5 Mack Smith, Cavour, 109, 150–51.
6 Mack Smith, Cavour, 197.
7 Mack Smith, Cavour, 160–61, 242.
8 Scirocco, 10.
9 Riall [2007], 69.
10 Mack Smith [1994], 212, and [1969], 174.
11 Quoted by David Lowenthal in The Times Literary Supplement, 24 June 2005.
12 Ridley, 635–6.
13 Rossotti, 6.
14 Mack Smith [1989], 43, and [1994], 100.
15 Mack Smith, Cavour, 82–3, and [1989], 60.
16 Mack Smith [1989], 15, 20, 34, 44, 50–51, 63.
17 Mack Smith [1989], 42.
18 Domenico Zanichelli, quoted by Denis Mack Smith in Blanning and Cannadine (eds.), 185.
19 Marshall, 172.
20 Marshall, 204.
21 Quirico, 88–109; O’Clery, 397–401.
22 Banti [2000], 45–6.
23 Scirocco, 165.
24 Gramsci, 53–9; Maturi, 644–7; Adolfo Omodeo in Woolf [1969], 74, 95–6.
25 Mack Smith [1968], 10–11.
26 Beales and Biagini [2002], 6.
9 MAKING ITALIANS
1 Lane Fox, 36.
2 Moe, 37–8.
3 Moe, 63.
4 See Guercio, 160, on eastern Sicilians.
5 Mack Smith [1968], 330–31; Moe, 176.
6 Woolf [1969], 75.
7 Marshall, 275–89.
8 Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 429–30.
