army units from
British invasion and occupation of
Dutch population in
Flatlands of
as key to New York
Loyalists in
Nathanael Greene as commander in
villages and farmland in
see also Brooklyn, N.Y.; Brooklyn Heights; specific locations
Loring, Elizabeth Lloyd
Loring, Joshua, Jr.
Lovell, John
Lovett, Simon
Loyal American Associators
Loyalists:
in Boston
in England
in New Jersey
in New York
Lyman, Simeon
Lyttleton, Lord
MacAlpine, William
McDougall, Alexander
Mackenzie, Frederick
McKonkey’s Ferry, Pa.
Magaw, Robert
Maid of the Oaks (Burgoyne)
Maine
Mamaroneck, N.Y.
Manchester, Duke of
Manley, John
Marblehead, Mass.
Martin, Joseph Plum
Maryland
army units from
Massachusetts
army units from
legislature of
villages and farmland of
see also Boston, Mass.; specific locations
Massachusetts Assembly
Massachusetts Bay
Massachusetts Council
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Newsletter
Massachusetts Provincial Congress
Massachusetts Spy
Matthews, David
Mawhood, Charles
Memoirs Concerning the Art of War (Saxe)
Mercer, Hugh
Mifflin, Sarah
Mifflin, Thomas
Miles, Samuel
militias
Milton, Mass.
Minden, Battle of
Mississippi River
Monroe, James
Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de
Montgomery, Richard
Montreal
Montresor, John
Montresor’s island
Morgan, Daniel
Morning Chronicle and Advertiser (London)
Morris, Lewis
Morris, Robert
Morris, Roger
Morris house
Morristown, N.J.
Mortier, Abraham
Mortier house
Mount Vernon
expansion and improvements of
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
Muller, Richard
Muller’s Field Engineer (Muller)
Mumford, Augustus
Murray, James
Murray, John
Murray, Mary Lindley
Mystic River
Nancy, HMS
Nash, Solomon
Native Americans
Natural Bridge
Netherlands
Newark, N.J.
Newburyport, Mass.
Newell, Timothy
New England army
in Boston to New York march
relations of officers and men in
Southern disdain for
see also army units from specific states
New England Chronicle
New Hampshire
army units from
New Haven Journal
New Jersey
army units from
fertile farms of
GW’s retreat to
Loyalists in
supply depots in
New Jersey, College of (at Princeton)
New London, Conn.
New Lots, N.Y.
Newport, R.I.
Newtown Cove
Newtown Creek
New Utrecht, N.Y.
New York:
army units from
Dutch families in
GW’s headquarters in
Loyalists in
prominent families in
Westchester County in
see also New York, N.Y.; specific locations
New York, N.Y.
affluent citizens of
American retreat from
army hospital in
August hurricane in
Beekman house in
Boston compared with
Bowling Green in
British advantages in
British invasion and occupation of
churches and synagogue in
City Hall in
Commons in
Continental Army march from Boston to
divided political loyalties in
equestrian statue of King George III in
flight of citizens from
fortifications built in defense of
Great Fire of
GW’s decision to make a stand at
Holy Ground brothel district in
Loyalists in
No.1 Broadway in
Outward region of
patriots in
peacetime population of
sinful reputation of
strategic importance of
taverns in
trade and commerce in
Wall Street in
Whitehall Slip in
New York Chamber of Commerce
New York Constitutional Gazette
New York Gazette
New York Harbor:
Gowanus Bay in
Lower Bay in
massive British naval presence in
Narrows in
Upper Bay in
New York Packet,
New York Provincial Congress
Noddle’s Island
North, Frederick, Lord:
affable manner of
George III and
German mercenary troops engaged by
physical appearance of
political attacks on
as prime minister
North Castle, N.Y.
Norwich, Conn.
Old Dutch Church
Old North Church
Old South Church
“Olive Branch Petition,”
Oliver, Peter
Orpheus, HMS
Paine, Robert Treat
Paine, Thomas
Palisades
Parsons, Samuel
Passaic River
Paterson, James
patriotism
Pawtuxet River
Peale, Charles Willson
Peale, James
Pearl, HMS
Peekskill, N.Y.
Pelham, Henry
Pell’s Point, N.Y.
Penn, Richard
Pennsylvania
army units from
Pennsylvania Evening Post,
Pennsylvania Journal,
Percy, Hugh, Lord
Perkins, Nathaniel
Perth Amboy, N.J.
