refusal to import canned meat from U.S., 150
spices, laws regulating, 30
Greatest Trust in the World, The (Russell), 127
grocer’s itch, 2, 66
Grocery World, 123–24, 138
Grout, William, 25
“Habit Forming Agents” (Kebler), 219, 220
Haines, Walter S., 70, 199
Hanna, Mark, 77
Harding, Warren G., 279
Harmsworth, Alfred, Lord Northcliffe, 142
Harris, H. L. (pseudonym H. H. Langdon), 203–4
Harrison, Benjamin, 35
Harrison, Burton, 255
Harvey Washington Wiley: An Autobiography (Armstrong and Wiley), 284
Hassall, Arthur, 14
Hay, John, 51
Hearst, William Randolph, 123
Heinz, Henry J., 179–80
Heller, Albert, 70
Henderson, David B., 26
Hepburn, William P., 103, 105, 106, 120–21
Hepburn-McCumber legislation, 103–6
Herter, Christian A., 188, 189, 205, 245. See also scientific review board
Hesse, Bernhard, 230, 233–34
Heyburn, Weldon
antagonistic nature of, 121–22
brings food and drug bill to full Senate, 122
political views of, 121
resubmits Pure Food and Drug Act to Senate, 132, 133
Heyden Chemical Works, 81
Hipolite Egg Company, 203
Hippocrates, 32
Hiram Walker Company, 50–51
History of a Crime Against the Food Law, The (Wiley), 283–84
H.J. Heinz, 131, 141, 179–81, 194–95, 206, 215–16
Hobart, Garret, 73
Hofmann, Augus Wilhelm von, 13, 18
Hollingworth, Harry L., 242
home tests to identify adulterated foods, 110–13
honey, 2, 16–19, 67
Hoskins, Thomas A., 110
Hough, Warwick
liquor wholesalers, representation of, 104–5, 118, 122–23, 157, 159–60, 209, 210, 211
Monsanto, representation of, 246, 270
Houston, David, 270
Howard, Burton, 111, 112
“How the Baby Pays the Tax” (Dodge), 128
“How to Detect Food Adulterations” (Peterson), 110–11
Hughes, Charles Evan, 274, 276–77
Hughes, William, 255
Hull House, 109
Hurty, John, 62–64, 82, 169
hygienic table trials. See Poison Squad studies
Indiana milk scandal, 62–63
Indianapolis News, 63
industrial chemistry, 2–4, 81
industrial chemistry industry, 104
industrial revolution, 2
Influence of Food Preservatives and Artificial Colors on Digestion and Health (Department of Agriculture), 101–3
International Pure Food Congress, 116
iron, 37
Jack Daniels Old No. 7, 49–50
Jackson, Andrew, 11
jar-canned goods, lead in, 60
jellies and jams, 116
strawberry jam, 2, 67
Jones, James K., 26
Journal of Commerce, 199–200, 264
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 23
Journal of the American Medical Society (JAMA), 204, 205–6
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 120, 125–26, 129–31, 136, 141–43, 144
Karo Corn Syrup, 186
Kebler, Lyman, 105–6
Coca-Cola case and, 220–23, 239–40
defrauding government charges related to Rusby hiring arrangement, 247–59
patent remedy reports of, 107
soft drinks investigation and report of, 219–23
Keen, William Williams, 215
Kekulé, Friedrich August, 18
Kelton, Anna. See Wiley, Anna
Kelton, John C., 48
Kelton, Josephine, 48, 49
ketchup, 82–83, 177–81
Kirchhoff, Gottlieb, 16
Kolbe, Hermann, 33
lab-created alcohols, 3
labeling of products
bills introduced in 1888 by Lee and Paddock, failure of, 38–39
Lee’s bill requiring fails, 1888, 38
saccharin listed as ingredient on product labels, 280
whiskey counterfeit-label scam, 50–51
whiskey labeling under Pure Food and Drug Act, 165–69, 209–11, 225–26
Wiley advocates for, 18, 19, 34, 68, 103
Ladd, Edwin, 82, 115, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200
La Follette, Robert M., 3, 25
Lancet, The, 14
Langdon, H. H. See Harris, H. L. (pseudonym H. H. Langdon)
lard, 35–36, 116
Lazarus, Richard, 290
lead
in canned goods, 59–60
in coffee, 37
lead chromate, 14, 27, 29
lead poisoning, 59–60
Lee, William H. F., 38
Lexington Mills and Elevator Company, 231
Libby, McNeil & Libby, 54, 58
Liebreich, Oscar, 204
Life, 123
Life on the Mississippi (Twain), 24–25
Lincoln, Abraham, 4, 11
Linton, Fred, 252
lithium, 219
Little, Brown and Company, 99
Loeb, William, Jr., 201
Londonderry Lithia, 219
Long, Chester, 46, 205
Long, John, 253
Loring, George, 20
Los Angeles Examiner, 235
Lowell, Josephine, 109
Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound, 106
Lynch, J. L., 237–38
MacLaren Imperial Cheese Company, 202–3
McCabe, George P., 166–67, 174, 183, 187
bleaching issue and, 216–17, 231–33
Coca-Cola as test case for stimulants sold to children, 222
defrauding government charges against Wiley and, 248–49, 251