9 Martucci [1999], 305–6.
10 Martucci [1999], 294; O’Clery, 294.
11 Mack Smith [1968], 379; Romeo, 385.
12 Verdura, 134.
13 Quoted by Gabriella Gribaudi in Lumley and Morris (eds.), 94, 100–101.
14 Arnaldi, 192.
15 Del Boca, 48.
16 Hare, vol. 6, 412–13.
17 Allaun, 69.
18 Duggan [2002], 375–6, 454–5, 718, and [2007], 298.
19 Belardelli et al., 56.
20 Duggan [2002], 447; Denis Mack Smith in Blanning and Cannadine (eds.), 183.
21 Belardelli et al., 65–6.
22 Mack Smith [1959], 78.
23 Duggan [2002], 358, 361, 432.
24 Del Boca, 13; Duggan [2002], 500, 528–30.
25 Del Boca, 75
26 Mack Smith [1989], 93, 113.
27 Sorba, 171.
28 Weaver, 155; Rosselli [2001], 77; Parker [2007], 45; Pauls, 250–55, 323.
29 Martin, 270.
30 Martin, 305.
31 Martin, 312, 317; Phillips-Matz, 429–30.
32 Martin, 250.
33 Tomasini, 85–7; Martin, 379; Duggan [2002], 441; Pauls, 273–5.
34 Duggan [2002], 543.
35 Phillips-Matz, 762–5.
10 NATIONALIST ITALY
1 Disraeli, 77.
2 Belardelli, 52–60.
3 Valeri, 8,
4 Woolf [1969], 80.
5 Bobbio, 94–6.
6 Ottinger (ed.), passim; Dickie [2007], 273.
7 Duggan [2007], 384.
8 Del Boca, 106.
9 Isnenghi (ed.), 271.
10 Mack Smith [1989], 232.
11 Bobbio, 94.
12 Thompson, 2–3.
13 Pinney (ed.), vol. 4, 457–8, 464.
14 Mack Smith [1989], 230.
15 Duggan [2007], 392.
16 Thompson, 351.
17 Chapman, 154–5.
18 Bosworth [2005], 96–7.
19 Toscano, 8–9.
20 Thompson, 378.
21 Jan Morris, 188.
22 Jan Morris, 3.
23 Origo [1984], 149.
24 Sassoon, 101.
25 Sassoon, 25.
26 Martucci [2006], 106–7.
11 FASCIST ITALY
1 Gerald Silkin in Lazzaro and Crum (eds.), 69.
2 Mack Smith [1981], 114.
3 Bosworth [2005], 233.
4 Bosworth [2002], 259, 314.
5 Duggan [2007], 449.
6 Guerri, 298.
7 Mack Smith [1981], 145.
8 D. Medina Lasansky in Lazzaro and Crum (eds.), 113–31.
9 Ascoli and Henneberg (eds.), 215–16, 260–61.
10 Eugenia Paulicelli in Barański and West (eds.), 253–4.
11 Bonsaver, 9, 62, 156–7, 200.
12 Varè, 166.
13 Bosworth [2005], 419.
14 Grillandi, 99.
15 Quoted by Ian Thomson in The Times Literary Supplement, 2 July 2010.
16 Varè, 208.
17 Alberto Mario Banti in LiMes, 117.
18 Barzini [1971], 204.
19 Duggan [1989], 141, 177, 183, 208, 225–6, 245–9.
20 Allaun, 84–5.
21 Barzini [1971], 172–4.
22 Levi, 3.
23 La Voce dei Calanchi, December 2007.
24 Gilmour [1994], 557; Mack Smith [1981], 59–60.
25 Gilmour [1994], 560–89.
26 Del Boca, 182, 184.
28 Mack Smith [1976], 74–5.
29 Bosworth [2002], 320; Del Boca, 210–14.
30 Del Boca, passim; Observer, 24 January 1988.
31 Farrell, 281–2.
32 Coverdale, 251.
33 MacGregor Knox in Lyttelton (ed.), 111.
34 See Mallett, 2–15.
35 Denis Mack Smith in Blanning and Cannadine (eds.), 178.
36 Mack Smith [1976], 96, 195.
37 Bosworth [2005], 446; Mack Smith [1976], 178.
38 Mack Smith [1976], 202.
39 Del Boca, 234; Observer, 24 January 1988.
40 Duggan [2007], 487; Guerri, 331.
41 Sforza [1942], 27.
12 COLD WAR ITALY
1 Bocca, 261–5; Peli, 74, 119, 134.
2 Peli, 241–4.
3 Raleigh Trevelyan [1981], 102.
4 Luzzatto, 159.
5 Ginsborg [1990], 92.
6 Barzini [1971], 180–81.
7 Pridham, 125.
8 Sforza [1942], the dedication.
9 Ottone, 130.
10 Bobbio, 183.
11 Ginsborg [1990], 198.
12 Amyot, 214.
13 White, 210–15.
14 Tonetti, 148.
15 Nuovi Argomenti, May–August 1959; Caesar and Hainsworth, 26.
16 Bonsaver, 142–6; Vitello, 238.
17 Barzini (1971), 203.
18 Lettres françaises, 23 December 1959 and 18 February 1960.
19 Vitello, 351–2.
20 Ottone, 13–16.
21 Illy, 32–9; L’Espresso, 26 March 2009.
22 Dickie [2007], 17.
23 Saviano, 119–20.
13 MODERN ITALY
1 Rizzo and Stella, 192, 204–5; Paolo Verre in LiMes, 187–8.
2 Tabladini, passim.
3 Illy, 5, 21, 47, 59–60, 77, 79.
4 La Repubblica, 3 October 2008; Guardian, 9 March 2008.
5 Saviano, 18.
6 Duggan [2007], 568.
7 La Repubblica, 10 April 2002.
8 La Repubblica, 18 September 2008.
9 Economist, 26 April 2001.
10 Eco, 153; Jones, 235.
11 Spectator, 6 and 13 September 2003.
12 La Repubblica, 16 September 2008.
13 Veltri and Travaglio, 7.
14 Eco, 124.
15 Christopher Wagstaff in Barański and West (eds.), 249.
16 Foreign Policy, 1 May 2009.
17 Interview in Il Venerdi di Repubblica, 11 September 2009.
18 John Hooper in the Guardian Weekend, 31 October 2009.
19 Alexander Stille in the New York Review of Books, 25 May 2006.
20 Alexander Stille in the New York Review of Books, 8 April 2010.
21 Spectator, 6 and 13 September 2003.
22 Paolo Verre in LiMes, 184; Guardian, 2 October 2009.
23 Jones, 214; Dickie [2007], 439.
24 Antonio Golini in LiMes, 83; Severgnini [2008], 171.
25 Agence F
rance-Presse, 25 June 2010.
26 Paolo Verre in LiMes, 183–4; Stella and Rizzo, 19–21.
27 Information from Legambiente Lombardia, March 2010; La Repubblica, 5 October 2008; L’Espresso, 19 March 2009; Liberazione, 16 July 2009.