Philadelphia, Pa.
meeting of Continental Congress in
population of
Philadelphia Associations
Philadelphia Evening Post,
Phoenix, HMS
Plains of Abraham, Quebec
Plymouth, England
Pomfret, Conn.
Pope, Alexander
porphyria
Potowomut Creek
Potts, Stacy
Preston, HMS
Princeton, N.J.
Proclamation of November
Prospect Hill (Mass.)
prostitution
Providence, R.I.
Providence Gazette,
Province House
Puritanism
Putnam, Israel
character and personality of
New York command of
Putnam, James
Putnam, Rufus
Quaker Bridge, N.J.
Quakers
Quebec
Quebec, Battle of
British victory at
Rall, Johann Gottlieb
&n
bsp; rape, British courts-martial for
Raritan River
Rawdon, Francis, Lord
Rawlings, Moses
Red Hook, N.Y.
Reed, Esther:
Joseph Reed’s letters to
motherhood of
Reed, Joseph
as adjutant general
character and personality of
criticism of GW by
GW’s letters to
GW’s reliance on
legal profession of
Relph, David
Renown, HMS
Repulse, HMS
Reuber, John
Reynolds, George
Rhode Island
army units from
Clinton expedition to
Kent County in
Rhode Island Army of Observation
Richmond Hill
Robertson, Archibald
Rockingham, Marquis of
Rodgers, John
Rodney, Caesar
Roebuck, HMS
Rose, HMS
Rowe, John
Roxbury, Mass.
Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Navy
in Boston Harbor
Falmouth attack by
leadership of, see Howe, Richard, Lord
New York defenses against
in New York waters
overwhelming strength of
prison ships in
relations of British army and
supply ships of
Ruggles, Timothy
“Rule Britannia,”
Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation,
Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count
Rush, Benjamin
Rutledge, Edward
Sandwich, Lord
Sandy Hook
Saxe, Maurice de
Scammell, Alexander
Schoonmaker’s Bridge
Schuyler, Philip
Scotch Brigade
Scotland
British army units from
Scott, John Morin
Serle, Ambrose
Seven Years’ War:
in Europe
see also French and Indian War
Shakespeare, William
Shearith Israel synagogue
Shelburne, Earl of
Shewkirk, Ewald
Shuldham, Molyneux
slaves:
GW’s ownership of
on New York streets
in southern colonial outlook
in work on New York’s defenses
smallpox
Smallwood, James
Smallwood, William
Smith, Francis
Smith, Mathias
Smith, Simeon
Smollett, Tobias
South Carolina
British defeat in
Spain
Spencer, Joseph
Spuyten Duyvil Creek
Stamp Act of 1765
Stark, John
Staten Island
British occupation of
British ships at,
Loyalists in
Stedman, Charles
St. Eustatius
Stiles, Ezra
Stirling, William Alexander, Lord
in Battle of Brooklyn
British capture of
fortifications built by
St. James’s Chronicle (London)
St. James’s Palace
Stuart, Charles
Suffolk, Earl of
Sullivan, John
in Battle of Brooklyn
British capture of
Canadian assignment of
character of
parole and exchange of
Swift, Jonathan
Tallmadge, Benjamin
Tarleton, Banister
Tarrytown, N.Y.
Tartar, HMS
Thacher, James
Thomas, John
Thompson, Benjamin
Throg’s Neck
Thunder, HMS
Tilghman, Tench
Tory party
in New York
Townsend, Viscount
Trask, Israel
Trask, Jonathan
Treaty of Paris
Trenton, Battle of
Trenton, N.J.
Trevelyan, George Otto
Trinity Church
Tristram Shandy (Sterne)
Trumbull, Benjamin
Trumbull, John
Trumbull, Jonathan
Tryon, William
Tudor, William
typhoid fever
typhus
Union Jack
United States of America
Vassall, John
Victory, HMS
Virginia
army units from
Augusta County in
culture and hospitality of
legislature of
as richest, most populous colony
Tidewater region of
Virginia Gazette,
Waldo, Albigence
Walpole, Horace
Ward, Artemus
Ward, Samuel
Warren, James
Warren, Mercy Otis
Warwick, R.I.
