3. 11 Jun 1968 J. Petrie, Estate Duty Office, NA T227/2810.
4. 9 Feb 1965 Grant of Probate, www.gov.uk; Jan–Feb 1965 LBA B/1034/B/12. Shares sold by Churchill’s executors raised £45,000: 9,000 ICI shares raised £19,240; 6,850 BRINCO [The British Newfoundland Development Corporation] shares £11,815; 15,000 Philip Hill Investment Trust shares £14,063. Also sold, without any recorded sums raised, were shares in East African Estates, Van-Tor Oils and Explorations and Permo Oil & Gas. Churchill’s other assets at his death included local authority loans, £40,423 raised by the sale of government bonds, bank deposit accounts, properties at 27 and 28 Hyde Park Gate, personal chattels and paintings. Churchill’s executors’ accounts will remain closed until 31 December 2035.
5. M. Soames, Clementine Churchill, pp. 555–9.
6. Feb 1967 valuation schedules, NA T22/2809.
7. 7 May 1968 R. Alley ltr to Estate Duty Office, NA T 227/2810.
8. 31 Oct 1968 J. Colville ltr to R. Jenkins, NA T227/3933.
9. www.nationaltrust.org.uk/chartwell/prices; the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. Chartwell’s admission price for adults in 2015 is £14.30 (143 times the 1966 price). It recorded 226,582 visitors in 2014.
10. 4 Mar 1977 UPI press release. Mimizan, painted in 1924, fetched £29,000; The Pope’s Palace at Avignon nearly £16,000. The other paintings were a portrait of Clementine and Sarah by Sir John Lavery and Nesting Swan and Black Swans at Chartwell by William Nicholson. 14 Jul 2007 www.telegraph.co.uk: in 2007, Churchill’s Chartwell Landscape with Sheep, originally presented to Henry Luce, became the first of his paintings to sell for £1 million. In December 2014 a buyer paid £1.8 million for The Goldfish Pond at Chartwell, one of the paintings from the estate of Lady Soames sold at auction by Sotheby’s.
11. 27 Jun 1952 N. Brook memo to J. Colville, memo of conversation with A. Moir, CHUR 4/41/316, 317–9.
12. 24 Sep 1968 Calendars of The Grants of Probate & Letters of Administration, OxfordDNB.com. Randolph left £70,000 before estate duty.
13. 28 May 1971 J. Colville ltr to B. Trend, NA LCO 67/50.
14. 19 Jul, 8 Sep 1971 B. Trend corresp with J. Colville, ibid.
15. 17 May 1990 P. Andrews ltr to M. Phippard, NA TS 27/1584.
16. 27 Mar 1991, N. Tebbit ltr and enclosure to J. Major, NA LCO 67/50.
17. 13 May, 12 Aug 1991 R. Butler memo to J. Major, P. Andrews ltr to Y. Woodbridge, ibid.
18. 25 Jul 1991 M. Hart QC and W. Charles opinion, NA LCO 67/50.
