory XVI, Pope 195
H
Harper, Marjory 150, 260
Harriott, J.E. 145
Hartnell, Hy 75
Heron, Francis 58
Heron, George 67, 103, 109, 114, 116, 174, 244, 247, 262, 265, 267-268
Heroux, Urbain 65-69, 81, 83, 86, 97, 104-105, 109-117, 126, 129, 132, 136, 138, 140-142, 160-162, 164, 169, 170-174, 180-183, 185-187, 189, 202-203, 239, 243-249, 251, 254, 264, 266-268, 270, 272
Highlights of the First Two Hundred Years of the Hudson’s Bay Company 165
Hogue, Amiable 124
Hopkins, Edward Martin 164
Hudson Bay 47
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) 10, 12, 15, 24, 26, 40, 43, 46-53, 56, 59, 60, 62, 72, 76-77, 78, 81-82, 84, 87-89, 95, 99, 102, 105, 123, 125, 135, 138-139, 142, 144-145, 148, 153-154, 159, 161-162, 177, 187, 191-192, 194, 196-199, 201, 204, 220, 222-224, 261
Archives 166, 183
First Nations 99-102
London Committee 59, 82, 137, 148-149, 156-158, 160, 162, 164, 192-194, 199, 200
tensions with First Nations 16
women 119-120
Hunt, Wilson Price 23
I
Île Dorval 200
Indian Liberating Army 72, 77, 79
Indian Removal Act of 1830 76
Inverness Scotland 226
Ireland, Willard 166
J
Jackson, President Andrew 76
Joe, Hanega 18, 29, 83, 101, 181
K
Kakepé 80, 103, 111, 125, 130, 169, 173, 174, 246, 264
Kakulukulu 103
Kaministikwia 23, 48
Kanakanui 103, 116, 130, 248
Kanakas 66, 69, 80, 100, 102-103, 111, 113, 115-116, 129-131, 141, 164, 172-173, 177, 182-183, 189, 229
Kannaquassé, Pierre 16, 83, 97-98, 104, 109-117, 113, 116, 117, 125-126, 129-130, 132, 135-136, 140-141, 143, 160-161, 173-174, 182, 184-185, 187, 203, 211, 239, 243-245, 248, 251-253, 264, 266, 270
Kawannassé, Antoine 31-32, 66-69, 104, 109-117, 129, 132, 138, 140, 141, 172, 175, 181-182, 186, 203, 246, 249, 262, 264, 266-267
Kennedy 29
L
La Graise 155
Lac La Pluie 212
Lamb, Joe 102, 110, 138, 177, 182-183, 243
Lamb, Walter Kaye 12, 135, 157, 165, 236
Lasserte, William 29, 31-32, 65-66, 68-69, 97, 103, 105, 109-110, 113, 115, 169, 170, 183, 185, 189, 228, 239, 244, 246, 264, 266, 267, 270
Leclaire, Louis 29, 67, 103, 171-172, 189, 265, 266
Lee, Jason 98
Lefroy, John Henry 201
Legros, Antoine 149
Legros, James Bruce 149
Little Emperor, The 165
Loch Broom Scotland 226
London England 21, 24, 48, 50, 59, 60, 61, 77, 99, 121, 137, 148-149, 154, 156, 160, 162-164, 192-194, 200
Luke (apostle) 9
M
Macdonell, Miles 53
Mactavish, Dugald 201
Manson, Donald 98, 140, 141, 167, 175, 178,
181, 239
Martineau, Oliver 67, 103, 113, 125, 131, 138, 186, 246, 265, 272
McBean, Major 73, 75
McDonald, Archibald 42, 163
McGill University 39
McGillivray, Simon 100
McGillivray, William 55
McKay, Alexander 23
McKenzie, Alexander 56
McKenzie, Emperor Alexander 72
McKenzie, Brigadier General John George 72
McKenzie, Kenneth 55
McLean, John 150-151
McLeod Lake 273
McLeod, Major Martin 72-75
McLoughlin, Angelique 34
McLoughlin, David 24, 77, 91, 99, 136, 255
McLoughlin, Dr. David 34, 37, 39, 49
McLoughlin, Eloisa 21-22, 24, 49, 51-52, 87, 88, 90, 163, 274