Washington, Augustine
Washington, George
anger of
appeal of architecture and landscape design to
appointment as commander-in-chief
armed schooners sent to prey on enemy shipping by
assassination plot against
birth of
British acquisition of secret letters by
burning of New York considered by
character and personality of
church attendance of
councils of war called by
criticism of
daily review of troops and defenses by
decision to make a stand in New York by
diaries of
discipline and leadership of
dislike of New Englanders by
early military career of
enlistment of free blacks authorized by
fortifications ordered built by
honors and tributes accorded to
horsemanship of
impeccable uniform and grooming of
imposing physical appearance and stature of
intelligence gathered by
Life Guard of
lifestyle and hospitality of
maps and drawings available to
marriage and family life of
military “family” in residence with
military indecisiveness and mistakes of
New York country residences of
New York retreat planned and carried out by
payment for service rejected by,
periods of discouragement and distress of
perseverance and determination of
personal and domestic staff of
personal instructions to the army by
plantation home of, see Mount Vernon
political judgment of
portrait of
realism of
respect of officers and men for
rudimentary education of
self-command and precision of
slaves owned by
smallpox attack of
splitting up of the army by
strategic military planning of
surveying work of
Virginia legislative service of
wealth and social position of
Washington, John (GW’s brother)
Washington, John (GW’s great-grandfather)
Washington, Lund,
Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis
children of
GW joined in military quarters by
GW’s letters to
Washington, Mary Bell
Washington, William
Watertown, Mass.
Webb, Samuel,
Wedderburn, Alexander
Wentworth, John
West Florida
West Indies
Westminster Palace
Wheatley, Phillis
Whig party
White Plains, Battle of
British casualties at
British victory at
White Plains, N.Y.
Wiederhold, Andreas
Wilkes, John
Wilkinson, James
Williams, Richard
Williams, Thomas
Williamsburg, Va.
Windsor, England
Wolfe, James
women:
with British army
and British views on rape
in brothel districts,
in Loyalist exodus
Woodhull, Nathaniel
Worcester, Mass.
Yale College
Yeomen of the Guard
York Island, see New York, N.Y.
Yorktown, Va., British surrender at
Young, Edward
King George III by Johann Zoffany. Crowned in 1760, at age twenty-two, George III had ruled for fifteen years by the time he went before Parliament in late 1775 to declare the American colonies in rebellion and affirm his resolve to bring them to heel. In this 1771 portrait he is portrayed as a robust, dutiful man of substance, which, in fact, he was, as well as considerably more acute and accomplished than history has often remembered him.
Lord George Germain by George Romney. Appointed by the King as Secretary of the American colonies in the late autumn of 1775, Lord Germain stood in marked contrast to the very unwarlike Prime Minister, Lord North. A soldier and politician, Germain was proud, commanding, and keenly intelligent. The American rebellion could best be resolved, he believed, with one “decisive blow.”
Edmund Burke, from a caricature by James Sayers. Of those sympathetic to the American cause, Edmund Burke was preeminent, his speeches among the most eloquent ever heard in the House of Commons. But Burke and others of like mind were a decided minority, and even he spoke of the American colonies as “our” colonies.
Frederick, Lord North, by Nathaniel Dance. Instinctively obliging, liked by all in Parliament, the Prime Minister, Lord North, had little heart for the war in America, yet dutifully served his King, who called North his “sheet anchor.”
George Washington by Charles Willson Peale. One of the strongest, most characteristic portraits ever done of Washington was this by Peale, painted in 1787, a dozen years after Washington first took command at Cambridge at age 43. With his height (six feet, two inches) and his beautifully tailored military attire, the commander-in-chief was easy to distinguish in an army where almost no one was as tall and few had even a semblance of a uniform. A leader, he believed, ought both to act and look the part.
Joseph Reed by Charles Willson Peale. Of those on his immediate staff, his military “family” as he called it, Washington prized especially Joseph Reed, a talented young Philadelphia attorney who served as secretary and became his closest confidant. Reed’s admiration for his commander was boundless.
In this excerpt from one of a series of private letters to Reed, Washington expressed his ardent wish for Reed to return to help him. “It is absolutely necessary…for me to have persons that can think for me, as well as execute orders,” Washington wrote on January 23, 1776.
General Nathanael Greene by Charles Willson Peale. Greene of Rhode Island, a handsome, good-natured Quaker who walked with a limp, knew little of military life other than what he had read in books, when, at thirty-three, he became the youngest brigadier general in the American army. With experience, he would stand second only to Washington. The portrait is one of Peale’s “Gallery of Great Men.”