given full authority over regulation of food and drugs, 228
leaves government service, 270
Moss committee hearings and, 255–56, 259
See also Board of Food and Drug Inspection (USDA)
McCann, Alfred W., 267
McCormick & Company, 273
McCumber, Porter J., 103, 105, 106, 120–21, 122, 132, 211
McDowell, Mary, 144
McKinley, William, 47, 48, 51, 53, 73, 74, 76–77
Macmillan Publishing, 120, 125
Malt Mead, 75
Manassas (Sinclair), 120
Mann, James R., 157
maple syrup, 16–19, 67, 116
Marcosson, Isaac, 129, 130, 136
margarine. See oleomargarine
Marshall, John, 90–91, 241
Mason, William, 65
pure-food bill introduced by, 70–71
Senate hearings held by, 65–70
Mason hearings, 65–70
Mease, James, 178
Meat Inspection Act
Beveridge Amendment and, 147–49
Neill-Reynolds report and, 146–47, 149–50
Pure Food and Drug Act, impact on, 150
Roosevelt signs, 151
Wadsworth Amendment, 148
meatpacking industry, 287
borax used as preservative by, 69–70
butcher’s strike and, 119
embalmed beef crisis and, 61–62
embalmed beef scan
dal and, 51–59
Mason hearings and, 66, 69–70
Neill-Reynolds report and, 145, 146–47, 149–50
oleomargarine made by, 24, 66
opposition to Hepburn-McCumber legislation, 104
response to The Jungle, 141–43
Russell’s investigation of, 127
stance on Beveridge Amendment, 147–48
medicated soft drinks, 219–20
Mège-Mouriès, Hippolyte, 24
Methodist Episcopal Church, 254
Miles, Nelson, 52–53, 149
milk, 1–4, 128
adulteration of, 1–2
Agriculture Department report on, 23–24
deaths attributed to drinking embalmed milk, 3–4, 62–63
factory conditions, exposes on, 23
Hurty recommends pasteurization for, 64
Indiana deaths from embalmed milk, 62–63
Mullaly on dairy industry practices, 2, 15, 23
Omaha milk scandal, 62
preservatives in, 2–4, 62–63
swill milk, 23
Wiley investigates, 23–24
Milk Trade in New York and Vicinity, The (Mullaly), 2
mineraline, 61
Mitchell, A. S., 68
molecular bonds, 17–18
Molineux, Roland Burnham, 95
Monsanto Chemical Company, 81, 244, 270, 274, 278, 279–80, 282
Morgan, F. P., 239
Morton, Julius Sterling, 39–46
Morton, L. W., 26
Moss, Ralph W., 255, 264–65
Moss committee hearings on expenditures at USDA, 255–57, 258–59
muckrakers, 145–46
Mueller, Sebastian, 180–81, 195
Mullaly, John, 2, 15, 23
Munsey’s, 60
Musser, John, 239
mustard, 30
Nabisco (National Biscuit Company), 83
narcotics, 219–20
National Academy of Sciences, 16
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 228
National Association of Food Manufacturers, 268
National Association of State Dairy and Food Departments, 103, 124
1908 conference, 193–97
1909 conference, sodium benzoate vote at, 217–218
Wilson censured by, 196–97
write to Roosevelt to defend Wiley, 200
National Confectioners Association, 229
National Consumers League, 108–9, 226
National Druggist, 220
National Environmental Policy Act, 290
National Food Magazine, 215, 264
National Food Manufacturers Association, 104, 122, 157, 182–85
National Millers Association, 231
National Packing Company, 127
National Pure Food and Drug Congress, 4
National Retail Druggists Association, 268–69
National Wholesale Liquor Dealers Association, 209
National Wholesale Liquor Distributors Association, 104–5
National Women’s Political Union, 275
Needham, Henry Beecham, 164, 168
Neely, Matthew M., 282–83
Neill, Charles P., 145
Neill-Reynolds report, 146–47, 149–50
New Jersey Federation of Women’s Clubs, 108
New York Evening Mail, 201
New York Globe, 267
New York Journal of Commerce, 122
New York State Journal of Medicine, 202
New York Times, 100–101, 149, 190, 194, 204, 252, 256, 264
New York World, 201
Nineteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution, 277
nitrates, 198, 231–33, 271
nitrogen peroxide, 197, 198, 231
Nixon, Richard, 290
North Dakota food chemistry analysis, 83
nutmeg, 2
Nutria, 75
Obama, Barack, 288
O’Ferral, Charles, 25–26
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, 264
Old Dutch Mill Coffee Roasters, 253
Old Taylor, 49–50
oleomargarine, 24–27, 66
borax used as preservative in, 69–70
Butter Act of 1886, passage of, 26
dyes used in, 27
House and Senate hearings on, 25–26
invention of, 24
meatpacking industry and, 24
Wiley’s evaluation, 26–27
olive oil, 35–36
Omaha milk scandal, 62
100,000,000 Guinea Pigs (Kallet and Schlink), 285
Osborne, Oliver, 239
ozone, 197