Index
Adler, Julius 336, 338, 367–8, 369
Aitken, Max (Lord Beaverbrook) 113, 140, 141, 143, 160, 161, 239, 252, 266, 367, 373, 377, 384, 389, 399
Alber, Louis 203, 206, 208, 212
Allen, Gordon 343
American Civil War 14
Amery, Leo 271
Anne, Queen 16, 17, 18
Anning, Annette 68, 81
aristocracy 2, 13, 15, 229
and impact of First World War 119, 120
Ashley, Maurice 208, 212, 277
Asquith, Herbert 75, 85, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 115, 431
Astor, William Waldorf 37
Attlee, Clement 286, 316, 324, 329, 330, 362, 365, 366, 370, 431
Austria, invasion of 262
Bailey, Abraham (‘Abe’) 70, 97, 114, 116, 124, 126, 191, 200, 220, 224
Baldwin, Stanley 3, 146, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 169, 171, 173, 180, 201, 209, 224, 235, 236, 239, 242, 247, 248, 255, 431
Balfour, Arthur J. 43, 74, 431
Balmoral 98
banks 79
Baring 94
Cox & Co. 40, 41, 77, 78, 95, 97, 99, 104, 105, 110, 111, 116, 117, 118, 121, 124, 127, 132, 136, 152, 153
Kleinwort 52
Lloyds Bank 9, 152, 153, 165, 168, 183, 200, 211, 221, 240, 247, 255, 256, 261, 340
National City Bank of New York 211
Schroder 52
Baring, Hugo 52
Baruch, Bernard 181, 182, 183, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 200, 209, 212, 213, 219, 224, 229, 237, 247, 248, 257, 261, 262, 348, 386
Beaverbrook, Lord 140, 141, 143, 160, 161, 239, 252, 266
Beckett, Ernest 69
Beit, Alfred 28–29, 30
Belgium, and Germany 152, 287
Beresford, William 41
Bernau, William 118, 121, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 134, 136, 145, 147, 153, 164, 173, 184, 196, 197, 206, 210, 221
Berry, Michael 356, 382
Berry, Williams (Lord Camrose) 180–1, 226, 266, 267, 286, 297, 308, 309, 312, 313, 314, 317, 320, 322, 326, 327, 329, 333–5, 336–7, 338, 339, 342, 343, 347, 350, 356, 360, 368, 369, 373, 375, 376, 378
Blackwood, William 225, 228
Blake, George 196, 197
Blenheim Palace and estate 12, 18–20, 26–7, 80, 94, 329
birth of Winston Churchill 24
marriage proposal, Winston and Clementine 87
Blood, Bindon 41, 42
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen 86, 89, 92, 96, 117
Boer War 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 114
Bolshevism 120, 125, 202
Bonar Law, Andrew 115, 146
Boothby, Robert (‘Bob’) 172, 212, 350
Borthwick, Oliver 29
Brabazon, Colonel John 37, 68
Bracken, Brendan 9, 159, 160, 204–5, 207, 212, 222, 262, 263, 284, 285, 287, 291, 292, 295, 296, 306, 307, 311, 312, 318, 326, 329, 337, 344, 366, 367, 377, 378, 379, 388, 392
Bridgeman, William 151, 431
Bridges, Edward 318, 330
Brook, Norman 346, 371
Brown, Capability 20
Bulgaria, First World War 108
Buller, Redvers 59
Bullock, Alan 285, 432
Butterworth, Thornton 127, 128, 142, 150, 154, 161, 165, 171, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 186, 198, 199, 201, 205, 207, 254, 290, 291–2
Caird, James 95, 99, 100
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry 74, 75, 85, 432
Campbell, Beatrice (née Tanner) 101, 102
Camry, Gerald 294
Capell, Adele (née Grant) (countess of Essex) 140
Carlton Club 65, 72, 146
Carr, Emsley 239
Carson, Edward 100
Cassel, Ernest 32, 38, 52, 55, 58, 65, 66, 69, 70, 78, 79, 90, 97, 107, 110, 112, 124, 155, 156, 157
Cassell & Co. 215, 216, 218, 219, 226, 288, 289, 293, 297, 300–1, 302, 308, 310, 312, 322, 329, 339, 348–9, 352, 357, 363, 373, 377, 378, 381
Catto, Lord 320
Cazalet, Victor 153, 432