28 Bull and Newell, 112.
29 Saviano, 64, 160, 185, 234, 283–97, 300.
30 Ginsborg [2001], 217; Illy, 96.
31 Mack Smith [1997], 494; Ottone, 52; Severgnini [2008], 15; Illy, 10.
32 Ottone, 39, 46, 76.
33 Severgnini [2008], 159.
34 Barzini [1971], 254–5; La Repubblica, 18 March 2008; Rizzo and Stella, 13, 27–34, 59–60.
35 Bull and Newell, 213.
36 L’Espresso, 12 February 2009.
37 Ilvo Diamanti in LiMes, 29.
38 LiMes, 9; John Dickie in Barański and West (eds.), 29.
39 Ottone, 51, 185.
40 John Dickie in Barański and West (eds.), 29.
41 Massimo Nicolazzi in LiMes, 173–6.
42 Schiavone [1998], 111.
43 La Repubblica, 26 July 2009.
44 La Repubblica, 19 September 2009.
45 Barzini [1964], 190; Ginsborg [2001], xiii.
46 See for example the Guardian and the Independent of 6 April 2002.
47 Banfield, 10, 83.
48 Frei, 111.
49 Severgnini, [2008] 65.
50 Alexander Stille in the New York Review of Books, 4 December 2008; the Economist 15 November 2008.
51 Severgnini [2008], 66–8.
52 Dickie [2007], 328, 331.
53 Guerri, 69.
54 Tomasi di Lampedusa [1991], vol. 2, 372.
55 Conversation with the author, March 2008.
56 Severgnini [2008], 219.
57 Barzini [1964], 327.
Index
Aachen 56, 131
Abbiati, Franco 174
Abruzzi 16, 17, 33, 243, 249, 368
Actium (31 BC)
Acton, Harold 123
Addis Ababa 322, 329, 330n
Adige, River 18, 128
Adowa (1896) 235, 268, 274, 321
Adrian VI, Pope 82, 90
Afghanistan 346
Africa, Italian colonies in 267–9, 277, 321–3
Agnadello (1509) 108
Agrigento 309
Aix-la-Chapelle
Treaty of (1748) 119–20
see also Aachen
Alaric 10, 127
Albania 20, 285, 324, 326, 329
Albanians
immigration of 20, 25
language of 25, 35
Albans 40
Alberti, Leon Battista 1, 76, 78
Alboino, King (of the Lombards) 52
Alexander VI, Pope 90
Alexandria 327
Alfieri, Vittorio 121, 126, 150
Alfonso V, King (of Aragon and Naples) 87
Alghero 35
Aliano 318–19
Alicata, Mario 312, 346
Allende, Salvador 347
Alps 9
features of 15
invasions through 10
Alto Adige see South Tyrol
Amalfi 13, 60, 263, 359
Amari, Michele 151
Ambrosian republic 83
Amedeo, King (of Spain) 223, 227
Amendola, Giovanni 315, 337
American Civil War 221
Ancona 13, 16, 55, 197, 229, 259, 269
as naval base 232–3
Andreotti, Giulio 343–4, 347, 386
and Mafia 361–3
Angevin dynasty 64, 88, 113
Anschluss 313
Antonine emperors 48
Antwerp 99
Aosta 7
Apennines 9, 139
features of 15–16, 18, 22
Appiani, Andrea 206
Apulia 8, 18, 20, 21, 23, 35, 52, 87, 243, 248, 360, 364, 388, 391
dialects of 28
Arabs 25, 30, 52–3, 60, 61, 99, 241
and Italian language 34–5
in Libya 281–2
Aragon, Louis 355–6
Aragonese dynasty 87–8
Archimedes 23
Arcola (1796) 128
Ardeatine Caves 334
Aretino, Pietro 94
Arezzo 74, 262, 397
Argentina 218, 318–19
Arian heresy 51
Ariosto 31
Aristophanes 49
Armani 357
Armenians 106
Arno, River 18
Arpinum 46
Ascheri, Mario 101
Asmara 267
Aspromonte (1862) 16, 204–5
Assab 267
Atticus 46, 77
Attila, King (of the Huns) 10, 50, 127–8
Audisio, Walter 336n
Augustus, Emperor 3, 9, 30, 48, 57, 77
Mussolini inspired by 308–10
organization of Italia 45–6
Austria 112, 127–8, 143, 155, 171–2, 176, 179, 189, 215–16, 226–7, 264–5, 271, 293, 297, 313, 325, 328, 335, 372
and Great War 283–90
rule in Italy 115, 137–9, 144–5, 147, 154, 156, 207
rule in Sicily 118
and Triple Alliance 265
and war of 1848–9 159–62
and war of 1859 183–8
and war of 1866 206–7, 229–33, 274
Avignon 88
Azeglio, Massimo d’ 147, 150, 151, 164, 169, 179–80, 192, 205, 211, 212, 214, 225, 231–2, 234
character and early career 148–9
on conquest of Naples and Rome 197, 208, 242
as politician and prime minister 154–5, 177–8, 180–81, 227
as soldier 160
Babylon 133
Badoglio, Marshal Pietro 321–2, 336
career 330n