McLoughlin, John, Jr. 12, 15, 16, 18, 29, 31, 35, 43, 45, 55-56, 62-63, 77-78, 87, 90-92, 99-104, 106-107, 124-126, 138-139, 180, 182, 184, 186, 194, 202, 228, 230, 232, 241, 253, 257-258, 268, 270-273
attempts on his life 106
attitude to women 126-128, 177
burial of 189-190
childhood 21, 23-28, 33-34
death of 10, 45-46, 65-69, 109-117, 129-132, 136, 140-141, 143, 153, 155-157, 160, 163-164, 166, 169, 170-175, 177, 180, 187, 191, 203, 211, 229, 239, 244-249
modern investigation 167-175
Dickson’s Army 72-77
drunkenness 137-138
effect of death on father 96-98
France 34-36
Hudson’s Bay Company 47
marriage 121
mental stability 17
reburial 191
Simpson’s investigation and ruling 79-85
spending 37-40
violence 30, 32, 79, 144, 155, 158, 178
McLoughlin, John, Sr. 10, 12, 16, 21, 23-26, 28, 33-34, 37-40, 47-48, 61-62, 76, 80, 86, 88-89, 91-93, 100-101, 105-107, 127-128, 147, 151, 159-162, 165-166, 171, 183, 187, 191-192, 201, 203-204, 212-213, 215, 251, 256-257, 259, 261, 264-265, 272, 274-275
attempts to prove son’s murder 135-145, 153-158, 163
death of 196
demotion and resignation from HBC 193, 194, 195
description 21-24
Fort Vancouver 49-53
Knight of St. Gregory the Great 195-196
reaction to son’s death 95-98
Seven Oaks Massacre 53-56
McLoughlin, Joseph 213
McLoughlin, Marguerite (Wadin) McKay 23, 25, 127, 196, 213
McLoughlin, Marie Elisabeth 24, 26
McNeill, Captain William 98
McPherson, Thomas 45, 46, 65, 67-69, 79-81, 93, 97, 100, 109, 111, 112, 114, 125-126, 129, 131, 135-136, 140, 172, 175, 178, 181-187, 189, 202-203, 228-230, 235, 246, 254, 265, 266-267, 271-272
McTavish, Catherine 124
McTavish, John George 120, 122, 124, 199
Mengele, Dr. Joseph 9
Metis 31, 42, 53-54, 73, 102-103, 131, 148-149, 200, 241
Montreal 24-26, 28, 34, 36-37, 39, 47, 54, 62, 72, 75, 79, 91-92, 99, 137, 183, 200, 201, 222, 224, 232
Moose Factory 124, 241
Morrison, Dorothy Nafus 165, 224
N
Nahua 16-18, 30-31, 102, 116, 183, 211, 247
Narrative of a Journey Round the World (Simpson) 87
Neagle 28
New York 71
Newcombe, Dr. 27
Newman, Peter C. 12, 42, 119, 160, 165, 224
Nicholas I, Tsar 88, 142
North West Company (NWC) 23, 47-49, 53-56, 59, 159, 221, 227
Northwest Passage 148
Norway House 162
O
O’Brien, John 97
Ogden, Peter Skene 88, 89, 139, 198
Okaia 103, 130, 183, 253, 266, 267, 268
Old Square-Toes. See Douglas, Sir James
P
Pannekoek, Frits 201
Paris 34, 36, 37, 39, 137
Pelly, Sir John Henry 60, 84, 137, 141, 150, 154, 156-158, 160, 161, 164, 192-194, 198, 237
Pemmican War 53
physical evidence 166-167, 169-170, 174
Powkow 84, 103, 248, 269
Pressé, Francois 65-67, 103, 113, 115-116, 141, 160-161, 167, 189, 215, 241, 244, 264
Puget Sound 56
Q
Quatkie’s daughter (McLoughlin Jr.’s wife) 15, 17-18, 131, 177, 189, 190, 245
R
Rae, William Glen 88, 90-91, 100-101, 103-105, 191-192
Raffan, James 149, 165, 260-261
Red River 42, 52-54, 122, 124, 147-149, 197, 224
Redoubt St. Dionysius 89, 90
Richard III, King 9
Rivière-du-Loup 23, 33
Roberts, George 24, 50, 91, 100, 223, 237
Rowand, John 92, 137, 139, 155, 198