Chamberlain, Austen 129, 136, 176, 252, 253, 432
Chamberlain, Joseph 71, 77
Chamberlain, Neville 3, 60, 187, 252, 253, 255, 261, 267, 270, 271, 272, 276, 277, 281, 285, 287, 432
Chanel, Coco 173, 384
Chaplin, Charlie 190
charities 95, 128, 332, 379
Charles Scribner’s Sons 74, 128, 171, 179, 180, 202, 204
see also Scribner III, Charles
Chenery, William 181, 191, 199, 239, 334
Churchill v. Churchill 105
Churchill, Clarissa (neice) 292
Churchill, Clementine (née Hozier) (wife) 86, 92, 98, 143, 144, 172, 230, 233, 272, 379
Chartwell 137, 161, 168, 250, 258, 351, 406
children 119, 122, 140, 146, 211, 240, 341
birth of 92, 97, 108, 145
death of Marigold 138–9
trusts for 138, 166, 327–9, 337, 340, 351, 353, 361, 366, 369, 372, 397, 405
and Winston Churchill 86–87, 341, 405, 406
gambling worries 140, 143, 153, 158, 230, 273, 352, 357
the couple’s finances 3, 92, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 117, 130, 131, 134, 141, 143, 158, 171–2, 186, 236, 240, 250, 255, 402
health 140, 184, 398, 401, 407
Lord Randolph’s will trust 89
marriage 89–90
marriage settlement 88, 89, 139
travels with 96, 104, 148, 209, 211, 217, 231, 326, 346, 381, 384–5, 393, 396
&n
bsp; will 351
Churchill, Diana (daughter) 92, 122, 140, 220, 244, 401
Churchill, Gwendoline (‘Goonie’) (née Bertie) (sister-in-law) 83, 110, 112
Churchill, Henrietta (ancestor 1681–1733) 19
Churchill, Jennie (née Jerome) (mother)
childhood 11–12, 13, 14, 15
and Clementine Churchill 86, 87, 91
and George Cornwall-West 57, 63, 78, 79
separation from 101, 102
and Montagu Porch (3rd husband) 135
death 135
death of husband 34, 35
debts 62, 63, 103, 135
expenditure 23, 24, 37, 38, 40, 48, 50, 69, 84, 103, 112, 135
engagement to Randolph Churchill 12
financial reorganization 44–45, 103
income 22–3, 25, 26, 28, 36, 37, 50, 54, 101, 102, 103, 135
influence in society 44
insurance policies 101, 102
loans 25, 41, 45, 46, 54, 68, 71, 103
Lord Randolph’s will trust 85
marriage 21–23, 57, 63, 135
servants, Bessie 133
and Winston Churchill 24, 30, 31–2, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 75, 76, 79, 81, 101, 102
writing, plays 101
Churchill, John (1st duke of Marlborough) 16–18, 178, 234, 353
Churchill, John (‘Jack’) (brother) 25, 28, 33, 34, 68, 182, 185, 342
allowance 53, 55, 65, 103–4
career 52, 59, 83, 85, 119, 124, 141, 340
correspondence with Winston Churchill 82, 83–4
First World War 109, 114
and Lady Gwendoline 83, 84, 87, 88
Lord Randolph’s will trust 36, 46, 48, 84, 85, 103, 105, 109, 146
marriage 87, 88
and his mother, Jennie Churchill 71, 101, 102, 103–4
and his nephew, Randolph 208
and Winston Churchill’s finances 32, 78, 145, 146, 148, 151, 152, 157, 164, 168, 169, 199, 202, 206, 208, 213, 340–1
Churchill, John (nephew) 182, 185
Churchill, Marigold (daughter) 119, 138–9
Churchill, Mary (daughter) 1, 2, 145, 146, 153, 166, 172, 202, 240, 341, 351, 389, 406
Churchill, Lord Randolph (father, 8th duke of Marlborough)
Africa 28–30, 31, 35
borrowing 23, 25, 29, 33, 35, 63
death 34
education 12
gambling 24, 28, 30
health 26, 28, 32, 33, 34
income 12, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33
inheritance 26
marriage 11–12, 21–3
politics 21, 25, 27, 33
stocks and shares 28–29, 30, 35
will 2, 35–6, 45, 48, 68, 83–4, 85
and Winston Churchill 31, 32, 33, 34
Churchill, Randolph (son) 97, 110, 122, 140, 172, 182, 185, 188, 227, 240, 241, 245, 300, 319, 329, 351, 361, 369, 385, 397