Pabst Brewing Company, 74, 75
Pacific Coast Borax Company, 69, 203
Paddock, Algernon, 38–39
Page, Walter Hines, 129–31
Pasteur, Louis, 64
pasteurization, 64
patent medicines, 105–6
peanut butter, and salmonella poisoning (2008-2009), 288
Peanut Corporation of America, 288
People’s Lobby, 164, 166
pepper, 2
peppermint extracts, 81
Perkin, William Henry, 229
Perry, S. S., 91–92, 93
Peterson, John, 110–11
Pfizer, Charles, 81
Pharmaceutical Era Weekly, 71
Phillips, David Graham, 145, 150–51, 157–59, 236
Pierce, Paul, 113–14, 116, 122, 129, 206, 264
Pinchot, Gifford, 208–9
Poison Squad studies, 5, 85–97, 101–3
borax tested in, 89–97, 101–3, 202–3
Brown’s reporting for Washington Post on, 92–94, 95–96, 97
Congressional authorization of grant for, 86
formaldehyde report, 202
methodology of, 88–89, 91
official report on borax experiment, 101–3
salicylic acid studies of, 103, 116–17, 134–36
sulfurous acid studies of, 160–62
volunteers recruited for, 87–88
Wiley proposes hygienic table trials to Congress, 85–86
Wilson blocks publication of reports, 192–93
polariscope, 18
Popular Science, 18
Preservaline, 3, 61–62, 68–69
preservatives
in butter, 69
in canned beef, 61–62
exhibit on, at Pan-American Exposition of 1901, 76
industry perspective on uses of, 69–70
in liquors and wines, 32–34, 66
in milk, 2–4, 62–63
Mitchell’s Mason hearing testimony regarding, 68–69
new patents on, in early 1900s, 80–81
sulfurous acid studies, 160–62
Wiley’s Mason hearing testimony regarding, 67–68
“Press Agents and Preservatives” (JAMA eds.), 204
Proprietary Association, 106
Pruitt, Scott, 290
ptomaines, 57, 70
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, 6, 287
adulterated food, defined, 156–57
Aldrich’s opposition to, 132–33
American Medical Association (AMA) supports, 133
dextrose proposed amendment defeated, 281–83
enforcement funding for USDA, 163
Hepburn-McCumber proposed legislation, 103–6
Heyburn first brings food and drug bill to full Senate, 122
inadequacy of, 278–79, 281
industry opposition to, 104–5, 122–23
investigative journalism and, 127–29
lack of standards in, 157–59
Mason’s pure-food bill, 1900, 70–71
Meat Inspection amendment, impact of, 150
Paddock’s food and drug bill passes in Senate 1891, 38–39
passes Senate, 133
Roosevelt agrees to support, 131–32
Roosevelt signs, 151
Sherley Amendment, 269
slack-fill bill and, 278–79
Tawney’s amendment, 163–65
Pure Food Congress, 1904, 117
Pure Food Cookbook, The (Good Housekeeping), 272
Pure Food Law (Indiana), 63
pure-food movement, 3–4
fights Tawney Amendment, 163–64
investigative journalism and, 127–29
“Lessons in Food Poisoning” exhibit at 1904 world’s fair and, 113–16
Pure Food Congress, 1904 and, 117–18
renewed efforts of, following momentum of Meat Inspection amendment, 150
Roosevelt meets with, 131–32
women activists and, 106–110, 163–64
Queeny, John F., 242–43, 245
R.B. Davis Company, 258
rectifiers (blended whiskies) and distillers, conflict between, 49–51, 165–69, 209–11, 225–26
red lead, 14, 27
Redpath Lyceum Bureau, 261
Reed, Charles, 133, 141
Reid, Murdoch and Co., 141
Remsen, Ira, 185, 218, 252–53. See also scientific review board
Remsen Board. See scientific review board
Reynolds, James B., 145, 164
Richardson, Clifford, 30–32
Rixey, Presley Marion, 184
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 285, 286
Roosevelt, Theodore, 116
agrees to support food and drug law, 131–32
alienation between Taft and, 208–9
angry at Wiley’s sugar policy testimony, 78–79
annoyed with Wiley’s unwillingness to compromise, 185–88
antitrust action of, 78
appoints scientific review board, 185
approves sodium benzoate regulation, 207
corn syrup labeling and, 187
death of, 276
declines to support Hepburn-McCumber legislation, 106
elected vice president, 73, 74
election of 1912 and, 266, 267
embalmed beef scandal testimony of, 55–56
meeting with National Food Manufacturers Association and USDA, 182–85
on muckrakers, 145–46
names Dunlap as associate chemist, 170–71
Neill-Reynolds report findings and, 146–47
orders Neill-Reynolds investigation, 145
as president, after McKinley assassination, 77
releases summary of Neill-Reynolds report, 149–50
rumors he will ask Wiley to resign and, 200–202
Sinclair and, 144–45, 146
views on Wiley’s contribution to Pure Food and Drug Act, 151–52