Rupert, Prince of the Rhine 47
Rupert’s Land 41, 42, 47, 59, 71, 73, 76, 148, 198-201, 222, 241
Russia 82, 89, 142, 165, 237
S
Saix, Chief 140
Saix’s son 140, 257
Santa Fe 72, 77
Sault Ste. Marie 55, 73, 75
Scotland 53, 159
Semple, Robert 54
Seven Oaks 54
Seven Oaks Massacre 53, 224
Simpson, Alexander 148
Simpson, Augusta D’Este 122
Simpson, Frances (Ramsey) 122, 123, 124, 198
Simpson, Geddes 59
Simpson, Sir George 21-22, 26, 29, 34, 40, 42-43, 47, 49, 50, 52, 71, 72, 74, 87-93, 99-100, 104-107, 112, 124, 127, 165-167, 170-172, 175, 177-180, 182-183, 186-187, 191-195, 198, 201-203, 210, 225-227, 234, 237, 239, 251-252, 257-262, 265, 272, 274, 276
attitude to John McLoughlin Sr. 50
attitude to women 120-122
Character Book 57-58
childhood 58-59
death of 200-201
and Dickson 76-78
and HBC’s investigation of McLoughlin Jr.’s death 153-164
health 197, 199
impressions of John McLoughlin Jr. 27-28, 179
impressions of people 56-58
investigation into John McLoughlin Jr.’s death 45-46, 79-85
knighthood 150-151
marriage 122-123
McLoughlin Sr.’s reaction to investigation 95-98, 135-145
racism 41
resignation 199-200
rise of 59-63
Thomas Simpson 147-151
vanity 42
Simpson, Isabella 27
Simpson, John Henry Pelly 122
Simpson, Jordie 41
Simpson, Margaret MacKenzie 122
Simpson, Maria 27, 41
Simpson, Mary 226
Simpson, Thomas 58, 147, 148, 149, 150, 177, 261
Simpson, Webster 122
Sinclair, Betsey 41, 120
Sitka 83, 90, 97, 160, 161
Siveright, John 81, 147
Smith, Phillip 80, 103, 112, 113, 136, 180, 183, 246, 252, 253, 262, 265, 266, 272
Spencer, William 265
St. Henry, Sister 26, 33-34, 232
St. Paul 149
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur 150, 260
Stephen’s Passage 237
Stikine River 88, 192, 236
Stuart, John 58, 120
T
Taylor, Margaret “Peggy” 124
Taylor, Thomas 259
Tefler, Martha Anne 159
Thornton, J. Quinn 14, 193
Tod, John 163, 258
Todd, William 197
Toronto 72
Trail of Tears 77
U
United States 18, 142
V
Vancouver 162
van Gogh, Vincent 209
Vermilion Lake 212
Victoria, Queen 150
von Wrangel, Baron Ferdinand Friedrich Georg 89, 90, 100, 148, 161
Voorhis, Ernest 236
W
Wallace, William Stewart 14
Wash
ington 71
White-Headed Eagle. See McLoughlin, John, Sr.
Whitman, Narcissa 50
Williams, Glyndwr 12, 225
Williams, William 59-60, 165
Work, John 16, 105, 132, 139, 241
Wrangell 15, 202
Y
Yerba Buena 90, 192
York 224
York Factory 61, 162, 265
Photo: Dan Froese
DEBRA KOMAR is the author of The Ballad of Jacob Peck and The Lynching of Peter Wheeler, which use forensic methods to re-investigate historical crimes. A Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and a practising forensic anthropologist for over twenty years, she has investigated human rights violations for the United Nations and Physicians for Human Rights, and has testified as an expert witness in The Hague and across North America. She is also the author of many scholarly articles and a textbook, Forensic Anthropology: Contemporary Theory and Practice.