debts 207, 220, 275
gambling 208, 230, 231, 244, 268
Churchill, Sarah (daughter) 108, 145, 244–5, 248, 249, 326, 346, 361, 392, 401
Churchill, Winston (ancestor 1620–88) 16
Churchill, Winston
archives 1, 2
Boer War 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 362
Churchill’s capture and escape 59, 62
cars 98, 137, 138, 139, 148, 212
clubs 65, 67, 72, 73, 226, 265, 266, 271, 376
correspondence 1, 51, 53 , 54, 56
with Clementine 104, 105, 109, 110, 113, 131, 132, 137, 139, 140, 141, 143, 151, 157, 159, 160, 161, 171, 175, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 230, 233, 235, 241, 249, 250, 260, 272, 274, 365, 369
with his father 34
with Jack (brother) 49, 63, 82, 83, 84, 109, 114, 151, 152, 153, 167
with his mother 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47–8, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 61–62, 65–6, 68, 71, 78, 79, 81, 82–83, 101, 102
death 404
health 4, 71, 209–11, 217, 219, 306, 307, 352, 359, 372, 376–7, 392, 398, 400, 401, 402
military
4th Hussars 37, 38–9, 41
21st Lancers 53, 54
First World War 111–14
Grenadier Guards 113
leaving the 57
Queen’s Own Oxfordshire Hussars 111
Royal Military Academy 32–3
Royal Scots Fusiliers 113
South African Light Horse 59
money
allowance 32–4, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 65, 66, 68, 103
bank accounts 31, 99, 100, 109, 114, 115, 142, 315, 349, 353, 357, 361, 373, 378, 379, 391
dollar bank account 211, 212, 213
overdrawn 183, 376
benefactors 1–2, 4, 9, 58, 64, 69, 72, 76, 112, 124, 194, 263–5, 378–9
Boer War, impact on finances 62
and Cornwallis-West, George 79, 101
debts 32, 49, 64, 78, 91, 104, 105, 118, 124, 136, 141, 180, 224, 237, 251, 262
clearing Bill Hozier’s debt 134
paying debts 1, 5, 40, 51, 67, 107, 116, 131, 143, 172, 229, 260, 284, 289
economy drives 167, 171, 221, 250, 251, 258, 260, 272, 375
expenditure, household 112, 124, 125, 134, 137, 142, 145, 206, 240, 250, 397
staff 76, 98, 99, 100, 133, 140, 148, 250, 258, 373, 389, 392
property 1, 9, 76, 91, 92, 117, 121, 321, 341, 349, 366–7
Chartwell 3, 145, 146, 150, 154, 155, 158–63, 165–8, 174, 199, 258
Chartwell farms 117, 341–2, 349, 351, 353, 361, 374–5, 389, 402
expenditure, personal 67, 69, 71, 77, 97, 180
art 110
books 76, 78
cigars 67, 91, 97, 108, 172, 250, 255, 320
cars 98, 137, 138, 139, 148
Clementine 92, 93, 250
drinks, including wine and champagne 67, 91, 97, 105, 108, 112, 171, 240, 241, 250, 251, 258, 260, 284, 292–3, 320, 347, 357
food 112, 171
gambling 150, 153
losses 1, 3, 4, 140, 141, 143, 153, 158, 173, 207, 220, 230, 237, 244, 254, 300, 352, 353
gains 78, 153, 160, 273, 358
holidays 104, 140–1, 238, 345–7, 349
horses 97, 38–9, 67, 73, 357–8, 375, 382–3, 398–400
travel 81, 83, 95, 98, 133, 134
expenditure, work 73, 109, 94–5, 98
writing 214, 215, 218, 228, 244, 274, 284, 310, 366, 374, 388
**expenditure, yearly 140, 206–7, 220, 233, 260, 272, 320, 331, 371, 373, 375, 389, 392, 397
financial advisor see Cassel, Sir Ernest
fixer 9, 284
forecasts, financial 206, 229, 230, 233, 237, 256, 257, 260, 397
funerals 139
income from work
books 44, 51, 55, 61, 62, 63, 71, 73, 74, 75, 93, 127, 128, 108, 125, 145, 154, 161, 170–1, 173, 174, 175, 180–1, 183, 184, 185, 186, 197–8, 201, 209, 216, 219, 224, 226, 230, 243, 254, 259, 268, 276, 284, 288, 293, 301, 340, 352, 367, 368, 372, 389, 398
directorships 201, 259