as prime minister 330–31, 338
Bagheria 31n
Balbo, Cesare 26, 154, 313–14
Balbo, Italo 306, 314, 327–8
Balilla 151, 307
Bandiera brothers 157–8, 193, 235
Banfield, Edward 395
Bank of Italy 372, 392
Banti, Alberto Mario 234, 315
Barbarossa see Frederick I, Emperor
Barberini family 89
Bari 4, 16, 20, 25, 53, 61, 68, 364
dialect of 28–9
Barletta 149
Baroque architecture 87–8, 96, 110, 238–9
Barracco family 142
Bartlett, Vernon 20
Barzini, Luigi 114, 317, 338, 355, 394, 399
Basilicata 8, 17, 29, 52, 87, 243, 318–19, 360, 368, 395
Bassani, Giorgio 313, 355
Battisti, Cesare 293
Bazin, René 251
Beauharnais, Eugène de 132–5, 182
Beccaria, Cesare 120
Beethoven, Ludvig van 174–5
Belgians, King of the (Leopold II) 266, 268
Belgium 90, 127, 138
Belisarius 51–2
Bellini, Giovanni 85
Bellini, Vincenzo 164–6, 172, 175, 220, 269
Bembo, Pietro 31
Benedict VIII, Pope 60
Benedict XV, Pope 286
Benelux 341
Benetton 358
Benevento 52, 55
Benigni, Roberto 379
Bentinck, Lord William 132
Berchet, Giovanni 151
Bergamo 36, 107, 166, 310, 397
Berlin, Congress of (1878) 264–5
Berlin, Isaiah 172–3
Berlinguer, Enrico 347–8
Berlusconi, Paolo 384
Berlusconi, Silvio 34, 312, 349, 371, 391–3
attacks on judiciary 384–5
character 380–81
control of media 381–3
electoral success 374–9
and Mafia 385–6
Bernhardt, Sarah 250
Bertolucci, Bernardo 4
as director of Novecento 351–4
Bismarck, Otto von 203, 210, 215, 227, 233, 266
Bixio, N
ino 217, 242
Black Death 66, 67, 74, 78, 83
Blessington, Lady 141
Bobbio, Norberto 27
Boccaccio, Giovanni 31, 68
Boethius 52
Boito, Arrigo 273–4
Bologna 36, 57, 75, 83, 85, 146, 154, 170, 230, 293, 333, 348, 367, 396
communist administration in 346
in Middle Ages 68–73
Bolzano 292, 300, 313, 334
Bonaparte, Elisa 75, 133
Bonaparte, Jérôme 133–4
Bonaparte, Joseph 132–4, 141
Bonaparte, Josephine 134
Bonaparte, Louis, 133–4
Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon see Napoleon III
Bonaparte, Lucien 133–4
Bonaparte, Napoleon see Napoleon I
Bonaparte, Pauline 133, 213
Bonino, Emma 392
Bonomi, Ivanoe 358
Bonsignori 66
Borghese, Prince Camillo 133, 213
Borghese family 89–90
Borgia, Cesare 90, 108, 281
Borgia family 84n, 90
Borromeo, Carlo 91
Borsellino, Paolo 363–4, 385
Bossi, Umberto 370–71, 375–7, 392
Bottai, Giuseppe 311
Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de 130
Brancati, Vitaliano 354
Brando, Marlon 362
Braudel, Fernand 14
Brazil 218–19
Brescia 63, 107, 160, 162, 310
Bressanone 292, 397
Breughel, Pieter 66
‘Brigands’ War’ 243–4
Brindisi 13, 330
Britain (ancient) 48–9, 50, 54
Britain, Great 118, 130, 132, 142–3, 179, 193, 213, 225–6, 254n, 260, 264–6, 283, 292, 315, 320–21, 324–5, 345, 371, 399
and economy 358, 387
and Great War 284–9
and Second World War 328–30
Brosses, Charles de 124
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 210, 218n
Browning, Robert 95, 112
Brunelleschi, Filippo 78–80, 87n
Bruni, Carla 392
Bruni, Leonardo 77, 79
Bruno, Giordano 116
Brusca, Giovanni 362
Brussels 369, 391
Bruttians 8, 22, 23, 46
Brutus, Marcus, 78
Brynner, Yul 296
Buckingham Palace 390
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward 77n
Burano 28, 99
Busseto 166–7, 272, 352
Butera, Prince of 316
Byron, Lord, 33, 95, 171
Byzantine Empire 25, 50, 57, 61
defence of 10–11
in Italy 51–3
and Venice 96–8
Cadorna, General Luigi 287–9, 330n
Caesar, Julius 39, 42–4, 46, 77, 217, 302, 308
Cagliari 292
Calabria 15, 21, 25, 35, 42, 52, 61, 142, 157–8, 240, 243, 268, 360, 364, 368, 370, 372, 387
Garibaldi in 195, 204
Calamandrei, Piero 335
Calatafimi (1860) 194
Caligula, Emperor 47
Callas, Maria 165
Calvi, Roberto 382
Cambrai, League of 108–10
Camorra 19, 239, 360, 364