films 5, 227, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235–6, 259, 268, 294, 306, 315, 321–2, 387, 391–2, 395, 397, 398, 400, 401
journalism 38, 42, 53, 54, 58, 63, 71, 81, 114, 116, 118, 130, 160, 164, 166, 181, 184, 186, 191, 196–7, 203, 207, 210, 215, 218, 223, 232, 234, 241, 242–3, 244, 245, 252, 253, 267, 275, 277, 282, 289–90, 293, 342
lecturing 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 181, 201, 203, 205, 211–12, 260, 269
lobbying 157, 159
salary
military 37, 40, 41, 100, 112, 113
political 77, 85–86, 96, 97, 100, 109, 112, 114, 116, 121, 164, 167, 180, 282, 288, 317, 371
speeches 184, 185, 191, 246, 259, 268, 275, 278, 302, 324–5, 327, 331, 334, 355, 394, 402
income from paintings 319, 331, 344–5, 354, 355, 360, 397, 402
income from property 81, 82, 109, 121, 122, 164, 232, 255, 341
inheritance 16–21, 30, 45, 51, 69, 105, 135, 139, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171
Garron Tower
estate, Ireland 3, 80, 88, 91, 130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 163, 232, 255, 256–7, 258, 261, 351
Lord Randolph Churchill’s will trust 2, 35–6, 45, 46, 47, 48, 68, 83–4, 85, 103, 105, 115, 117, 122, 123, 125, 146, 147, 163, 220, 274
income, yearly 158, 220, 233, 272, 361
insurance 88, 89, 105, 107, 110, 111, 118, 125, 199, 205–6, 210, 261
interest 112, 114, 117, 138, 199, 262, 282, 288
investments 65, 77–8, 88, 109, 150, 151, 152, 184, 192, 219, 249, 324, 376, 401
bonds 142, 157, 212, 213, 324, 340, 344, 389
buying 75, 114, 117, 124, 134, 142, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 197, 213, 219, 224, 324, 341, 344, 349, 361, 389
conflict with politics 129, 141
Garron Tower estate 132
losses on the stock market 197, 201, 205, 220, 229, 237, 257–8, 261, 350, 396–7
Wall Street Crash 192–6
selling 78, 91, 97, 118, 121, 146, 152, 164, 167, 191, 192, 213, 214, 221, 222, 224, 237, 238, 340, 396
underwriting 158
value of 65, 124, 125, 126, 141, 173, 190, 213, 223, 229, 262, 396
land ownership 3, 131
loans 31, 41, 42, 43, 51, 53, 55, 64, 65, 68, 69, 78, 91, 95, 97, 104, 105, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 125, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139, 141, 145, 147, 163, 164, 168, 169, 171, 175, 197, 200, 201, 222, 261, 341, 373, 377, 382
repayment of 131, 143, 164, 206, 264, 294, 331, 374
marriage 88, 89
marriage settlement 118, 139, 145, 196
marriage settlement, daughters 220, 249
net worth 88, 95, 139, 331
Nobel Prize for Literature 377
overdrafts 9, 77, 78, 104, 109, 118, 121, 124, 131, 136, 148, 152, 164, 165, 167, 168, 174, 184, 197, 220, 224, 229, 231, 238, 249–50, 278, 284, 288, 361
overspending as a child 31
pension 17, 317
pocket money 28, 31
promissory notes 136
rescuers 263–5, 288
risk-taking 3–4
taxes 1, 9, 71, 76, 96, 116, 118, 138, 161, 165, 166, 168, 170, 175, 183, 184, 203, 216, 224, 247, 255, 256, 260, 261, 282, 284, 288, 289, 293–5, 298–302, 315, 317, 319, 321, 322–3, 325, 328, 358, 371, 375, 381, 395, 403, 406
Inland Revenue 116, 165, 169, 170, 203, 247, 301–2, 321, 345, 353–5, 361, 383, 385, 386, 406
Wall Street Crash 3, 192–5
personal life
birth and early years 24, 28, 30, 31, 32
children 145
allowances 138
Diana 92, 209
Marigold 119, 138–139
Randolph 97, 172, 182, 185, 188, 207–8, 210, 220, 229, 231, 240, 241, 244, 245, 268, 275, 300, 319, 329, 369, 385, 397
Sarah 108, 244–5, 248, 249, 326